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Standing Wealth Pastoraliston the Livestock Hoof Production Andlivestock Local Livelihoods Trade in in Darfur Sudan

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Standing Wealth Pastoraliston the Livestock Hoof Production Andlivestock Local Livelihoods Trade in in Darfur Sudan Standing Wealth PastoralistOn the Livestock Hoof Production andLivestock Local Livelihoods Trade in in Darfur Sudan http://unep.org/Sudan/ First published in May 2013 by the United Nations Environment Programme © 2013, United Nations Environment Programme First published in September 2012 by the United Nations Environment Programme United© 2012, Nations United EnvironmentNations Environment Programme Programme P.O. Box 30552, Nairobi, KENYA Tel:United +254 Nations (0)20 Environment762 1234 Programme Fax:P.O. +254Box 30552, (0)20 762Nairobi, 3927 KENYA E-mail:Tel: +254 [email protected] (0)20 762 1234 Web:Fax: +254http://www.unep.org (0)20 762 3927 E-mail: [email protected] ThisWeb: publication http://www.unep.org may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder provided acknowledgement of the source is made. No use of this publication mayThis bepublication made for mayresale be or reproduced for any other in commercialwhole or in purposepart and whatsoever in any form without for educational prior permission or non-profit in writing purposes from UNEP. without special Thepermission contents from of thisthe copyrightvolume do holder not necessarily provided acknowledgement reflect the views of theUNEP, source or contributory is made. No organizations. use of this publication The designations may be made for employedresale or for and any the other presentations commercial do purpose not imply whatsoever the expressions without of prior any permissionopinion whatsoever in writing on from the UNEP. part of The UNEP contents or contributory of this volume organizationsdo not necessarily concerning reflect thethe legalviews status of UNEP, of any or contributorycountry, territory, organizations. city or area The or designations its authority, employed or concerning and the the presentations delimitation do not ofimply its frontiersthe expressions or boundaries. of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP or contributory organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authority, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Report authors: Saverio Krätli, Omer Hassan El Dirani, Helen Young With Samira Mohammed Ahmed, Osman Mohammed Babiker, Musa Adam Ismail, Abdelazeem Hassan, Azharia El Bushra Report authors: Margie Buchanan-Smith and Abdul Jabbar Abdulla Fadul, Editing:with Abdul Margaret Rahman Okole Tahir and Yacob Aklilu Photos: © Saverio Krätli ReportCover image: layout: © Bridget Darfur DevelopmentSnow Design and Reconstruction Agency: Maps:Fora Boranga UNOCHA, livestock Khartoum market, West Darfur UNEP promotes environmentally sound practices PrintedReport layout:by: New Bridget Life Press, Snow Khartoum Cover design: Matija Potocnik globally and in its own activities. This Maps: UNOCHA, Sudan publication is printed on recycled paper Printed by: New Life Printing Press, Khartoum using eco-friendly practices. Our distribution policy aims to reduce UNEP’s carbon footprint. Standing Wealth Pastoralist Livestock Production and Local Livelihoods in Sudan ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was made possible through the combined support of the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Resources and Fisheries in North Kordofan (MAARF), the Nomad Development Council (NDC), and the Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Rangelands, especially the Director General of Planning and Livestock Economics, Dr Ammar El Shikh Idris Omer who participated in the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) workshop in November 2012. For facilitating access to the team of researchers and providing crucial insights and practical support in the field: First Lt. Gen. Mohamed Bashir Suleiman, Minister of Agriculture, Animal Resources and Fisheries, and Mr Faisal H. El-Jack, Director General (MAARF). For inside knowledge of pastoralism in Sudan and invaluable support with administrative issues: Mr. Ahmed Balah and Madam Haja Ghandour. For supporting the field research, the local researchers in North Kordofan, including: Ahmed Nour Eldeen (MAARF), Mohammed El Makki (retired teacher, member of the Centre for Conflict Resolution); Nasr Eldien Gad (MAARF), Abdel Nassir Adam (MAARF), Yusuf Ali Alballal (Pastoralist Union), Adam Abdul Rahman Ahmed (MAARF), Mobarak Hassan Belal (MAARF), Elwathig Siddig Elhadi (MAARF), and Obaid Ahmed Elmana (MAARF). For supporting the preliminary work in West Darfur, the Nomad Commissioner, Abdelrahim Mohamed Saeed; staff of Al Massar Organization for the Development of Nomads, including Osman Hussein Abubaker Fadlallah and Ahmed Bilal Ahmed Koko; the Geneina Locality Commissioner in West Darfur, Ahmed Ali Abd El Gadir; and also Magda Nassef who accompanied the team. For support in Sudan, the UNEP team and especially Magda Nassef, and also the team of SOS Sahel Sudan, especially the Executive Director, Salih AbdulMageed El Douma. For helpful comments on various stages of the work Magda Nassef, Brendan Bromwich, Alawiyya Jamal, Youssif El Tayeb, Dr Hamid Omer, Mey Eltayeb Ahmed, Ahmed Abusin, Maauwia Shaddad, Omer Ejemi, Hussein Sulieman, Abdal Monium Osman, Ibrahim al Mardi, Abdalmageed Yahya, Simon Narbeth, Abdalbasid Saeed, Margie Buchanan-Smith, Barbara Casciarri and Roy Behnke, and all the participants at the two review workshops: at UNEP’s office in Khartoum, and at the Ministry of Agriculture in El Obeid. For help with administration, logistics and coordination: the Tufts staff and SOS Sahel staff in Khartoum, El Obeid and London, expecially Afaf Rahim, Belihu Negesse, Abdelhafiz Mohamed Adam, Janet Aamir, Suliman Haroun Suliman, Mohamed A. Seed, and Laura Banks. For production of the map of North Kordofan: Tamreez Amirzada, UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) Khartoum and for translation and interpretation: Dr Kamal Awad Osman. For providing a wealth of background materials on Kordofan: Lucy Maarse, and for help with the work on pastoralist demographics: Zoe Cormack. Finally very grateful thanks to the pastoralists in the sample groups and those at the markets, who gave their time, including Amir Tumsa in El Obeid. This study was funded by UKaid from the Department for International Development under their support to the UNEP Sudan Integrated Environment Project. 4 Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................... 4 Executive summary ........................................................................................ 7 1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 11 1.1 Overview of pastoralism trends and issues in Sudan .................................................. 12 1.2 Methodology ........................................................................................................... 18 2 What producers? ....................................................................................... 22 2.1 Camel specialists ....................................................................................................... 24 2.2 Sheep specialists ....................................................................................................... 25 2.3 Cattle specialists ....................................................................................................... 25 3 Livestock market: tracking supply back to production ................................... 26 4 Making a living along the livestock value chain ............................................ 30 4.1 Primary producers .................................................................................................... 30 4.2 Trade operators ........................................................................................................ 31 4.3 Transporters and drovers ........................................................................................... 32 4.4 Hides and meat processing ........................................................................................ 33 4.5 Feedlots ................................................................................................................... 33 4.6 Market in water and fodder ...................................................................................... 34 5 Livestock marketing and herd growth ......................................................... 38 5.1 Counterbalancing the frequency of crises? ................................................................ 40 5.2 Marketing strategies in the three production systems ................................................. 40 6 Livestock mobility is not limited to ‘nomadic’ producers .............................. 42 6.1 The production rationale of mobility ........................................................................ 43 6.2 Mobility and ‘sedentary’ producers ............................................................................ 43 6.3 Pastoral mobility strategies blending primary production with trade .......................... 45 7 Knowledge and other cultural assets ............................................................ 46 7.1 Knowledge basis of pastoral livelihood security and productivity ............................... 47 7.2 Division of labour: the example of the camel system ................................................. 48 7.3 Specialized labour, education and livelihood ............................................................. 48 continued on next page May 2013 • STANDING WEALTH:
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