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Chapter 4. Pastoralism in North Kordofan Pastoralism in Practice: MonitoringOn the Livestock Hoof Mobility inLivestock Contemporary Trade Sudan in Darfur http://unep.org/Sudan/ First published in November 2013 by the United Nations Environment Programme © 2013, United Nations Environment Programme First published in September 2012 by the United Nations Environment Programme United© 2012, Nations United EnvironmentNations Environment Programme Programme P.O. Box 30552, Nairobi, KENYA Tel:United +254 Nations (0)20 Environment762 1234 Programme Fax:P.O. +254Box 30552, (0)20 762Nairobi, 3927 KENYA E-mail:Tel: +254 [email protected] (0)20 762 1234 Web:Fax: +254http://www.unep.org (0)20 762 3927 E-mail: [email protected] ThisWeb: publication http://www.unep.org may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder provided acknowledgement of the source is made. No use of this publication mayThis bepublication made for mayresale be or reproduced for any other in commercialwhole or in purposepart and whatsoever in any form without for educational prior permission or non-profit in writing purposes from UNEP. without special Thepermission contents from of thisthe copyrightvolume do holder not necessarily provided acknowledgement reflect the views of theUNEP, source or contributory is made. No organizations. use of this publication The designations may be made for employedresale or for and any the other presentations commercial do purpose not imply whatsoever the expressions without of prior any permissionopinion whatsoever in writing on from the UNEP. part of The UNEP contents or contributory of this volume organizationsdo not necessarily concerning reflect thethe legalviews status of UNEP, of any or contributorycountry, territory, organizations. city or area The or designations its authority, employed or concerning and the the presentations delimitation do not ofimply its frontiersthe expressions or boundaries. of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP or contributory organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authority, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Report authors: Helen Young, Hussein Sulieman, Roy Behnke, and Zoe Cormack, with Abdelhafiz Mohamed Adam, Samira Mohammed Ahmed, and Hamid Mohamed Abdelnabi Report authors: Margie Buchanan-Smith and Abdul Jabbar Abdulla Fadul, Editing:with Abdul Liz RahmanVincent Tahir and Yacob Aklilu Photos: Hussein Sulieman ReportCover image: layout: © Bridget Darfur DevelopmentSnow Design and Reconstruction Agency: Maps:Fora Boranga Figures livestock 6 to 10, market,12, 15 Westand 16 Darfur redrawn by Bridget Snow; UNEP promotes Figures 17 to 24, and 26 by Hussein Sulieman environmentally sound practices Report layout: Bridget Snow PrintedCover design: by: New Matija Life Press, Potocnik Khartoum globally and in its own activities. This Maps: UNOCHA, Sudan publication is printed on recycled paper Printed by: New Life Printing Press, Khartoum using eco-friendly practices. Our distribution policy aims to reduce UNEP’s carbon footprint. Pastoralism in Practice: Monitoring Livestock Mobility in Contemporary Sudan ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was made possible through the combined support of the Federal Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Range, the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources in North Kordofan (MAAR), the Ministry of Animal Resources, Fisheries and Range in East Darfur (MARFR). Special thanks are due to the Director General Dr. Amar El Shikh Idris Omer, who personally introduced and facilitated this work in East Darfur, and has supported the teams throughout. Thanks also to Abubakkar Ahmed Abdulkarim for facilitating visas and permit applications. In El Obeid, for support from First Lt. Gen. Mohamed Bashir Suleiman, Minister of Agriculture, Animal Resources and Fisheries, Mr. Faisal H. El-Jack, Director General (MAARF), and Dr. Adam Abdulatif Mohamed, Direct General of Animal Resources Directory. In Ed Daein, for support and excellent facilitation, plus participation in the outreach visits and technical support: Dr. Bashir Abdalla, Director General of the Ministry of Animal Resources, and his staff. For ongoing support and facilitation, plus inside knowledge of pastoralism: Mr. Ahmed Balah and Madam Haja Ghandour. For supporting the field research and logistics in North Kordofan, the staff of SOS Sahel in El Obeid and Khartoum, including Salih Abdul Mageed El Douma, Manal Ahmed, and Sulieman Haroun Sulieman. For supporting the field research and logistics in East Darfur, the staff of Al Massar Organization for the Development of Nomads, including Osman Hussein, Dr. Babiker Ibrahim Babiker, and Hamid Ahmed Mohamed. For introductions to the pastoralist communities, insider knowledge, and hospitality, thanks to the tribal leadership and their families, especially Omda Aamir Mohamed Aamir in Abu Matariq, East Darfur, and Omda Abdelgadir Hamdalla in Tinna, North Kordofan. For continuous practical support and encouragement, thanks to UNEP Sudan, especially Magda Nassef, whose exemplary commitment has made a significant difference to this work. For support with digitised legacy data on natural resources from the UNEP SudanArchives Scanning Project, Mr. R. Neil Munro. For helpful comments on the research and draft report: Magda Nassef, Youssif El Tayeb, Dr. Hamid Omer, Saverio Kratli, and all the participants at the Khartoum workshop in July 2013, including tribal leaders and herder representatives from both states. For help with administration, logistics, and coordination: the Tufts staff in Boston and in London, especially Laura Banks and Matthew Lloyd-Cape. For liaison with field researchers, and data entry and cleaning, thanks to Janet Aamir. For the initial evaluation of available technologies and mobile devices for tracking livestock, thanks to the Chris Hill, Hugh Darrah, and the team at the GeoData Institute, University of Southampton. For support with the mapping, and access to UN mapping resources in Sudan, thanks to Ms. Anisha Thappa, Crisis Prevention and Recovery Unit (CPRU), UNDP. For redrawing the figures and maps from the Sudan Archive and final formatting, thanks to Bridget Snow, and thanks to Liz Vincent for final copy editing. Any words of thanks due to the twelve pastoralist participants will fail to adequately express our appreciation and gratitude for their exemplary and continuous participation for more than six months of this study. Their active support, interest, and commitment has sustained this work and enabled us to understand the real significance of the world of pastoralism. The successful completion of this first phase of the study is all thanks to them. For their support and hospitality during fieldwork, thanks also to their families. This study was funded by UK aid from the Department for International Development under their support to the UNEP Sudan Integrated Environment Programme. 4 Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................... 4 Summary ................................................................................................ 7 Chapter 1. Introduction ................................................................................... 10 Chapter 2. Methodological innovation: new solutions to old (and new) problems ........................................................................................ 13 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 13 Methods for the study of livestock and wildlife migration ............................................... 15 Overview of the approach and methodology .................................................................. 20 National and local partnerships, and the research team .................................................... 24 Limitations of the study .................................................................................................. 24 Chapter 3. Pastoralism in eastern Darfur ........................................................... 26 Part 1. The region from a pastoral perspective.................................................................. 26 Part 2. Profiles of the six pastoralist producers in East Darfur ........................................... 34 Part 3. The governance of livestock mobility ................................................................... 37 Concluding remarks ....................................................................................................... 40 Chapter 4. Pastoralism in North Kordofan ........................................................ 42 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 42 Part 1. The region from a pastoral perspective.................................................................. 42 Part 2. Profile of the livestock producers in North Kordofan ........................................... 46 Part 3. Governance of livestock mobility ......................................................................... 49 Concluding remarks ....................................................................................................... 52 Chapter 5. Livestock herd movements ............................................................... 53 Introduction ..................................................................................................................
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