'Orlando' Tangelos on 10 Rootstocks
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Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 32 1
Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 32 Lecture 32 Citrus Citrus: Citrus spp., Rutaceae Citrus are subtropical, evergreen plants originating in southeast Asia and the Malay archipelago but the precise origins are obscure. There are about 1600 species in the subfamily Aurantioideae. The tribe Citreae has 13 genera, most of which are graft and cross compatible with the genus Citrus. There are some tropical species (pomelo). All Citrus combined are the most important fruit crop next to grape. 1 Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 32 The common features are a superior ovary on a raised disc, transparent (pellucid) dots on leaves, and the presence of aromatic oils in leaves and fruits. Citrus has increased in importance in the United States with the development of frozen concentrate which is much superior to canned citrus juice. Per-capita consumption in the US is extremely high. Citrus mitis (calamondin), a miniature orange, is widely grown as an ornamental house pot plant. History Citrus is first mentioned in Chinese literature in 2200 BCE. First citrus in Europe seems to have been the citron, a fruit which has religious significance in Jewish festivals. Mentioned in 310 BCE by Theophrastus. Lemons and limes and sour orange may have been mutations of the citron. The Romans grew sour orange and lemons in 50–100 CE; the first mention of sweet orange in Europe was made in 1400. Columbus brought citrus on his second voyage in 1493 and the first plantation started in Haiti. In 1565 the first citrus was brought to the US in Saint Augustine. 2 Tropical Horticulture: Lecture 32 Taxonomy Citrus classification based on morphology of mature fruit (e.g. -
Tangerines, Mandarins, Satsumas, and Tangelos
Tangerines, Mandarins, Satsumas, and Tangelos Category: Semi-evergreen Hardiness: Damage will occur when temperatures drop below the low 20’s Fruit Family: Citrus Light: Full sun to half day sun Size: 10’H x 10’W; may be pruned to desired HxW Soil: Well-drained Planting: Plant after danger of frost has passed, mid to late March The name “tangerine” derives from one variety that was imported to Europe from Tangiers. There are many named varieties of what citrus growers call “mandarins” because of their Asian origins. One of these, the “Satsuma”, is an heirloom Japanese mandarin that is both delicious and especially adapted to Southeast Texas. It has been part of Gulf Coast Citrus history for a century. There are many named varieties of Satsumas. Mandarins are mostly orange-fleshed, juicy, highly productive, very easy to care for, long-lived, easily peeled and segmented or juiced. Few fruits can match the mandarin. Satsumas are seedless or close to seedless. They are all of outstanding quality and differ little among themselves except for when they ripen. Buy early, mid and late season varieties to have months of ripe fruit harvests from September to April. Care of Mandarins and related fruits Planting: Newly purchased citrus have probably not been hardened off to tolerate our winter weather. Keep your citrus in the container until late March, or until all danger of freeze has passed. Trees can be kept outside in a sunny area on mild days and nights, but move them into the shelter of the garage or house if frost is predicted. -
December HOTM Citrus
February's Harvest of the Month is... Citr u s The Wonderful World of Citrus Fruit While the orange is a favorite among citrus, there are many other unique varieties of citrus that you may not be as familiar with. See below for information about some lesser known varieties that might encourage students to try something new! Car a Car a Or ange Discovered in the m id-70s in Venezuela, the cara cara orange is a cross betw een the Washington navel and the Brazilian Bahia navel. The outside of this fruit looks like any other com m on navel, but opens up to beautiful pink flesh and a com plex, sw eet flavor, w ith hints of berries and roses. P om elo If you're not a grapefruit fan due to its bitter tang, then a pom elo m ay be just w hat you need. One of the largest citrus fruits, pom elos com e in a variety of colors, w ith their skin ranging from yellow to green and the flesh varying betw een pink and w hite. The taste is sim ilar to a grapefruit, though significantly sw eeter and lacking that distinct bitter bite. Tangelo Tangelos are the result of super-sw eet tangerines that have been crossbred w ith either a pom elo or a grapefruit. The result is a sw eet, easy-to-peel treat that has the color of a tangerine, but a m ore m ild sw eetness. You can tell a tangelo apart from an orange by its slight bell-shape and a sm all bum p w here the stem attached to the fruit. -
Caribbean Fruit Fly Host List
1 Caribbean Fruit Fly Host List Common Name Botanical Name Akee Blighia sapida Allspice Pimenta dioica Ambarella Spondias cytherea Atemoya Annona cherimola X A. squamosa Apple Malus sylvestris, Malus domestica Malus spp. Autumn Maple Tree Bischofia javanica Avocado, except commercial fruit Persea americana Balsam Apple Momordica balsamina Barbados Cherry Malpighia glabra Bell Pepper, except commercial fruit Capsicum frutescens, Capsicum annuum Birchberry Eugenia ligustrina Blackberry Rubus hybrid Box Orange Severinia buxifolia Brazil Cherry Eugenia dombeyi Cabeluda Plinia glomerata Calabur Muntingia calabura Calamondin X Citrofortunella mitis Carambola Averrhoa carambola Ceylon Gooseberry Dovyalis hebecarpa Cherry of the Rio Grande Eugenia aggregata Clementine Citrus reticulata Cocoplum Chrysolbalanus icaco Custard Apple, Sugar Apple Annona squamosa, Annona reticulata Egg Fruit Pouteria campechiana Date Palm Phoenix dactylifera Fig Ficus carica Garcinia aristata Garcinia aristata Garcinia Garcinia spp. Governor's Plum Flacourtia indica Grapefruit Citrus paradisi 2 Caribbean Fruit Fly Host List Grumichama Eugenia brasiliensis Guava (all) Psidium spp. Guiana Plum Drypetes lateriflora Hog Plum Spondias mombin Imbe Garcinia livingstonei Jaboticaba Myrciaria cauliflora Jack Orangequat Citrus nobilis 'unshu' x Fortunella sp. Jambolan Plum Syzygium cumini Jamboisier Rouge Eugenia pyriformis Cambess. var. uvalha Japanese Pear Pyrus pyrifolia Japanese Persimmon Diospyros kaki Java Apple Syzygium samarangense Kei Apple Dovyalis caffra Kieffer Pear -
Improvement of Subtropical Fruit Crops: Citrus
IMPROVEMENT OF SUBTROPICAL FRUIT CROPS: CITRUS HAMILTON P. ÏRAUB, Senior Iloriiciilturist T. RALPH ROBCNSON, Senior Physiolo- gist Division of Frnil and Vegetable Crops and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Tndusiry MORE than half of the 13 fruit crops known to have been cultivated longer than 4,000 years,according to the researches of DeCandolle (7)\ are tropical and subtropical fruits—mango, oliv^e, fig, date, banana, jujube, and pomegranate. The citrus fruits as a group, the lychee, and the persimmon have been cultivated for thousands of years in the Orient; the avocado and papaya were important food crops in the American Tropics and subtropics long before the discovery of the New World. Other types, such as the pineapple, granadilla, cherimoya, jaboticaba, etc., are of more recent introduction, and some of these have not received the attention of the plant breeder to any appreciable extent. Through the centuries preceding recorded history and up to recent times, progress in the improvement of most subtropical fruits was accomplished by the trial-error method, which is crude and usually expensive if measured by modern standards. With the general accept- ance of the Mendelian principles of heredity—unit characters, domi- nance, and segregation—early in the twentieth century a starting point was provided for the development of a truly modern science of genetics. In this article it is the purpose to consider how subtropical citrus fruit crops have been improved, are now being improved, or are likel3^ to be improved by scientific breeding. Each of the more important crops will be considered more or less in detail. -
Citrus Rootstocks: Their Characters and Reactions
CITRUS ROOTSTOCKS: THEIR CHARACTERS AND REACTIONS (an unpublished manuscript) ca. 1986 By W. P. BITTERS (1915 – 2006) Editor, digital version: Marty Nemeth, Reference Librarian, UC Riverside Science Library, retired Subject matter experts, digital version: Dr. Tracy Kahn, Curator, UC Citrus Variety Collection Dr. Robert Krueger, Curator, USDA-ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Citrus & Dates Toni Siebert, Assistant Curator, UC Citrus Variety Collection ca. 1955 ca. 1970 IN MEMORIUM Willard P. Bitters Professor of Horticulture, Emeritus Riverside 1915-2006 Born in Eau Claire, Wisconsin, in June, 1915, Dr. Willard “Bill” Bitters earned his bachelor’s degree in biology from St. Norbert College and his master’s degree and Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin. After earning his doctorate, he first worked as the superintendent of the Valley Research Farm of the University of Arizona in Yuma, and joined the Citrus Experiment Station, in Riverside in 1946 as a Horticulturist. In 1961, Dr. Bitters became a Professor in the newly established University of California-Riverside. His initial assignment was to work on horticultural aspects of tristeza, a serious vector-transmitted virus disease which threatened to destroy California citrus orchards. Tristeza was already in California and spreading in 1946. At that time most citrus trees in California were grafted on a rootstock that was known to be susceptible to tristeza. Dr. Bill Bitters was responsible for screening of over 500 cultivars to determine which rootstock-scion combinations were resistant to this disease and yet possessed suitable horticultural characteristics. Of the 500 screened, most were susceptible, but several successful ones were selected and released to the industry. -
New and Noteworthy Citrus Varieties Presentation
New and Noteworthy Citrus Varieties Citrus species & Citrus Relatives Hundreds of varieties available. CITRON Citrus medica • The citron is believed to be one of the original kinds of citrus. • Trees are small and shrubby with an open growth habit. The new growth and flowers are flushed with purple and the trees are sensitive to frost. • Ethrog or Etrog citron is a variety of citron commonly used in the Jewish Feast of Tabernacles. The flesh is pale yellow and acidic, but not very juicy. The fruits hold well on the tree. The aromatic fruit is considerably larger than a lemon. • The yellow rind is glossy, thick and bumpy. Citron rind is traditionally candied for use in holiday fruitcake. Ethrog or Etrog citron CITRON Citrus medica • Buddha’s Hand or Fingered citron is a unique citrus grown mainly as a curiosity. The six to twelve inch fruits are apically split into a varying number of segments that are reminiscent of a human hand. • The rind is yellow and highly fragrant at maturity. The interior of the fruit is solid rind with no flesh or seeds. • Fingered citron fruits usually mature in late fall to early winter and hold moderately well on the tree, but not as well as other citron varieties. Buddha’s Hand or Fingered citron NAVEL ORANGES Citrus sinensis • ‘Washington navel orange’ is also known • ‘Lane Late Navel’ was the first of a as the Bahia. It was imported into the number of late maturing Australian United States in 1870. navel orange bud sport selections of Washington navel imported into • These exceptionally delicious, seedless, California. -
Evaluation of 13 Rootstocks for 3 Sweet Orange Clones and a Tangor Cultivar for Tolerance to Tristeza Virus at Malama-Ki, Hawaii
EVALUATION OF 13 ROOTSTOCKS FOR 3 SWEET ORANGE CLONES AND A TANGOR CULTIVAR FOR TOLERANCE TO TRISTEZA VIRUS AT MALAMA-KI, HAWAII A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN HORTICULTURE DECEMBER 1979 By Francis Tso Ping Zee Thesis Committee: Richard A. Hamilton, Chairman Henry Y. Nakasone Philip J. I to Oliver V. Holtzmann n We certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is satisfactory in scope and quality as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science in Horticulture. THESIS COMMITTEE Chairman ABSTRACT Fifteen-year old 'Washington Navel', 'Valencia', 'Pera', and 'Ortanique' cultivars grafted on thirteen citrus rootstock species and hybrids were evaluated for tristeza tolerance at the University of Hawaii, Malama-Ki Experimental Farm. One hundred percent natural infestation of all experimental trees was detected and confirmed by use of Immunodiffusion test and the viral inclusion staining technique. Cultivars grafted on sour orange, 'Sampson' tangelo and Citrus amblycarpa rootstocks were lost due to tristeza prior to 1972. 'Batangas' and rough lemon were rootstocks that produced the most vigorous growth. 1978 seasonal production was high with trees on rough lemon, 'Batangas', 'Rangpur', 'Kona orange', 'Cleopatra' and Citrus sunki. Upright growth habit was observed with trees on 'Cleopatra' and 'Rangpur' rootstocks. The best quality fruit was harvested from trees grafted on Citrus sunki and 'Cleopatra' rootstocks. 'Heen naran' performed well with 'Washington Navel' but was not a satisfactory rootstock for the other three cultivars. In this experiment, Citrus taiwanica, 'Siamelo' and 'Troyer' were not desirable rootstocks due to poor production. -
Minneola Tangelo1 Larry K
HS171 Minneola Tangelo1 Larry K. Jackson and Stephen H. Futch2 The Minneola tangelo (Figure 1) is a Duncan grapefruit The fruit is usually fairly large, typically 3 - 3½ inches in x Dancy tangerine hybrid released in 1931 by the United diameter. The peel color is quite good and at peak maturity States Department of Agriculture Horticultural Research achieves a bright reddish-orange color. The peel is relatively Station in Orlando. This tangelo (like other tangelo culti- thin, smooth, and tends to adhere to the internal fruit vars) is therefore 1/2 tangerine and 1/2 grapefruit. The fruit surface. Seed numbers are few, but variable, and range is quite handsome and a genuine pleasure to eat. from 0 up to perhaps as many as 15 seeds per fruit. Fruit produced on trees in solid plantings of Minneola are likely to be seedless (or nearly so), while trees in mixed plantings will typically have 7-12 seeds due to the influence of cross- pollination. Minneola is not strongly self-fruitful and yields will be greater when interplanted with suitable pollenizing cultivars such as Temple, Sunburst, or possibly Fallglo. The fruit matures in the December-February period and has found ready acceptance in the gift fruit trade because of its handsome appearance and excellent eating quality. These same qualities have made Minneola a popular dooryard tree as well. Tree Characteristics Minneola trees are quite vigorous, and given adequate room to develop, will make large trees. They tend to be fairly Figure 1. Minneola tangelo. Credits: UF/IFAS CREC cold-hardy, ranking just below its sister cultivar, Orlando. -
Citrus Offers Year-Round Options
for the Gardener Citrus Offers Year-Round Options he genus Citrus is undoubtedly the premier genus in the Rutaceae (Rue) TABLE 1. GENUS CITRUS: PROMINENT SPECIES AND PLACES OF ORIGIN, FROM LEAST COLD HARDY TO MOST COLD HARDY family. This family features 150 genera T 32ºF* Citrus medica India Citron/Etrog, Buddha’s Hand Fruit and 1600 species and consists largely 32ºF C. aurantiifolia India, S.E. Asia Limes: Mexican, Bearss, of evergreen shrubs and trees from the Key Lime, Tahitian Lime Mediterranean, subtropical, semitropical 28ºF C. limon S.E. Asia Lemons or limonia and tropical zones of the world. Table 1 26ºF C. paradisi Carribean Grapefruit: natural hybrid between (at right) lists the prominent species of lemon and pummelo the genus Citrus (and Fortunella), their 24ºF C. maxima Malaysian peninsula Pummelo hardiness, and place of origin. Among or grandis the other significant food and ornamental 24ºF C. paradisi (grapefruit) x Tangelo: bred cross of grapefruit genera in the family are – reticulata (Mandarin) and Mandarin Choisya (Mock orange) 24ºF C. sinensis S. E. China, Vietnam Oranges: sweet, sour, blood 24ºF C. nobilis (King) Florida Oranges: Temple, sweet Correa (Coral bells) reticulata x sinensis Dictamnus (Burning bush) 22ºF C. reticulata S.E. Asia Mandarins, Tangerines Casimiroa (White zapote) 22ºF C. limon cv. ‘Improved Meyer Lemon’ Bred hybrid cross, orange x lemon Fortunella (Kumquats and their 20ºF C. mitis Phillipines Calamondin 18ºF Fortunella S.E. China Kumquat, Limequat, Orangequat, hybrid forms) -20ºF margarita and hybrids Citrangequat Poncirus (Trifoliate orange and * approximate temperature at which frost damage begins to occur (flowers are flying dragon) the most cold-sensitive, followed by fruit, leaves, and wood) Ruta (Rue) Members of the Rue family feature strong oil glands in both the leaves and fruit. -
Rootstocks with Dwarfing Effect Investigations Indicate Some Citrus Rootstocks Exert Dwarfing Effect on Scions Budded to Them
Rootstocks With Dwarfing Effect investigations indicate some citrus rootstocks exert dwarfing effect on scions budded to them W. P. Bitters Several of 60-odd rootstocks used in trifoliate root were 43% as large as trees ous trials, the Rusk, the Coleman, the an extensive citrus rootstock trial of the on sweet root but produced 79% as much Cunningham, and others, while they had Citrus Experiment Station at Riverside fruit. The Kumquat also does well on tri- a dwarfing effect on the top, resulted exerted a dwarfing effect on scions bud- foliate. The trees are healthy and fruitful. in combinations which were unhealthy ded onto them. The trifoliate orange is slow growing. in appearance and unproductive. They Dwarfed types of citrus trees might be Budded combinations in the orchard should probably not be used as rootstocks a desirable type for people having limited have been precocious and have produced under California conditions. space in which to grow trees and limited well in proportion to the size of the trees. Severinia buxifolia markedly dwarfed tree care facilities. The fruit is early to mature and is of high the various scions budded onto it. At 17 Citrus rootstocks which have a dwarf- quality. The trees have been disease- years of age, grapefruit trees on this stock ing effect on the scion are used in com- resistant, and have shown a greater hardi- are nine feet tall, whereas comparable mercial plantings in the citrus areas of ness than some other rootstocks. If the trees on sweet root are 14 feet high. These China, Japan, and Palestine. -
Citrus Rootstock Improvement
-92. Citrus Rootstock Improvement w. P. Bitters By their very nature, rootstock experimentstake a long time. I feel most rootstock workerswould like a 20 year period to draw their conclusionsand maketheir recommendationsto the industry. A citrus tree takesa long time in coming into full bearingbut oncein full bearingmay havea long productivelife. A rootstock is a very important part of any orchard and is not changedovernight like a cultural practice,a fertilizer program,or an irrigation schedule.Th~refore, it is impor- tant to choosethe right rootstock. What rootstock to userequires the right answer. The principal problem confronting the rootstock worker is that the answershe obtainsfrom his plots today are the answersto questionsthe plot was designed to answer20 yearspreviously. Theseanswers may not fit today's needs,and under today's conditions the answerswe need tomorrow arestill 20 yearsaway. It is urgent, therefore,something be done to closethis gapfrom 20 yearsto 15, or even 10 or less. If reliableinformation upon wtlich dependablerecommendations can be madeto the industry can be obtained in a shorter interval than previously,then we owe this responsibilityto the industry. To someextent we needto anticipate ~at a few of theseproblems might be and havesome answers waiting. I amhappy to sayprogress is beingmade with Citrus rootstocksand evenmore progresslies ahead.This has come about through new ideas,new tools, new techniques,new equipment,and new facilities. It hascome about through better collabo- ration and cooperation with those in associated fields of interest suchas the nematologist,the plant pathologist,the nutri- tionist, the plant breeder,the plant physiologist,the antomist, and others.