Citrus Rootstocks: Their Characters and Reactions
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Observations on Impietratura Disease Symptoms in Four Citrus Species
Observations on Impietratura Disease Symptoms in Four Citrus Species A. Caruso, M. Davino and G. Terranova ABSTRACT. Citrus impietratura disease affects citrus cultivars in the Mediterranean Basin. The indexing of impietratura disease is based on symptoms on indicator plants such as Volkamer lemon or grapefruit or on the inspection of the trees in the field. This requires many years. In this paper the effects of a severe isolate of impietratura on sweet orange, Volkamer lemon, rough lemon and Marsh Seedless grapefruit is reported. Our observations indicate that rough lemon is a better indicator of fruit symptoms than Volkamer lemon, grapefruit and sweet orange. Index words. biological assay, albedo gumming, rough lemon. In Italy cristacortis, concave gum servation for at least three years. Dif- and impietratura are widespread in ficulties in timely indexing of old line commercial orchards. The causal Navelina trees planted in Italy be- agents of these diseases have not been tween 1970 and 1985 resulted in the characterized and their detection is high percentage of infection (>30%) by still by means of biological assays. impietratura, concave gum and Due of its excellent bioagronomic psorosis A (4,6,13). and marketing character, in Italy the Rough lemon was initially consid- cultivation of the Navelina sweet ered to be tolerant to impietratura dis- orange spread rapidly in many citrus- ease (9), but later studies showed it to growing areas by growers, despite the be susceptible (7,8,12) and Catara and fact that the first trees imported pre- Scaramuzzi (5) suggested its use as an sented very mild flecking symptoms on alternative indicator. -
Soluble Solids Accumulation in ʻvalenciaʼ Sweet Orange As Related to Rootstock Selection and Fruit Size
J. AMER. SOC. HORT. SCI. 129(4):594–598. 2004. Soluble Solids Accumulation in ʻValenciaʼ Sweet Orange as Related to Rootstock Selection and Fruit Size Graham H. Barry1 and William S. Castle Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850-2299 Frederick S. Davies Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110690, Gainesville, FL 32611-0690 ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. Citrus sinensis, juice quality, soluble solids concentration (SSC) ABSTRACT. Juice quality of ʻValenciaʼ sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] trees on Carrizo citrange [C. sinensis x Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] or rough lemon (C. jambhiri Lush.) rootstocks was determined for fruit harvested by canopy quadrant and separated into size categories to ascertain the direct role of rootstock selection on juice soluble solids concentration (SSC) and soluble solids (SS) production per tree of citrus fruit. SS production per fruit and per tree for each size category was calculated. Juice quality was dependent on rootstock selection and fruit size, but independent of canopy quadrant. Fruit from trees on Carrizo citrange had >20% higher SSCs than fruit from trees on rough lemon, even for fruit of the same size. Large fruit accumulated more SS per fruit than smaller fruit, despite lower juice content and SSC. Within rootstocks, SS content per fruit decreased with decreasing fruit size, even though SSC increased. Rootstock effect on juice quality was a direct rather than an indirect one mediated through differences in fruit size. The conventional interpretation of juice quality data that differences in SSC among treatments, e.g., rootstocks or irrigation levels, or fruit size, are due to “dilution” of SS as a result of differences in fruit size and, hence, juice volume, is only partly supported by these data. -
Cruzamentos Em Citros: Freqüência E Vigor De Híbridos1
393 COMUNICAÇÃO CIENTÍFICA CRUZAMENTOS EM CITROS: FREQÜÊNCIA E VIGOR DE HÍBRIDOS1 WALTER DOS SANTOS SOARES FILHO2, CARLOS ALBERTO DA SILVA LEDO2, MATHEUS PIRES QUINTELA3, LORENNA ALVES MATTOS3, ORLANDO SAMPAIO PASSOS2, ANTÔNIO DA SILVA SOUZA2 RESUMO - Líder mundial, a citricultura brasileira compreende aproximadamente 270 milhões de plantas, distribuídas em mais de 900 mil ha. Vulnerável, devido ao uso excessivo do limoeiro ‘Cravo’ (Citrus limonia) na sustentação de seus pomares, exige urgência em um programa de diversificação de porta-enxertos. Nesse sentido, a Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura Tropical vem executando, no Recôncavo Baiano, um programa de hibridações visando a criar novas variedades, principalmente porta-enxertos, adaptadas a diferentes regiões geográficas do País, com ênfase no Nordeste. Considerando os caracteres altura da planta e diâmetro do caule, foram analisados 554 seedlings (plantas oriundas de sementes ou pés-francos) híbridos, dentro de 38 progênies obtidas de cruzamentos envolvendo Citrus e gêneros afins, com destaque para Poncirus. Os híbridos foram levados a campo entre agosto de 1995 e julho de 2000, em conformidade com as épocas de suas obtenções. O citrangeiro (C. sinensis x P. trifoliata) ‘Argentina’ destacou-se como importante parental masculino na produção de híbridos. As tangerineiras ‘Sunki (C. sunki) Comum’, ‘Sunki da Flórida’, ‘King’ (C. nobilis), ‘Clementina (C. clementina) de Nules’ e ‘Clementina Palazelli’ podem dar formação a progênies vigorosas. Seedlings híbridos de ‘Sunki’ e ‘King’ podem ser tão ou mais vigorosos que seedlings nucelares dessas tangerineiras. Termos para indexação: Melhoramento genético, porta-enxerto, Citrus, Poncirus, Fortunella. CITRUS BREEDING: FREQUENCY AND VIGOR OF HYBRIDS ABSTRACT - The Brazilian Citrus Industry is leading the world production, with about 270 million plants, in an area superior to 900 thousand ha. -
Topic: Apomixis - Definition and Types
Course Teacher: Dr. Rupendra Kumar Jhade, JNKVV, College of Horticulture,Chhindwara(M.P.) B.Sc.(Hons) Horticulture- 1st Year, II Semester 2019-20 Course: Plant Propagation and Nursery Management Lecture No. 12 Topic: Apomixis - Definition and types Apomixis, derived from two Greek word “APO” (away from) and “MIXIS” (act of mixing or mingling). The first discovery of this phenomenon is credited to Leuwen hock as early as 1719 in Citrus seeds. In apomixes, seeds are formed but the embryos develop without fertilization. The genotype of the embryo and resulting plant will be the same as the seed parent. Definition: “The process of development of diploid embryos without fertilization.” Or “Apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction that occurs via seeds, in which embryos develop without fertilization.” Or “Apomixis is a type of reproduction in which sexual organs of related structures take part but seeds are formed without union of gametes.” In some species of plants, an embryo develops from the diploid cells of the seed and not as a result of fertilization between ovule and pollen. This type of reproduction is known as apomixis and the seedlings produced in this manner are known as apomicts. Apomictic seedlings are identical to mother plant and similar to plants raised by other vegetative means, because such plants have the same genetic make-up as that of the mother plant. Such seedlings are completely free from viruses. In apomictic species, sexual reproduction is either suppressed or absent. When sexual reproduction also occurs, the apomixes is termed as facultative apomixis. But when sexual reproduction is absent, it is referred to as obligate apomixis. -
The Reproductive Phenology of Citrus. II: Citrus Floral Ontogeny
The reproductive phenology of Citrus. II: Citrus floral ontogeny JAKKIE (OPJ) STANDER Citrus Research International, Department of Horticultural Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602, Matieland. E-mail: [email protected] OPSOMMING: • Hoё vlakke van interne ouksiene (IAA) three articles on the physiology of citrus • Meerderheid sitrus-spesies blom gedurende afkomstig van vrugte, inhibeer die vorming flowering, and will focus on the important die lente. Die verskynsel word voorafgegaan van nuwe blom dra-posisies gedurende die chronological events pertaining to the devel- deur ʼn blom-ontwikkelingsproses gedurende somer. opment of a citrus flower, as influenced by die herfs en winter (Mei-Julie). • Vroeё verwydering van vrugte (uitdunning endogenous factors, environmental condi- • Blom-induksie (BI) is die eerste en bepalen- in “aan”-jaar) verminder die inhiberende ef- tions and cultural practices. de stap in die blom-ontwikkelingsproses. fek van ouksiene op ontwikkeling van nuwe • Water stres inisieёr BI in warm, somer- lote (apikale dominansie) en stimuleer die Inleiding reёnval streke en genoegsame lae tempera- vorming van nuwe dra-posisies. Sitrus is ʼn immergroen boom wat ʼn kom- ture (15-20°C) in koeler, winter-reёnval • Lae koolhidraat-vlakke gedurende periode plekse boomstruktuur onderhou deur een streke. van blom-ontwikkeling beperk die potensi- tot drie jaarlikse vegetatiewe groei-fases. Na • Die belangrike FT-geen, is onlangs in aal vir blom-knop ontwikkeling en kan lei tot induksie van nuutgevormde vegetatiewe lote blom-plante geidentifiseer en sy uitdrukking swak blom-ontwikkeling. deur genoegsame geakkumuleerde lae tem- is direk gekoppel aan tyd van blom, sowel as • Verwydering van vrugte gedurende ʼn aan- perature en/of water stress gedurende die blom-intensiteit. -
Known Host Plants of Huanglongbing (HLB) and Asian Citrus Psyllid
Known Host Plants of Huanglongbing (HLB) and Asian Citrus Psyllid Diaphorina Liberibacter citri Plant Name asiaticus Citrus Huanglongbing Psyllid Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Serr.: bael, Bengal quince, golden apple, bela, milva X Aeglopsis chevalieri Swingle: Chevalier’s aeglopsis X X Afraegle gabonensis (Swingle) Engl.: Gabon powder-flask X Afraegle paniculata (Schum.) Engl.: Nigerian powder- flask X Atalantia missionis (Wall. ex Wight) Oliv.: see Pamburus missionis X X Atalantia monophylla (L.) Corr.: Indian atalantia X Balsamocitrus dawei Stapf: Uganda powder- flask X X Burkillanthus malaccensis (Ridl.) Swingle: Malay ghost-lime X Calodendrum capense Thunb.: Cape chestnut X × Citroncirus webberi J. Ingram & H. E. Moore: citrange X Citropsis gilletiana Swingle & M. Kellerman: Gillet’s cherry-orange X Citropsis schweinfurthii (Engl.) Swingle & Kellerm.: African cherry- orange X Citrus amblycarpa (Hassk.) Ochse: djerook leemo, djeruk-limau X Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle: lime, Key lime, Persian lime, lima, limón agrio, limón ceutí, lima mejicana, limero X X Citrus aurantium L.: sour orange, Seville orange, bigarde, marmalade orange, naranja agria, naranja amarga X Citrus depressa Hayata: shiikuwasha, shekwasha, sequasse X Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck: see Citrus maxima X Citrus hassaku hort. ex Tanaka: hassaku orange X Citrus hystrix DC.: Mauritius papeda, Kaffir lime X X Citrus ichangensis Swingle: Ichang papeda X Citrus jambhiri Lushington: rough lemon, jambhiri-orange, limón rugoso, rugoso X X Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka: xiang -
Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 32 1
Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 32 Lecture 32 Citrus Citrus: Citrus spp., Rutaceae Citrus are subtropical, evergreen plants originating in southeast Asia and the Malay archipelago but the precise origins are obscure. There are about 1600 species in the subfamily Aurantioideae. The tribe Citreae has 13 genera, most of which are graft and cross compatible with the genus Citrus. There are some tropical species (pomelo). All Citrus combined are the most important fruit crop next to grape. 1 Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 32 The common features are a superior ovary on a raised disc, transparent (pellucid) dots on leaves, and the presence of aromatic oils in leaves and fruits. Citrus has increased in importance in the United States with the development of frozen concentrate which is much superior to canned citrus juice. Per-capita consumption in the US is extremely high. Citrus mitis (calamondin), a miniature orange, is widely grown as an ornamental house pot plant. History Citrus is first mentioned in Chinese literature in 2200 BCE. First citrus in Europe seems to have been the citron, a fruit which has religious significance in Jewish festivals. Mentioned in 310 BCE by Theophrastus. Lemons and limes and sour orange may have been mutations of the citron. The Romans grew sour orange and lemons in 50–100 CE; the first mention of sweet orange in Europe was made in 1400. Columbus brought citrus on his second voyage in 1493 and the first plantation started in Haiti. In 1565 the first citrus was brought to the US in Saint Augustine. 2 Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 32 Taxonomy Citrus classification based on morphology of mature fruit (e.g. -
'Orlando' Tangelos on 10 Rootstocks
Literature Cited Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture. (In press) 3. Reece, P. C, and F. E. Gardner. 1959. Robinson, Osceola and Lee- 1. Hearn, C. J., P. C. Reece, and R. Fenton. 1968. Effects of pollen new early maturing tangerine hybrids. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. source on fruit characteristics and set of four citrus hybrids. Proc. 72:48-51. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 81:94-98. 4. , , and C. J. Hearn. 1963. Page orange—a prom 2. Krezdorn, A. H. 1977. Influence of rootstock on mandarin cultivars. ising variety. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 76:53-54. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 90:47-49. 1977. THE PERFORMANCE OF 'NOVA' AND 'ORLANDO' TANGELOS ON 10 ROOTSTOCKS D. J. Hutchison and C. J. Hearn1 The rootstocks were Carrizo (CAR), Rusk (RSK), and Agricultural Research Service, Troyer (TROY) citranges (C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck X U.S. Department of Agriculture, Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.); Estes rough lemon (RL) (C. Orlando, FL 32803 Union (L.) Burm. L); Milam (MIL) (rough lemon hybrid?); Seville sour orange (SO) (C. aurantium L.); Cleopatra mandarin (CLEO) (C. reticulata); Large Flower trifoliate Additional index words. Citrus. orange (LETO) (P. trifoliata); Orlando tangelo (ORL); and Sanguine Grosse Ronde sweet orange (SANG) (C. Abstract. 'Nova' and 'Orlando' tangelos were evaluated sinensis). on 10 rootstocks during 1968-1976. 'Nova' and 'Orlando' tangelos propagated on rough lemon rootstock produced the largest trees. The highest yields were 'Nova' on rough lemon Results and Discussion and 'Orlando' on Troyer rootstocks. The highest total soluble The time of bloom indicated by percentage petal drop solids were produced by 'Nova' on sour orange and 'Or in 1969 and 1971 is shown in Table 1. -
Citrus Group 3-1.1
CPVO-TP/203/1 Date: 18/11/2004 EUROPEAN UNION COMMUNITY PLANT VARIETY OFFICE PROTOCOL FOR DISTINCTNESS, UNIFORMITY AND STABILITY TESTS Citrus L. – Group 3 LEMONS and LIMES UPOV Species Code: CITRU, CITRU_AUR, CITRU_LAT, CITRU_LIM Adopted on 18/11/2004 1 CPVO-TP/203/1 Date: 18/11/2004 I SUBJECT OF THE PROTOCOL The protocol describes the technical procedures to be followed in order to meet the Council Regulation 2100/94 on Community Plant Variety Rights. The technical procedures have been agreed by the Administrative Council and are based on general UPOV Document TG/1/3 and UPOV guideline TG/203/1 dated 09/04/2003 for the conduct of tests for Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability. This protocol applies for all varieties of the following group of the genus Citrus L. ( Rutaceae ), and their hybrids: LEMONS AND LIMES. See below for the list of species and their subgroups: Botanical taxon Sub- Common name group Citrus assamensis S. Dutta & S.C. Bhattach. LEM Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle SAL Mexican Lime Citrus aurata Risso LEM Citrus balotina Poit. & Turpin LEM Citrus bergamia Risso & Poit. SAL Citrus davaoensis (Wester) Tanaka SAL Citrus duttae Tanaka LEM Citrus excelsa Wester SAL Citrus hyalopulpa Tanaka SAL Citrus jambhiri Lush. LEM Rough Lemon (RLM) Citrus javanica Blume SAL Citrus karna Raf. LEM Citrus latifolia (Yu. Tanaka) Tanaka SAL Acid Lime (LAL) Citrus limetta Risso LEM Citrus limettioides Tanaka SAL Sweet Lime (SWL) Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. LEM Lemon Citrus limon (L.) Burm. x C. aurantifolia HLL Lemonime (Christm.) Swing. Citrus limonia Osbeck LEM Citrus longilimon Tanaka LEM Citrus longispina Wester SAL Citrus lumia Risso & Poit. -
Canker Resistance: Lesson from Kumquat by Naveen Kumar, Bob Ebel the Development of Asiatic Citrus Throughout Their Evolution, Plants and P.D
Canker resistance: lesson from kumquat By Naveen Kumar, Bob Ebel The development of Asiatic citrus Throughout their evolution, plants and P.D. Roberts canker in kumquat leaves produced have developed many defense mecha- anthomonas citri pv. citri (Xcc) localized yellowing (5 DAI) or necro- nisms against pathogens. One of the is the causal agent of one of sis (9-12 DAI) that was restricted to most characteristic features associated the most serious citrus diseases the actual site of inoculation 7-12 DAI with disease resistance against entry X (Fig. 2). of a pathogen is the production of worldwide, Asiatic citrus canker. In the United States, Florida experienced In contrast, grapefruit epidermis hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Hydrogen three major outbreaks of Asiatic citrus became raised (5 DAI), spongy (5 peroxide is toxic to both plant and canker in 1910, 1984 and 1995, and it DAI) and ruptured from 7 to 8 DAI. pathogen and thus restricts the spread is a constant threat to the $9 billion On 12 DAI, the epidermis of grape- by directly killing the pathogen and citrus industry. fruit was thickened, corky, and turned the infected plant tissue. Hydrogen Citrus genotypes can be classified brown on the upper side of the leaves. peroxide concentrations in Xcc-in- into four broad classes based on sus- Disease development and popula- fected kumquat and grapefruit leaves ceptibility to canker. First, the highly- tion dynamics studies have shown that were different. Kumquat produces susceptible commercial genotypes are kumquat demonstrated both disease more than three times the amount of Key lime, grapefruit and sweet lime. -
Freeze Response of Citrus and Citrus- Speeds (Nisbitt Et Al., 2000)
HORTSCIENCE 49(8):1010–1016. 2014. and tree and grove size (Bourgeois et al., 1990; Ebel et al., 2005). Protection using microsprinklers is compromised by high wind Freeze Response of Citrus and Citrus- speeds (Nisbitt et al., 2000). Developing more cold-tolerant citrus varieties through breeding related Genotypes in a Florida Field and selection has long been considered the most effective long-term solution (Grosser Planting et al., 2000; Yelenosky, 1985). Citrus and Citrus relatives are members Sharon Inch, Ed Stover1, and Randall Driggers of the family Rutaceae. The subtribe Citrinae U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, is composed of Citrus (mandarins, oranges, Agricultural Research Service, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL pummelos, grapefruits, papedas, limes, lem- ons, citrons, and sour oranges); Poncirus 34945 (deciduous trifoliate oranges); Fortunella Richard F. Lee (kumquats); Microcitrus and Eremocitrus (both Australian natives); and Clymenia National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Citrus and Dates, U.S. (Penjor et al., 2013). There is considerable Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1060 Martin morphological and ecological variation within Luther King Boulevard, Riverside, CA 92521 this group. With Citrus, cold-hardiness ranges from cold-tolerant to cold-sensitive (Soost and Additional index words. Aurantioideae, citrus breeding, cold-sensitive, defoliation, dieback, Roose, 1996). Poncirus and Fortunella are frost damage, Rutaceae, Toddalioideae considered the most cold-tolerant genera that Abstract. A test population consisting of progenies of 92 seed-source genotypes (hereafter are cross-compatible with Citrus. Poncirus called ‘‘parent genotypes’’) of Citrus and Citrus relatives in the field in east–central trifoliata reportedly can withstand tempera- Florida was assessed after natural freeze events in the winters of 2010 and 2011. -
A Physiological Study of Carotenoid Pigments and Other Constituents In
~ 12.8 ~W 1.0 w ~ W 1.0 Ii& W ~W ~W .2 w ~ LI:~ Ll:1i£ '"11 ~ iii ...~ .. ~ ...~ .. ~ 1111,1.1 iii.... 1.1 ...... 4 11111 1.25 '"'' 1.4 111111.6 111111.25 ""'1. 111111.6 . ,/ MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART NATIONAL BUREAU OF· STANDAROS-1963-A NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDAROS-1963-A · -\ Technical Bulletin No. 780 April 1941 .. :JJ~'D.D§,.;&.S.,·" . ~• .BP~.IW!t'.'~GB.ilJ~T\IJi.E ·'~.f&~.JNG1&O~~:••<C:;. -, ". "' '. '.', '. ~ A Physiological Study of Carotenoid Pig ments and Other Constituents in the Juice of Florida Oranges 1 By ERSTON V. MrLI,EH, physiologist, ,J. H. WlNH'I'ON, senior horticultllrist, alld D. F. FlSIIE1t, principal iwrticllitllriH/, lJivision oj Frzd! a'lu! \"cgciablc Crops and Diseases, Bureau oj lJlant hull/siry 2 COi\TL\TS IJnf!C Hp~ults~('ontiIlIl('d. Pu~c Lntroduction .......___ ••__ •••-.___ ,_ ..•...._. 1 I"["('t uf loenJity all Jli~rJll'lltntioIL _,,_.__ •• 13 Litl"rntufl:' f('view. _ 'l l{(Jut..".tockamIIJil!uwnts ,~~_.~_~~ .. 13 Materials nnd lIlethods 2 ~[a~iJIIllm l'arotcnoid eontl~nt or juicp of aJl Descriptioll of Sllll1pll's 2 varirtirs _ H 'I'otal "arotl'lloid$ ill llw. jui('" ·1 CnfotNloids nnd OtlWf ('onstitu('nts of the Xanthophyll. _. fi juiee _____ .~__ 16 :;npouiflnblL' fraction.. .5 ])is('lIssion.. " 28 H~sull5.- 6 SUlIllIlary . ~ _ 30 SrasoI1ul ('hungl's in llig-nwnlS.. ti l.itt'rnturf1 (liw<i :H INTl{OOUCTlOl\ During Ul(' <'OLU'S!' oJ t'ur-iil'l' work hy tll!' pn'sent writel's on til(' pig mell ts ill ei trLls rind;:; (1 n;~li-·;l7), preliminnry IllHll.ySl'S ind iell-ted that lll,Llch of thl' 'yellow ('olor in tllP On1ng<' fh'sh is (it:(' to othp['-solublt' or t'1U:Qtcnoid pipu('lIts.