Standing Wealth PastoralistOn the Livestock Hoof Production andLivestock Local Livelihoods Trade in in Darfur Sudan http://unep.org/Sudan/ First published in May 2013 by the United Nations Environment Programme © 2013, United Nations Environment Programme First published in September 2012 by the United Nations Environment Programme United© 2012, Nations United EnvironmentNations Environment Programme Programme P.O. Box 30552, Nairobi, KENYA Tel:United +254 Nations (0)20 Environment762 1234 Programme Fax:P.O. +254Box 30552, (0)20 762Nairobi, 3927 KENYA E-mail:Tel: +254 [email protected] (0)20 762 1234 Web:Fax: +254http://www.unep.org (0)20 762 3927 E-mail: [email protected] ThisWeb: publication http://www.unep.org may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder provided acknowledgement of the source is made. 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Report authors: Saverio Krätli, Omer Hassan El Dirani, Helen Young With Samira Mohammed Ahmed, Osman Mohammed Babiker, Musa Adam Ismail, Abdelazeem Hassan, Azharia El Bushra Report authors: Margie Buchanan-Smith and Abdul Jabbar Abdulla Fadul, Editing:with Abdul Margaret Rahman Okole Tahir and Yacob Aklilu Photos: © Saverio Krätli ReportCover image: layout: © Bridget Darfur DevelopmentSnow Design and Reconstruction Agency: Maps:Fora Boranga UNOCHA, livestock Khartoum market, West Darfur UNEP promotes environmentally sound practices PrintedReport layout:by: New Bridget Life Press, Snow Khartoum Cover design: Matija Potocnik globally and in its own activities. This Maps: UNOCHA, Sudan publication is printed on recycled paper Printed by: New Life Printing Press, Khartoum using eco-friendly practices. Our distribution policy aims to reduce UNEP’s carbon footprint. Standing Wealth Pastoralist Livestock Production and Local Livelihoods in Sudan ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was made possible through the combined support of the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Resources and Fisheries in North Kordofan (MAARF), the Nomad Development Council (NDC), and the Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Rangelands, especially the Director General of Planning and Livestock Economics, Dr Ammar El Shikh Idris Omer who participated in the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) workshop in November 2012. For facilitating access to the team of researchers and providing crucial insights and practical support in the field: First Lt. Gen. Mohamed Bashir Suleiman, Minister of Agriculture, Animal Resources and Fisheries, and Mr Faisal H. El-Jack, Director General (MAARF). For inside knowledge of pastoralism in Sudan and invaluable support with administrative issues: Mr. Ahmed Balah and Madam Haja Ghandour. For supporting the field research, the local researchers in North Kordofan, including: Ahmed Nour Eldeen (MAARF), Mohammed El Makki (retired teacher, member of the Centre for Conflict Resolution); Nasr Eldien Gad (MAARF), Abdel Nassir Adam (MAARF), Yusuf Ali Alballal (Pastoralist Union), Adam Abdul Rahman Ahmed (MAARF), Mobarak Hassan Belal (MAARF), Elwathig Siddig Elhadi (MAARF), and Obaid Ahmed Elmana (MAARF). For supporting the preliminary work in West Darfur, the Nomad Commissioner, Abdelrahim Mohamed Saeed; staff of Al Massar Organization for the Development of Nomads, including Osman Hussein Abubaker Fadlallah and Ahmed Bilal Ahmed Koko; the Geneina Locality Commissioner in West Darfur, Ahmed Ali Abd El Gadir; and also Magda Nassef who accompanied the team. For support in Sudan, the UNEP team and especially Magda Nassef, and also the team of SOS Sahel Sudan, especially the Executive Director, Salih AbdulMageed El Douma. For helpful comments on various stages of the work Magda Nassef, Brendan Bromwich, Alawiyya Jamal, Youssif El Tayeb, Dr Hamid Omer, Mey Eltayeb Ahmed, Ahmed Abusin, Maauwia Shaddad, Omer Ejemi, Hussein Sulieman, Abdal Monium Osman, Ibrahim al Mardi, Abdalmageed Yahya, Simon Narbeth, Abdalbasid Saeed, Margie Buchanan-Smith, Barbara Casciarri and Roy Behnke, and all the participants at the two review workshops: at UNEP’s office in Khartoum, and at the Ministry of Agriculture in El Obeid. For help with administration, logistics and coordination: the Tufts staff and SOS Sahel staff in Khartoum, El Obeid and London, expecially Afaf Rahim, Belihu Negesse, Abdelhafiz Mohamed Adam, Janet Aamir, Suliman Haroun Suliman, Mohamed A. Seed, and Laura Banks. For production of the map of North Kordofan: Tamreez Amirzada, UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) Khartoum and for translation and interpretation: Dr Kamal Awad Osman. For providing a wealth of background materials on Kordofan: Lucy Maarse, and for help with the work on pastoralist demographics: Zoe Cormack. Finally very grateful thanks to the pastoralists in the sample groups and those at the markets, who gave their time, including Amir Tumsa in El Obeid. This study was funded by UKaid from the Department for International Development under their support to the UNEP Sudan Integrated Environment Project. 4 Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................... 4 Executive summary ........................................................................................ 7 1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 11 1.1 Overview of pastoralism trends and issues in Sudan .................................................. 12 1.2 Methodology ........................................................................................................... 18 2 What producers? ....................................................................................... 22 2.1 Camel specialists ....................................................................................................... 24 2.2 Sheep specialists ....................................................................................................... 25 2.3 Cattle specialists ....................................................................................................... 25 3 Livestock market: tracking supply back to production ................................... 26 4 Making a living along the livestock value chain ............................................ 30 4.1 Primary producers .................................................................................................... 30 4.2 Trade operators ........................................................................................................ 31 4.3 Transporters and drovers ........................................................................................... 32 4.4 Hides and meat processing ........................................................................................ 33 4.5 Feedlots ................................................................................................................... 33 4.6 Market in water and fodder ...................................................................................... 34 5 Livestock marketing and herd growth ......................................................... 38 5.1 Counterbalancing the frequency of crises? ................................................................ 40 5.2 Marketing strategies in the three production systems ................................................. 40 6 Livestock mobility is not limited to ‘nomadic’ producers .............................. 42 6.1 The production rationale of mobility ........................................................................ 43 6.2 Mobility and ‘sedentary’ producers ............................................................................ 43 6.3 Pastoral mobility strategies blending primary production with trade .......................... 45 7 Knowledge and other cultural assets ............................................................ 46 7.1 Knowledge basis of pastoral livelihood security and productivity ............................... 47 7.2 Division of labour: the example of the camel system ................................................. 48 7.3 Specialized labour, education and livelihood ............................................................. 48 continued on next page May 2013 • STANDING WEALTH: