DOCSLIB.ORG

INTERNAL and EXTERNAL INFLUENCES on the DISINTEGRATION and COLLAPSE of the MAHDIST STATE in SUDAN (1885 - 1899) Reference: Abdelgader, A.O.A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
INTERNAL and EXTERNAL INFLUENCES on the DISINTEGRATION and COLLAPSE of the MAHDIST STATE in SUDAN (1885 - 1899) Reference: Abdelgader, A.O.A SOCIAL MENTALITY AND RESEARCHER THINKERS JOURNAL Doı: http://dx.doi.org/10.31576/smryj.513 RESEARCH ARTICLE SmartJournal 2020; 6(31):696-719 Arrival : 11/03/2020 Published : 29/05/2020 INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL INFLUENCES ON THE DISINTEGRATION AND COLLAPSE OF THE MAHDIST STATE IN SUDAN (1885 - 1899) Reference: Abdelgader, A.O.A. (2020). “Internal And External Influences On The Disintegration And Collapse Of The Mahdist State In Sudan (1885-1899)”, International Social Mentality and Researcher Thinkers Journal, (Issn:2630-631X) 6(31): 696-719. Abdelbagi Omer Ahmad ABDELGADER University of Sakarya, Department of History Graduate Student, Sakarya/Turkey ABSTRACT This article examines the internal and external influences and their role in the disintegration and collapse of the Mahdist state during the period 1885-189. The researcher concluded that there are internal and external factors that played a major role in weakening the power of the Mahdia state and then led to its downfall. The article includes entry and two main sections. In the entrance to the article, the researcher discusses the emergence of the Mahdia state, the stages of its development, and then the emergence of the idea of Mahdia in the Muslim community. The researcher also discusses the internal effects that led to the disintegration and the fall of the Mahdia state, which he summarizes in five topics. First: the absence of the spiritual factor represented by the personality of the Mahdi, who is considered the founder of the first Mahdia state and the pretender of the prospect of the Mahdi. Second: The political revolutions that broke out in some provinces of the country Anzac to reach power. Third: Tribal revolutions, which were not aimed at obtaining absolute power, but arose as a result of the state interfering in its lifestyle and forcing it to laws and regulations that contradict the traditional systems of life in which it lives. Fourth: The weakness of the state, which is represented in the economic and technical aspects, as this factor had a profound impact on the fall of the state. Whereas, the state did not have enough economic power to enable it to cover its expenditures at the civil and military levels. Also, the state did not have any recent industrial advancement that would enable it to manufacture advanced weapons for the defense itself. Fifth: Foreign intelligence, as foreign agents and intelligence agents spied on the state's secrets, which led to exposing its weaknesses and knowledge of its economic and military capabilities. Accordingly, she began to wait in wait for the Mahdia state and search hard for the appropriate opportunity to eliminate it. The second section of this article includes two main topics. In the first topic, the researcher discusses the failure of the foreign policy of the Mahdia state and its impact on the fall of the state. As for the second topic, the researcher deals with the European colonial expansion that invaded the property of the Mahdia state and its territories, which led to its fall and the fall of the country under the rule of British colonialism that spanned from 1898 - 1956. Keywords: The internal influences on the disintegration and collapse of the Mahdia state - Sudan - the Mahdia state. 1. INTRODUTION The Mahdia state is attributed to its founder, Mohammed Ahmed bin Abdullah bin Fahl, whose accounts differed in the place of his birth. Mohammed Ahmed belongs to an honourable Arab family whose lineage is related to the honourable house of the descendants of Ali bin Abi Talib, the honour of God, the face (Dabakh 2012-2013). Mohammed Ahmed grew up in a poor family and his father used to make small boats used for transportation and fishing. Since his childhood, Mohamed Ahmed had no desire to work in the family (making boats), as he always tended to know and meditate(Rossi 1994). Due to the scarcity and scarcity of wood on the island of Labab, his family was forced to leave the island of Labab in search of a better way to live, and after a long journey, his family settled in the village of Karry, north of Omdurman (S. M. Hassan 1953). After his family settled, Mohammed Ahmed joined one of Khartoum's cells, and the Khlalawy are religious schools famous in Sudan with this name in the past for memorizing the Holy Quran and its sciences. In the Khalwa Mohammed Ahmed learned to read, write, calculate, and memorize the Holy Quran, and he did not exceed twelve years of age. After that, he joined Khlalawy or Ommarhay in the Al-Jazeera region, where he was a student at the hands of Sheikh Mohammed Sharif Noor Al-Permanent, and while he was on the island, he heard about Khalwa's ghosting in the region of Berber. Mohammed Ahmed then decided to join one of the Sufi orders to obtain the scientific license at the hands of a famous sheik, and he was impressed with the obesity method that was led by Sheikh Mohammed Sharif Noor Al-Diem. During this period, Mohammed Ahmed became famous for his diligence, perseverance, and piety, which earned him respect and appreciation from his teachers and colleagues. One of the situations that I mentioned about him was that he was refusing school food ©Copyright 2020 by Social Mentality And Researcher Thinkers Journal Social, Mentality and Researcher Thinkers Journal 2020 MAY (Vol 6 - Issue:31) (Al-Khlalawy) on the pretext that it was money from the government that took it from the poor and vulnerable people without the right. His Sheikh Mohammed Sharif admired him and gave him a piece of his private land to take care of him for an agreed fee. In addition to the foregoing, Mohammed Ahmed was rejecting all customs and traditions that contradict Islamic norms such as music, dance, mixing between men and women, finery, and other manifestations of immorality, degradation, and distance from all suspected (Abdeljalil 1955). This is evident in his disagreement with his spiritual teacher, Mohammed Sharif Noor Al-Daim, who was said to have held a ceremony marking the circumcision of his children. In this ceremony, musical instruments and music were used, and Mohammed Ahmed started strongly opposing this behaviour. He was said to have entered into an intense debate between him and his sheik, who immediately expelled him from the obese way (Shabikka 1991). It was reported that Sheikh Mohammed Sharif Nur al-Daim said that the reason for his expulsion of Mohammed Ahmed was that he had speculated that he was the expected Mahdi. He forbade him from leaving these ideas on the pretext that no one had advocated them before him in these countries, and when he insisted on sticking to them, he had to expel him from the method, which is what we find in his famous poem he organized in defamation of Mohammed Ahmed. After his Sheikh Mohammed Sharif expelled him from the obese way, he joined Sheikh Al-Qurashy wad Al-Zain, the Sheikh of the obese method in the island, so he improved his hospitality, and it did not take a few years until he granted him the honour of a sheik, "he obtained the method" as is common knowledge of the Sufis. Then he returned to the island, Aba, where his brothers settled after the death of their father, married his cousin, Ahmed Sharif, and became the leader of the obesity method on the island, Aba. It was not long before people began to flock to him as groups and individuals to take blessing and knowledge for what he knew of righteousness and met (Holt 1970). During his stay on the island, Aba, and he received news of the death of his Sheikh Al- Qurashy wad Al-Zain, who took the obesity method, and Mohammed Ahmed wanted to return the beautiful to his Sheikh, so he decided to travel to the island and decided to build a dome over the shrine of his Sheikh as usual in the Sufi culture. This explains the difference between the position of Mohammed Ahmed “Al-Mahdi" regarding some of the Sufi customs, and the position of Mohammed bin Abdul-Wahhab, the leader of the Wahhabi movement, who considered building domes on the shrines as an explicit polytheism that should be fought against anyone who insists on doing it. Especially that some writers believe that Mohammed Ahmed was influenced by Wahhabi thought, while Mohammed Ahmed was building the dome of his teacher Al-Qurashy wad Al-Zain. A man from West Sudan called Abdullah bin Mohammed called him Taishy, and when Abdullah saw coexistence, this is what Mohammed Ahmed characterized from righteousness. The pious had told him that he was the awaited Mahdi and he saw in his dream that he would be among his supporters (Bayoumy 1995). The prophecy of the expected Mahdi exit was rooted in Sudanese society at the same time as other societies, both Islamic and non-Islamic, because of that era of oppression, injustice, and tyranny. Some of the clerics even predicted that the Mahdi would leave his disciples. Also, Abdullah Al-Taishy was among the enthusiasts and believers of the imminent appearance of the Mahdi. It was reported that he called Al-Zubair Pasha and to Darfur by the Egyptian government the expected Mahdi, but Al-Zubair rejected this idea and expelled Abdullah Al-Taishy from the Darfur region (Imail 1998,p. 96). The idea of the awaited Mahdi or Mahdia is based on the belief that a man at the end of time will come to fill the land justly after it is filled with injustice and oppression. In the Noble Qur’an, the name of the awaited Mahdi did not include the loyalty of his appearance, loyalty to his moral or ethical qualities.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • GENDER PROGRAMMATIC REVIEW Sudan Country Office
    GENDER PROGRAMMATIC REVIEW Sudan Country Office This independent Gender Review of the Country Programme of Cooperation Sudan-UNICEF 2013- 2017 is completed by the International Consultant: Mr Nagui Demian based in Canada matic Review UNICEF Sudan: Gender Programmatic Review Khartoum 7 July, 2017 FOREWORD The UNICEF Representative in Sudan, is pleased to present and communi- cate the final and comprehensive report of an independent gender pro- grammatic review for the country programme cycle 2013 – 2017. This review provides sounds evidence towards the progress made in Sudan in mainstreaming Gender-Based Programming and Accountability and measures the progress achieved in addressing gender inequalities. This ana- lytical report will serve as beneficial baseline for the Government, UNICEF and partners, among other stakeholders, to shape better design and priori- tisation of gender-sensitive strategies and approaches of the new country programme of cooperation 2018-2021 that will accelerate contributions to positive changes towards Goal 5 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on gender equality in Sudan. The objective of the gender review was to assess the extent to which UNICEF and partners have focused on gender-sensitive programming in terms of the priorities of the Sudan’s Country Programme, financial invest- ments, key results, lessons learnt and challenges vis-à-vis the four global priorities of UNICEF’s Gender Action Plan 2014-2017. We thank all sector line ministries at federal and state levels, UN agencies, local authorities, communities and our wide range of partners for their roles during the implementation of this review. In light of the above, we encourage all policy makers, UN agencies and de- velopment partners to join efforts to ensure better design and prioritisation of gender-sensitive strategies and approaches that will accelerate the posi- tive changes towards the Goal 5 of the SDGs and national priorities related to gender equality in Sudan.
    [Show full text]
  • QATAR V. BAHRAIN) REPLY of the STATE of QATAR ______TABLE of CONTENTS PART I - INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I - GENERAL 1 Section 1
    CASE CONCERNING MARITIME DELIMITATION AND TERRITORIAL QUESTIONS BETWEEN QATAR AND BAHRAIN (QATAR V. BAHRAIN) REPLY OF THE STATE OF QATAR _____________________________________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I - INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I - GENERAL 1 Section 1. Qatar's Case and Structure of Qatar's Reply Section 2. Deficiencies in Bahrain's Written Pleadings Section 3. Bahrain's Continuing Violations of the Status Quo PART II - THE GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND CHAPTER II - THE TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY OF QATAR Section 1. The Overall Geographical Context Section 2. The Emergence of the Al-Thani as a Political Force in Qatar Section 3. Relations between the Al-Thani and Nasir bin Mubarak Section 4. The 1913 and 1914 Conventions Section 5. The 1916 Treaty Section 6. Al-Thani Authority throughout the Peninsula of Qatar was consolidated long before the 1930s Section 7. The Map Evidence CHAPTER III - THE EXTENT OF THE TERRITORY OF BAHRAIN Section 1. Bahrain from 1783 to 1868 Section 2. Bahrain after 1868 PART III - THE HAWAR ISLANDS AND OTHER TERRITORIAL QUESTIONS CHAPTER IV - THE HAWAR ISLANDS Section 1. Introduction: The Territorial Integrity of Qatar and Qatar's Sovereignty over the Hawar Islands Section 2. Proximity and Qatar's Title to the Hawar Islands Section 3. The Extensive Map Evidence supporting Qatar's Sovereignty over the Hawar Islands Section 4. The Lack of Evidence for Bahrain's Claim to have exercised Sovereignty over the Hawar Islands from the 18th Century to the Present Day Section 5. The Bahrain and Qatar Oil Concession Negotiations between 1925 and 1939 and the Events Leading to the Reversal of British Recognition of Hawar as part of Qatar Section 6.
    [Show full text]
  • SUDAN Country Brief UNICEF Regional Study on Child Marriage in the Middle East and North Africa
    SUDAN - Regional Study on Child Marriage 1 SUDAN Country Brief UNICEF Regional Study on Child Marriage In the Middle East and North Africa UNICEF Middle East and North Africa Regional Oce This report was developed in collaboration with the International Center for Research on Women (ICRW) and funded by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). The views expressed and information contained in the report are not necessarily those of, or endorsed by, UNICEF. Acknowledgements The development of this report was a joint effort with UNICEF regional and country offices and partners, with contributions from UNFPA. Thanks to UNICEF and UNFPA Jordan, Lebanon, Yemen, Sudan, Morocco and Egypt Country and Regional Offices and their partners for their collaboration and crucial inputs to the development of the report. Proposed citation: ‘Child Marriage in the Middle East and North Africa – Sudan Country Brief’, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Middle East and North Africa Regional Office in collaboration with the International Center for Research on Women (IRCW), 2017. SUDAN - Regional Study on Child Marriage 3 4 SUDAN - Regional Study on Child Marriage SUDAN Regional Study on Child Marriage Key Recommendations Girls’ Voice and Agency Build capacity of women parliamentarians to effectively Provide financial incentives for sending girls raise and defend women-related issues in the parliament. to school through conditional cash transfers. Increase funding to NGOs for child marriage-specific programming. Household and Community Attitudes and Behaviours Engage receptive religious leaders through Legal Context dialogue and awareness workshops, and Coordinate advocacy efforts to end child marriage to link them to other organizations working on ensure the National Strategy is endorsed by the gov- child marriage, such as the Medical Council, ernment, and the Ministry of Justice completes its re- CEVAW and academic institutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Sudan a Country Study.Pdf
    A Country Study: Sudan An Nilain Mosque, at the site of the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile in Khartoum Federal Research Division Library of Congress Edited by Helen Chapin Metz Research Completed June 1991 Table of Contents Foreword Acknowledgements Preface Country Profile Country Geography Society Economy Transportation Government and Politics National Security Introduction Chapter 1 - Historical Setting (Thomas Ofcansky) Early History Cush Meroe Christian Nubia The Coming of Islam The Arabs The Decline of Christian Nubia The Rule of the Kashif The Funj The Fur The Turkiyah, 1821-85 The Mahdiyah, 1884-98 The Khalifa Reconquest of Sudan The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, 1899-1955 Britain's Southern Policy Rise of Sudanese Nationalism The Road to Independence The South and the Unity of Sudan Independent Sudan The Politics of Independence The Abbud Military Government, 1958-64 Return to Civilian Rule, 1964-69 The Nimeiri Era, 1969-85 Revolutionary Command Council The Southern Problem Political Developments National Reconciliation The Transitional Military Council Sadiq Al Mahdi and Coalition Governments Chapter 2 - The Society and its Environment (Robert O. Collins) Physical Setting Geographical Regions Soils Hydrology Climate Population Ethnicity Language Ethnic Groups The Muslim Peoples Non-Muslim Peoples Migration Regionalism and Ethnicity The Social Order Northern Arabized Communities Southern Communities Urban and National Elites Women and the Family Religious
    [Show full text]
  • Download Al-Jayab Plea Agreement
    UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS EASTERN DIVISION UNITED STATES OF AMERICA No. 16 CR 181 v. No. 18 CR 721 Judge Sara L. Ellis AWS MOHAMMED YOUNIS AL-JAYAB PLEA AGREEMENT 1. This Plea Agreement between the United States Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois, JOHN R. LAUSCH, JR., and defendant AWS MOHAMMED YOUNIS AL-JAYAB, and his attorneys, THOMAS ANTHONY DURKIN and JOSHUA G. HERMAN, is made pursuant to Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure and is governed in part by Rule 11(c)(1)(C), as more fully set forth below. The parties to this Agreement have agreed upon the following: Charges in This Case 2. The superseding information in the Northern District of Illinois (16 CR 181) charges defendant with knowingly providing material support to a foreign terrorist organization, in violation of Title 18, United States Code, Section 2339B (the “Chicago Case”). The indictment filed in the Eastern District of California (2:16CR0008), and transferred to the Northern District of Illinois under Rule 20 (18 CR 721), charges defendant with knowingly providing a materially false statement to federal agents in a matter involving international terrorism, in violation of Title 18, United States Code, Section 1001(a)(2) (the “Sacramento Case”). 3. Defendant has read the charges against him contained in the superseding information filed in the Chicago Case and the indictment filed in the Sacramento Case, and those charges have been fully explained to him by his attorney. 4. Defendant fully understands the nature and elements of the crimes with which he has been charged.
    [Show full text]
  • Algemeen Ambtsbericht Sudan
    Algemeen ambtsbericht Sudan Datum juli 2015 Pagina 1 van 77 Algemeen ambtsbericht Sudan | Juli 2015 Colofon Plaats Den Haag Opgesteld door CAT Pagina 2 van 77 Algemeen ambtsbericht Sudan | Juli 2015 Inhoudsopgave Colofon ......................................................................................................2 Inhoudsopgave ............................................................................................3 1 Landeninformatie..................................................................................... 6 1.1 Politieke ontwikkelingen ................................................................................6 1.1.1 Darfur ......................................................................................................14 1.1.2 Vredesmissies............................................................................................ 15 1.2 Veiligheidssituatie ......................................................................................17 1.2.1 Documenten.............................................................................................. 29 2 Mensenrechten........................................................................................32 2.1 Juridische context ......................................................................................32 2.1.1 Verdragen en protocollen.............................................................................32 2.1.2 Nationale wetgeving ...................................................................................32 2.2 Toezicht
    [Show full text]
  • The World's 500 Most Influential Muslims, 2021
    PERSONS • OF THE YEAR • The Muslim500 THE WORLD’S 500 MOST INFLUENTIAL MUSLIMS • 2021 • B The Muslim500 THE WORLD’S 500 MOST INFLUENTIAL MUSLIMS • 2021 • i The Muslim 500: The World’s 500 Most Influential Chief Editor: Prof S Abdallah Schleifer Muslims, 2021 Editor: Dr Tarek Elghawary ISBN: print: 978-9957-635-57-2 Managing Editor: Mr Aftab Ahmed e-book: 978-9957-635-56-5 Editorial Board: Dr Minwer Al-Meheid, Mr Moustafa Jordan National Library Elqabbany, and Ms Zeinab Asfour Deposit No: 2020/10/4503 Researchers: Lamya Al-Khraisha, Moustafa Elqabbany, © 2020 The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre Zeinab Asfour, Noora Chahine, and M AbdulJaleal Nasreddin 20 Sa’ed Bino Road, Dabuq PO BOX 950361 Typeset by: Haji M AbdulJaleal Nasreddin Amman 11195, JORDAN www.rissc.jo All rights reserved. No part of this book may be repro- duced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanic, including photocopying or recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Views expressed in The Muslim 500 do not necessarily reflect those of RISSC or its advisory board. Set in Garamond Premiere Pro Printed in The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Calligraphy used throughout the book provided courte- sy of www.FreeIslamicCalligraphy.com Title page Bismilla by Mothana Al-Obaydi MABDA • Contents • INTRODUCTION 1 Persons of the Year - 2021 5 A Selected Surveyof the Muslim World 7 COVID-19 Special Report: Covid-19 Comparing International Policy Effectiveness 25 THE HOUSE OF ISLAM 49 THE
    [Show full text]
  • Role of Peace and Stability on Nomadic Animal Movements in South Kordofan
    Sudan University of Science and Technology College of Graduate Studies Role of peace and stability on nomadic animal movements in south kordofan Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Ph.D. (on peace & conflicts studies) دور اﻷﻣﻦ اﻹﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺮﻛﺎت ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت اﻟﺮﺣﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻨﻮب ﻛﺮدﻓﺎن By: Abdel Aziz Abdalla Nour Eldin BSc. Agric. (Alex) Egypt June (1984) M. Sc (Animal Production Institute) University of Khartoum Sep. (1988) Supervision : Prof: Elhaj Abba (May 2015) اﻵﯾﺔ ﺑﺳم اﷲ اﻟرﺣﻣن اﻟرﺣﯾم } { 41 I Dedication This thesis is dedicated to soul of my mother, my father and my family for continuous support and encouragement II Acknowledgment I am gratefully indebted my supervisor Dr. Elhaj Abba for his keen interest in this study, his unfailing help and invaluable achieve during this work. Sincere gratitude also extended to my co-supervisor Dr. Salah Said Ahmed for his patient and encouragement throughout this work. Also thank extended to the following: Ustaz Lobna Hassan (um Maaz) for her constatnt encouragement, moral help, and advice throughout this work. Thanks to my extend family (brothers, sisters, unclose..) Finally, I want to thank my family for their constant encouragement, kind help, patient and support that help me to achieve this study. III Abstract The aim of this study is to focus on the movement of animals in its Southward and Northward tracks and the effect of such movement on tribal conflicts in this area and current resulting effect on the movement as well as the future effect, socially, economically, politically and the effect of the same movement on peace, stability and development in state along with method of treatment, provision of suggesting of the necessary solutions, determining the real effects of conflicts and the reasons leading to conflict.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4. Pastoralism in North Kordofan
    Pastoralism in Practice: MonitoringOn the Livestock Hoof Mobility inLivestock Contemporary Trade Sudan in Darfur http://unep.org/Sudan/ First published in November 2013 by the United Nations Environment Programme © 2013, United Nations Environment Programme First published in September 2012 by the United Nations Environment Programme United© 2012, Nations United EnvironmentNations Environment Programme Programme P.O. Box 30552, Nairobi, KENYA Tel:United +254 Nations (0)20 Environment762 1234 Programme Fax:P.O. +254Box 30552, (0)20 762Nairobi, 3927 KENYA E-mail:Tel: +254 [email protected] (0)20 762 1234 Web:Fax: +254http://www.unep.org (0)20 762 3927 E-mail: [email protected] ThisWeb: publication http://www.unep.org may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder provided acknowledgement of the source is made. No use of this publication mayThis bepublication made for mayresale be or reproduced for any other in commercialwhole or in purposepart and whatsoever in any form without for educational prior permission or non-profit in writing purposes from UNEP. without special Thepermission contents from of thisthe copyrightvolume do holder not necessarily provided acknowledgement reflect the views of theUNEP, source or contributory is made. No organizations. use of this publication The designations may be made for employedresale or for and any the other presentations commercial do purpose not imply whatsoever the expressions without of prior any permissionopinion whatsoever in writing on from the UNEP. part of The UNEP contents or contributory of this volume organizationsdo not necessarily concerning reflect thethe legalviews status of UNEP, of any or contributorycountry, territory, organizations.
    [Show full text]
  • Sudan, Imperialism, and the Mahdi's Holy
    bria_29_3:Layout 1 3/14/2014 6:41 PM Page 6 bria_29_3:Layout 1 3/14/2014 6:41 PM Page 7 the rebels. Enraged mobs rioted in the Believing these victories proved city and killed about 50 Europeans. that Allah had blessed the jihad, huge SUDAN, IMPERIALISM, The French withdrew their fleet, but numbers of fighters from Arab tribes the British opened fire on Alexandria swarmed to the Mahdi. They joined AND THE MAHDI’SHOLYWAR and leveled many buildings. Later in his cause of liberating Sudan and DURING THE AGE OF IMPERIALISM, EUROPEAN POWERS SCRAMBLED TO DIVIDE UP the year, Britain sent 25,000 troops to bringing Islam to the entire world. AFRICA. IN SUDAN, HOWEVER, A MUSLIM RELIGIOUS FIGURE KNOWN AS THE MAHDI Egypt and easily defeated the rebel The worried Egyptian khedive and LED A SUCCESSFUL JIHAD (HOLY WAR) THAT FOR A TIME DROVE OUT THE BRITISH Egyptian army. Britain then returned British government decided to send AND EGYPTIANS. the government to the khedive, who Charles Gordon, the former governor- In the late 1800s, many European Ali established Sudan’s colonial now was little more than a British general of Sudan, to Khartoum. His nations tried to stake out pieces of capital at Khartoum, where the White puppet. Thus began the British occu- mission was to organize the evacua- Africa to colonize. In what is known and Blue Nile rivers join to form the pation of Egypt. tion of all Egyptian soldiers and gov- as the “scramble for Africa,” coun- main Nile River, which flows north to While these dramatic events were ernment personnel from Sudan.
    [Show full text]
  • Sadiq Al-Mahdi (Ansar): - in Spite of ‘Expedient Political Reconciliation’ with Numeiry, Rejected ‘September Laws’ As “Un-Islamic”
    Part 2: Case Studies: “Sudan: Colonial Experience” Nov. 19-23 Independent Sudan ‘Umma’ known as political organization of ‘Islamic Ansar movement’ (followers of the prophet – in this case of 19th c. Mahdi): - supporters followed strict teachings of the Mahdi - although Ansar found throughout Sudan, most lived in rural areas of western Darfur, Kordofan, and along White Nile - notably where Mahdi family and other Umma leaders had extensive estates Economics, Labour and ‘Neo-Mahdism’ [al-Karani]: “With a growing body of supporters in the west, and with westerners providing most of the labour for his estates at Aba Island and its surrounds, Abd al-Rahman had the influence and the money to further his ambitions. During the late 1930s he courted the emerging Intelligentsia and at the end of the Second World War founded Sudan's first political party, the Umma Party.” Independent Sudan Umma Party established in February 1945: - aim: independence from the Condominium Reign - claimed to be ‘nationalist’; support exclusively from Western regions, area of White Nile where Mahdi family, other Umma leaders had estates - championed cause until it became basis for Sudanese consensus in 1955 - Independence: January 1, 1956 Umma Party Delegation in Cairo, Egypt (n.d. but Abd al-Rahman present, so pre-1959) Independent Sudan Abd al-Rahman's death (1959) did not end influence of movement : - since Sudan independence, Umma Party experienced alternating periods prominence, persecution - 1970 grandson Abd al-Rahman, Sadiq al Mahdi, became political head of
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Chairperson, Committee on Economic, Social And
    Chairperson, Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights UNOG-OHCHR CH 1211 Geneva 10 Switzerland 1 October 2014 Dear Mr. Kedzia, 56th Session of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights – Pre-Sessional Working Group on Sudan We are writing with a view to the pre-sessional meeting of the working group on Sudan during the 54th Session from 1-5 December 2014. Please find below a brief update of developments pertaining to the main concerns of REDRESS and the African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies (ACJPS) in relation to the state party’s implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). 1 I. Renewed conflict, ongoing human rights violations and impunity The situation in Sudan since 2000, when the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights last considered a report by the State party,1 has been marked by considerable developments and changes, including the adoption of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in 2005, the Interim National Constitution in 2005 and the independence of South Sudan in 2011. Nonetheless, most of the concerns identified in the Committee’s concluding observations of 2000 have not been adequately addressed, and several new issues of concern have arisen since. The situation in Sudan continues to be characterised by ongoing human rights violations, armed conflict, impunity and a weak rule of law. Lack of democracy, marginalisation (of the periphery and of groups within Sudan, particularly women) and weak governance are among the key factors that have contributed to this systemic crisis.
    [Show full text]