Concordis International Sudan Report September 2010 MORE THAN A LINE: SUDAN’S NORTH - SOUTH BORDER SEPTEMBER 2010 02 Concordis International Sudan Report Contents Contents 04 Acknowledgements 50 Abyei 1.1 Snapshot Summary 1.2 Conflict Drivers 05 Glossary 1.2.1 National Political Context 1.2.2 Border Demarcation and the 08 Executive Summary Abyei Referendum 1.1 General Findings 1.2.3 Physical Demarcation 1.2 Thematic Findings 1.2.4 Land 1.3 Conflict Prone Areas 1.2.5 Militarisation 14 Introduction 1.3.6 Additional Factors 1.1 General Findings 1.4 Conflict Management 1.2 Thematic Findings 1.3 Conflict Prone Areas 67 Southern Kordofan/Unity 1.1 Snapshot Summary 28 South Darfur-Western Bahr al Ghazal 1.2 Conflict Drivers 1.1 Snapshot Summary 1.2.1 Transhumance 1.2 Conflict Drivers 1.2.2 Political Marginalisation 1.2.1 Border demarcation 1.2.3 Hardening Conflict Memory 1.2.2 Militarisation 1.2.4 Land/Oil and Demarcation 1.2.3 SPLA-Rezeigat Clashes 1.2.5 Community Land 1.2.4 Other Armed Groups 1.2.6 Militarisation 1.2.5 Wider Regional Instability 1.2.7 Community Conflict Management 1.2.6 Conflict Trends 1.3 Conflict Trends and Mitigation 1.3 Conflict Mitigation 79 Southern Kordofan 38 South Darfur-Northern Bahr al Ghazal 1.1 Snapshot Summary 1.1 Snapshot Summary 1.2 Conflict Drivers 1.2 Conflict Drivers 1.2.1 National Political Context 1.2.1 Contested Rights Along the 1.2.2 Land Grazing Area 1.2.3 Socio-economic Underdevelopment 1.2.2 Transportation of Arms 1.2.4 Integration of Adminstration 1.2.3 Militarisation 1.2.5 Security Integration and Militarisation 1.2.4 Referendum/Demarcation 1.3 Conflict Trends and Mitigation 1.2.5 Post-election Fallout 1.3 Conflict Mitigation 1.3.1 Peace conferences Concordis International Sudan Report Contents 03 Contents 91 Upper Nile/White Nile/Sennar/Blue Nile 1.1 Snapshot Summary 1.2 Conflict Drivers 1.2.1 Land and Land Use 1.2.2 Border Disputes 1.2.3 Citizenship 1.2.4 Taxation 1.2.5 Oil 1.2.6 Militarisation 1.3 Conflict Trends and Mitigation 1.4 Intra-Upper Nile State Dynamics 1.4.1 Snapshot 1.4.2 Conflict Drivers 1.4.2.1 Potential for Fragmantation 1.4.2.2 Shilluk-Dinka Conflict 1.4.3 Conflict Mitigation 111 Blue Nile State 1.1 Snapshot Summary 1.2 Conflict Drivers 1.2.1 Land Use and Ownership 1.2.2 Militarisation 1.2.3 Roseires Dam 1.2.4 Popular Consultation 1.3 Conflict Trends and Mitigation 04 Concordis International Sudan Report Acknowledgements Acknowledgements This report is the result of contributions by a team of Sudanese and international consultants and Concordis International staff, including Mohamed Ali, Benedetta de Alessi, John Fenning, Khalid Hassan, Jort Hemmer, Roger Middleton, Chris Milner, Martina Santschi, and Jolien Veldwijk. Countless individuals and organisations offered informational and logistical support to make the report possible. We thank all those who generously contributed their time, organisational support, and encouragement. The research team would like to thank specifically Peter Dixon and Richard King in the Concordis UK office and Lucian Harriman and all the Concordis staff in Sudan for their insights and logistical support. Our thanks also go to Andy Blum at USIP for his continual encouragement and Sharath Srinivasan and Jason Matus for providing valuable and insightful comments to drafts of this document. Thanks also go to the National Forum on Reconciliation and Peace-building for their partnership in organising a workshop in Khartoum, which we hope stimulated debate around key issues related to the borderlands at a critical time. Lastly, we thank all those involved in the Cross- Border Relations Project, a partnership between Concordis International and the Centre for Peace and Development Studies at the University of Juba. Workshops undertaken by the project in seven locations along the North-South border help inform this report. We thank all those who participated for sharing their perceptions and concerns with patience and goodwill. Concordis International Sudan Report Glossary 05 Glossary ABC CSSAC Abyei Boundary Commission Community Security and Small Arms Control Bureau Abdel Aziz El-Hilu Deputy Governor of South Kordofan and former DDR SPLA fighters leading the Nuba after the death Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration of Kuwa Dinka Malual Abdel Bagi Ayii Akol Dinka group in Northern Bahr al-Ghazal Dinka militia leader formerly part of SSDF, now Dinka Panarou GoSS adviser for Border Conflict Resolution Dinka group in northern Unity State AEC Dinka Ngok Assessment and Evaluation Commission, the Dinka group in Abyei and central Upper Nile mixed sudanese and International body established by the CPA to monitor its implementation Fellata Nomadic group originally from West Africa, also Ahmed Haroun known as the Fulani Governor of South Kordofan. Wanted by the ICC for alleged war crimes in Darf Fertit Pastoralist tribes in western Sudan. Name originally Anyanya I and II given to deride those of non-Fur origin. Rebel movement formed during the First Civil War, and succeeded by Anyanya II in late seventies, FFMAC absorbed by the SPLA during the Second Civil War Fiscal and Financial Monitoring and Allocation Commission, established by the CPA Balanda Fertit tribe in Raja county Peter Gadet Bul Nuer, he fought with the SPLA and later with Baqqara Machar. He is now with SAF but many of his men Arabic nomadic tribes (from the Arabic ‘Baqar’, are in the SPLA in Upper Nile means cow) Galwak Gai Border Governors Forum Former SPLA officer who leaded the post-election The recently established Forum that engage the attacks to SPLA in Unity State ten Border/ Tamajuz (intermingling) States for the development of the region GoNU Government of National Unity Bul Nuer Nuer sub-clan in Western Upper Nile GoS Government of Sudan, up to the CPA CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement, signed in GoSS 2005 to end the Second Civil War between the Government of Southern Sudan Government of Sudan and the SPLM/A. Greater Bahr al-Ghazal CRMA Region encompassing Warrap, Western and UNDP Crisis and Recovery Mapping and Analysis Northern Bahr al-Ghazal Habbaniya Baggara tribe from Darfur and Southern Kordofan 06 Concordis International Sudan Report Glossary Heglig Misseriya Main oil field in Sudan, was separated by the Abyei Arab nomadic tribe who migrate from South area by PCA ruling and is now contested between Kordofan and Abyei into South Sudan Southern Kordofan and Unity States Muglad Basin JEM A principal oil-producing area in Sudan comprising Justice and Equality Movement, a rebel movement of South Kordofan, Abyei and Unity States in Darfur spilling into South Kordofan Nasir Declaration Jikany Nuer 1991 split from the SPLM/A by Lam Akol and Riek Nuer clan from Nasir in Western Upper Nile Machar, forming SPLM-Nasir (later SPLM-United) Joseph Kuwa NRDF Nuba freedom fighters who guided Nuba rebellion National Reconstruction and Development Fund into the SPLM/A established by the CPA for the northerner war affected areas Juba Declaration Agreement signed in 2006 uniting the SSDF with Technical National Border Committee the SPLA Committee set up by the CPA to identify and demarcate the boundaries between North and Karesh South Fertit tribe in Raja county NCP Gordon Kong National Congress Party, the governing party Former SSDF Commander after the SPLA Nasir of Sudan split, he is now allied to SAF NIF Lam Akol National Islamic Front Former high-ranking SPLA, architect of the Nasir split with Machar, he was Minister in the GoNU OAGs after the CPA. He is now leader of the SPLM-DC. Other Armed Groups Lou Nuer P’agan Amum Nuer clan from Akobo, in Northern Jonglei Secretary General of the SPLM and GoSS Minister of Peace and CPA implementation Riek Machar Former senior military figure in the SPLA, he Paulino Matiep organised the Nasir split and signed the Khartoum Former head of SSDF who became deputy peace Agreement with GoS. He is now vice Commander in Chief of SPLA with the Juba president of GoSS and first Deputy Chairman Declaration ofthe SPLM PCA Malik Agar Permanent Court of Arbitration that decided on Governor of Blue Nile and Deputy Chairman Abyei area boundaries on July 2009 of the SPLM PDF Melut Basin Popular Defence Force, tribal militias supported by Upper Nile oilfields with main centres in Adar SAF in western Sudan and the transitional areas and Paloich Concordis International Sudan Report Glossary 07 RCPM SSRC Southern Kordofan Reconciliation and Peace South Sudan Referendum Commission Coexistence Mechanism Gabriel Tanginya Rizeigat SAF-aligned militia leader in the Civil War whose Nomadic group in Darfur who migrate into greater forces were integrated into SAF at the CPA Bahr al-Ghazal region The Three Areas SAF Blue Nile, Abyei and Southern Kordofan Sudanese Armed Forces UNDP Salva Kiir United Nations Development Programme President of Southern Sudan and first Vice UNMIS President of Sudan United Nations Mission In Sudan, set up in March SALW 2005 to support the CPA Small Arms and Light Weapons Sedentary Farmers Small scale subsistence farmers South Sudan Referendum Taskforce Chaired by GoSS VP Riek Machar was set up to management the Referendum and post- Referendum arrangements SPC Sudan Peace Commission SPLM/A Southern People’s Liberation Movement/Army SPLM-DC SPLM for Democratic Change, created by Lam Akol in 2009 SPLM/A-United Movement formed at the Nasir Declaration SSDF South Sudan Democratic Forces, a coalition of SAF- aligned militias led by Paulino Matiep, originated from the Nasir split SSIM/A South Sudan Independence Movement/Army of Machar after the split from Akol in 1994 08 Concordis International Sudan Report Executive summary Executive summary This report, prepared by Concordis International General Findings under commission from the United States Institute Hardening the North-South Divide of Peace, examines drivers of conflict in the North- South border areas of Sudan and current initiatives The CPA did not fully address the issue of the aimed at managing them.