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GENDER PROGRAMMATIC REVIEW Sudan Country Office

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GENDER PROGRAMMATIC REVIEW Sudan Country Office

This independent Gender Review of the Country Programme of Cooperation Sudan-UNICEF 2013-
2017 is completed by the International Consultant:

Mr Nagui Demian based in Canada

matic Review

UNICEF Sudan:

Gender Programmaꢀc
Review

Khartoum
7 July, 2017

FOREWORD

The UNICEF Representaꢀve in Sudan, is pleased to present and communicate the final and comprehensive report of an independent gender programmaꢀc review for the country programme cycle 2013 – 2017.

This review provides sounds evidence towards the progress made in Sudan in mainstreaming Gender-Based Programming and Accountability and measures the progress achieved in addressing gender inequaliꢀes. This ana-

lyꢀcal report will serve as beneficial baseline for the Government, UNICEF

and partners, among other stakeholders, to shape beꢁer design and prioriꢀsaꢀon of gender-sensiꢀve strategies and approaches of the new country programme of cooperaꢀon 2018-2021 that will accelerate contribuꢀons to posiꢀve changes towards Goal 5 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on gender equality in Sudan.

The objecꢀve of the gender review was to assess the extent to which UNICEF and partners have focused on gender-sensiꢀve programming in terms of the prioriꢀes of the Sudan’s Country Programme, financial investments, key results, lessons learnt and challenges vis-à-vis the four global prioriꢀes of UNICEF’s Gender Acꢀon Plan 2014-2017.

We thank all sector line ministries at federal and state levels, UN agencies,

local authoriꢀes, communiꢀes and our wide range of partners for their

roles during the implementaꢀon of this review. In light of the above, we encourage all policy makers, UN agencies and development partners to join efforts to ensure beꢁer design and prioriꢀsaꢀon of gender-sensiꢀve strategies and approaches that will accelerate the posiꢀve changes towards the Goal 5 of the SDGs and naꢀonal prioriꢀes related to gender equality in Sudan. Puꢂng girls in the centre of the naꢀonal development agenda is important for the future of Sudan.

Signed on …………………………..2018, by: Signature______________________ Mr Abdullah Fadil UNICEF Representaꢀve in Sudan

TABLE OF CONTENTS

  • Acronyms
  • 6

8

9

Acknowledgements

Execuꢀve Summary 1. Introducꢀon, Objecꢀves and Methodology

1.1 Objecꢀves and scope

13

14

  • 15
  • 1.2 Methodology and Process

2. General Context of Sudan and Gender Issues

2.1 Poliꢀcal, Social and Economic Context 2.2 Main Gender Boꢁlenecks and Barriers

17

18 21

3. Gender Mainstreaming within Naꢀonal Policies and Strategies

3.1 Legal Framework

23

24 25 27
3.2 Naꢀonal Policies and Strategies Related to Gender Equality 3.3 Insꢀtuꢀonal Mechanisms

  • 4. Gender Mainstreaming within UN Coherence in Sudan
  • 29

30 30 31 32
4.1 United Naꢀons Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) 2013 - 2016 4.2 Gender Sensiꢀvity in UNDAF (2013 – 2016) 4.3 Evaluaꢀon of UNDAF Implementaꢀon and Gender Mainstreaming 4.4 Recommendaꢀons to Improve Gender Mainstreaming within UN Coherence in Sudan

5. Gender Mainstreaming in UNICEF Programmes: Quality of Planning

5.1 UNICEF mandate on gender equality

33

34 35 36 38
5.2 UNICEF Sudan Country Programme (2013 – 2017) 5.3 Gender Sensiꢀvity in Programme Planning in the CPD/CPAP 2013 – 2017 5.4 Recommendaꢀons to improve next CPD, CPAP (2018 – 2021)

  • 6. Gender Mainstreaming in UNICEF Programmes: Assessment of Progress
  • 39

40 42 44 46 49 51
6.1 WASH 6.2 Child Protecꢀon 6.3 Educaꢀon 6.4 Health 6.5 Nutriꢀon 6.6 Consolidated progress in achieving GAP Results

7. UNICEF Sudan Gender Balance and Capaciꢀes

7.1 Gender Iniꢀaꢀves

54

55 55 55 56 57
7.2 Gender Balance 7.3 Gender Skills 7.4 UNICEF Guidance on Gender Staffing Recommendaꢀons to Improve UNICEF SCO Gender Balance and Capaciꢀes

8. Consolidated Observaꢀons and Recommendaꢀons

8.1 Cross-cuꢂng Concerns

58

59 59 60 60 60 61
8.2 Consolidated Recommendaꢀons
A. Work on Ending Child Marriage (First gender-targeted priority) B. Promoꢀng Girls’ Secondary Educaꢀon (Second gender-targeted priority) C. Integrate Gender Analysis in Programme Surveys D. Engage Girls, Boys, Women and Men in Gender Equality

9. UNICEF Sudan CPD 2018 – 2021: Gender Prospecꢀve Review

9.1 The CPD (2018 – 2021): Goals, Prioriꢀes and Objecꢀves 9.2 Gender Sensiꢀvity in CPD (2018 – 2021)

62

63 64

  • 65
  • 9.3 Recommendaꢀons to Improve Gender Sensiꢀvity in the CPD

  • Conclusion
  • 69

ANNEX 1: Bibliography

  • ANNEX 2: Sources Consulted
  • 71

73 74 75
ANNEX 3: Quesꢀons for individual interviews with UNICEF Secꢀon Chiefs ANNEX 4: Quesꢀons for individual interviews with UNICEF Secꢀon Chiefs ANNEX 5: List of Parꢀcipants from Workshops and Interviews

ACRONYMS

  • ARI
  • Acute Respiratory Infecꢀon

  • ARV
  • Anꢀretroviral

AWD BCA
Acute Watery Diarrhoea Basic Cooperaꢀon Agreement
CEDAW CFS
Convenꢀon on the Eliminaꢀon of All Forms of Discriminaꢀon against Women Child Friendly Space
CMAM CPA
Community-based Management of Acute Malnutriꢀon Comprehensive Peace Agreement Country Programme Acꢀon Plan Country Programme Document
CPAP CPD CPMP CRC
Country Programme Management Plan Convenꢀon on the Rights of the Child Educaꢀonal Management Informaꢀon System Educaꢀon Sector Strategic Plan
EMIS ESSP FCPU FGD
Family and Child Protecꢀon Unit Focus Group Discussion
FGM/C GAP
Female Genital Muꢀlaꢀon/Cuꢁng Gender Acꢀon Plan
GBV GDWFA GDP GEM GNI
Gender Based Violence General Directorate for Women and Family Affairs Gross Domesꢀc Product Gender Equality Marker Gross Naꢀonal Income

  • GPI
  • Gender Parity Index

  • GR
  • Gender Review

HIV/AIDS IASC IBES ICT
Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Interagency Standing Commiꢂee Interim Basic Educaꢀon Strategy Informaꢀon and Communicaꢀon Technology

  • Internally Displaced Person
  • IDP

ICCM IMCI INC
Integrated Community Case Management of childhood illness Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses Interim Naꢀonal Consꢀtuꢀon of the Republic of Sudan Incepꢀon Report; also Intermediate Result Infant and Young Child Feeding
IR IYCF

  • 8
  • GENDER PROGRAMMATIC REVIEW

  • JEM
  • Jusꢀce and Equality Movements

  • Middle East and North Africa
  • MENA

MICS MoE
Mulꢀple Indicator Cluster Survey Ministry of Educaꢀon

  • NGO
  • Non Governmental Organizaꢀon

  • Naꢀonal Learning Assessment
  • NLA

OCHA PMT
United Naꢀons Office for the Coordinaꢀon of Humanitarian Affairs Programme Management Team

  • Purchasing Power Parity
  • PPP

  • PTA
  • Parent Teacher Associaꢀon

RUTF RAM
Ready to use therapeuꢀc food Results Assessment Module

  • S3M
  • Simple Spaꢀal Survey Methodology

  • Severe Acute Malnutriꢀon
  • SAM

  • SCO
  • Sudan Country Office

SDGs SHHS SIP
Sustainable Development Goals Sudan Household Health Survey School Improvement Planning commiꢂee

  • Situaꢀon Analysis
  • SITAN

SNBHS SPAP SPLM SUN
Sudan Naꢀonal Baseline Household Survey Strategic Priority Acꢀon Plan Sudan People’s Liberaꢀon Movement Scaling Up Nutriꢀon
UASC UNCT UNDAF UNDP UNFPA UNICEF UN Women WASH WFP
Unaccompanied and Separated Children United Naꢀons Country Team United Naꢀons Development Assistance Framework United Naꢀons Development Program United Naꢀons Populaꢀon Fund United Naꢀons Children’s Fund United Naꢀons Enꢀty for Gender Equality and the Empowerment Water, Sanitaꢀon and Hygiene World Food Programme

  • WHO
  • World Health Organizaꢀon

  • GENDER PROGRAMMATIC REVIEW
  • 9

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my sincere graꢀtude to the Chief Planning, Monitoring and Evaluaꢀon at UNICEF Sudan, Mr. Robert Ndamobissi, who guided this gender review process and ensured the review and the quality assurance of the report. His commitment, ensuring the acꢀve parꢀcipaꢀon of key partners and discussing findings and recommendaꢀons with senior management, is highly appreciated.

I wish to acknowledge with much appreciaꢀon the crucial role of Ms. Dina Ali,

Knowledge Management Specialist, for coordinaꢀng the enꢀre review process, including meeꢀngs, workshops, focus group discussions, in-country mission, online survey and parꢀcularly for ensuring that I had access to all available documents and informaꢀon.

Thanks to the Planning, Monitoring and Evaluaꢀon team, especially, Ms. Aala Rahamtalla, Monitoring and Evaluaꢀon Specialist and Mr. Habeeb Abdulmageed, Programme Assistant, for their conꢀnuous support.

Special thanks are also due to Ms. Tamador Ahmed Khalid, Gender Focal Point, for her technical inputs and relevant key documents that helped in understanding the naꢀonal context.

My graꢀtude also extends to UNICEF team in Kassala: Mr. Abu Obeida El Siddig

Mohamed, Chief Field Officer, for bringing up and discussing local communiꢀes’

challenges, Ms. Wisal Abdalla, Monitoring and Evaluaꢀon Officer, for her commitment and involvement during the in-country mission, and, UNICEF staff.

I am thankful for Secꢀon Chiefs and programme staff, who provided ꢀme and valuable inputs during individual meeꢀngs. Thanks are due to UN and Government partners who parꢀcipated in interviews and workshops.

I am especially thankful to Ms. Asako Saegusa, UNICEF Deputy Representaꢀve and Ms. Shoubo Jalal, Regional Gender Advisor, for their guidance and orientaꢀon.

I hope my contribuꢀon through this review will be helpful to my colleagues in UNICEF Sudan and contribute in creaꢀng an environment where girls, boys, women and men can enjoy equal rights.

Nagui Demian Gender Review Consultant

[email protected]

  • 10
  • GENDER PROGRAMMATIC REVIEW

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This Gender Review (GR) aims to make available sound evidence of the progress made in Sudan in mainstreaming the Gender-Based Programming and Accountability and to measure progress achieved in addressing gender inequaliꢀes. Based on the GR analyꢀcal report and recommendaꢀons, UNICEF SCO, Government and key partners will develop gender-sensiꢀve strategies and approaches in the new country programme 2018–2021 toward gender equality in Sudan. The GR was conducted in four phases: (i) incepꢀon phase aimed at preparing the methodological framework; (ii) data collecꢀon which involved conducꢀng individual meeꢀngs, focus group discussions, workshops, field visits and an online survey; (iii) data analysis aimed at developing synthesising and categorising all data collected in order to develop a common understanding for the findings related to results; and (iv) reporꢀng, validaꢀon and finalisaꢀon of the report in June 2017.

Key Findings

•

Based on naꢀonal surveys, the main gender issues in Sudan related to girls and women include gender dispariꢀes in educaꢀon, child marriage and domesꢀc violence. Main gender boꢁlenecks and barriers are: women’s and girls’ lack of knowledge and limited access to informaꢀon, women’s and girls’ limited access to services, detrimental masculine and feminine ideals expectaꢀons, dual responsibiliꢀes experienced by women, and women’s and girls’ lack of parꢀcipaꢀon and decision making.

•

The Interim Naꢀonal Consꢀtuꢀon of the Republic of Sudan (INC) adopted on 6 July 2005, recog-

nises under Arꢀcle 32 that ‘women and men have equal enꢀtlement to all civil, poliꢀcal, economic, social and cultural rights’. Based on this arꢀcle, the State has to guarantee the right for equal pay, equal work and professional benefits to men and women. Gender equality was reflected in naꢀonal strategies and policies such as the Twenty-Five-Year Naꢀonal Strategy (2007 – 2031), the Naꢀonal Women Empowerment Policy (2007), the Interim Basic Educaꢀon Strategy and the Naꢀonal Strategy to Combat HIV/AIDS. Moreover, insꢀtuꢀonal mechanisms were created to support naꢀonal strategies implementaꢀon.

••

The United Naꢀons Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) (2013 – 2016) reflects concepts of ‘gender equality’, ‘women empowerment’, and ‘gender responsive planning and budgeꢀng’, in different secꢀons of the document. It states clearly that ‘the United Naꢀons System will offer support in areas such as gender equality, parꢀcularly legislaꢀon and policies that protect

women from Gender-Based Violence’. In addiꢀon, increasing commitment to social inclusion,

with special aꢁenꢀon to women, youth and groups in need is considered as a crosscuꢂng strategy that requires collaboraꢀve or joint programmes or funding.

A number of weaknesses in the UNDAF results matrix prevented assessment of results’ effecꢀveness such as: difficulꢀes in finding evidence that results are aꢁributable to a common UN approach promoted by the UNDAF; outcomes were too broad and the internal logic was poor, in addiꢀon to the poor use and monitoring of risks and assumpꢀons. Main challenges in the UN- DAF’s gender mainstreaming implementaꢀon entailed: the lack of Government capaciꢀes to work on gender mainstreaming, lack of qualitaꢀve and quanꢀtaꢀve sex-disaggregated data, lack of a common understanding and interpretaꢀon of gender mainstreaming, and, lack of knowledge about gender mainstreaming tools.

•

In order to improve gender mainstreaming within UN Coherence, the UN system’s overall ap-

  • GENDER PROGRAMMATIC REVIEW
  • 11

proach to coordinaꢀon, it is important to: develop a common understanding on gender equality and gender mainstreaming between UN agencies and the Government on gender equality and gender mainstreaming in programmes; develop a gender equality strategy based on the current gender issues, boꢁlenecks and barriers idenꢀfied in Sudan; review and clarify roles and responsibiliꢀes of each UN agency to promote gender equality and mainstream gender; idenꢀfy evidence-based results in the UNDAF frameworks toward promoꢀng gender equality and reacꢀvate the Gender Team within UNDAF commiꢁees to coordinate gender equality intervenꢀons.

•

The CPD and CPAP (2013 – 2017) were guided by the Convenꢀon on the Rights of the Child, the convenꢀon for the Eliminaꢀon of All Forms of Discriminaꢀon Against Women, the Convenꢀon on the Rights of Persons with Disabiliꢀes, the Millennium Declaraꢀon and Millennium Development Goals. Both documents used comprehensive data on children and women’s situaꢀon from the Sudan Naꢀonal Baseline Household Survey (SNBHS, 2009) and Sudan Household Health Survey

(SHHS, 2010). Moreover, UNICEF SCO confirm its commitment to gender equality in the CPD

(2013 – 2017) by ‘taking into account a gender perspecꢀve in all intervenꢀons’. The proposed programmes and results matrix for the CPD used terms like “gender equality”, “gender perspecꢀve”, “focus on equity”, “tracking gender dispariꢀes” and “gender sensiꢀve” to put a focus on gender. However, the CPD and CPAP do not provide a meaning for the term “gender sensiꢀvity” or how to promote “gender equality”. In addiꢀon, the situaꢀon analysis of children and women in the CPD/CPAP (2013 – 2017), does not highlight areas of gender inequality or gender issues, except in enrolment rates in basic educaꢀon and female genital muꢀlaꢀon/cuꢂng FGM/C.

••

The CPD and CPAP (2013 – 2017) were developed in 2012, while the Gender Acꢀon Plan (GAP) was developed in 2014. Therefore, the GAP four gender-targeted prioriꢀes were not integrated in the CPD and CPAP (2013 – 2017) and UNICEF SCO do not have an (or many) arꢀculated gender priority. However, gender mainstreaming (the second approach of the GAP) was taken in

consideraꢀon during the implementaꢀon of the CPAP and UNICEF SCO worked on integraꢀng

gender in its programmes. To improve gender mainstreaming in the next CPD and CPAP it is important to: integrate a gender analysis in needs assessments and situaꢀon analyses in order to guide the design, implementaꢀon, monitoring and evaluaꢀon of programmes to promote gender equality in Sudan; formulate gender-sensiꢀve qualitaꢀve and quanꢀtaꢀve indicators; and choose and implement at least one (maximum three) from among the four GAP prioriꢀes as relevant for Sudan local context and overall programme. The four targeted gender prioriꢀes of the GAP are: (1) promoꢀng gender-responsive adolescent health; (2) advancing girls’ secondary educaꢀon; (3) ending child marriage; (4) addressing gender-based violence in emergencies.

••

UNICEF Sudan made progress on mainstreaming gender in programmes and achieving GAP targeted results. The Gender Result Matrix on targeted prioriꢀes includes 20 indicators; only two of

them are included in current UNICEF programmes (indicators on FGM/C and early marriage).

Progress is noted in both indicators meeꢀng the GAP target. The GAP Result Matrix also includes 20 indicators for gender mainstreaming in programming, nine of them are currently included in UNICEF programmes while 11 are not. Only one indicator (related to exclusive breasꢃeeding rates) is exceeding the GAP target while work on other indicators is sꢀll needed. Health indicators are the GAP targets showing the least progress.

Main cross-cuꢂng issues for UNICEF programmes on planning, implemenꢀng and assessing gender equality acꢀons are: (1) the need for an in-depth gender analysis to help in understanding different reasons behind gender dispariꢀes in each sector and develop targeted intervenꢀons that tackle dispariꢀes and promote gender equality; (2) the lack of qualitaꢀve gender disaggregated data; (3) the need for an integrated approach to gender equality, that consolidates efforts of different programmes and emphasises gender equality outcomes; (4) risk of gender evaporaꢀon during programme implementaꢀon; (5) lack of a common understanding on gender equali-

  • 12
  • GENDER PROGRAMMATIC REVIEW

ty, and; (6) the lack of human resources capaciꢀes for gender mainstreaming.

•

The assessment of UNICEF staff on gender skills shows the lack of a common understanding of gender concepts. Half of UNICEF staff members have not been oriented or oriented to a limited extent on UNICEF’s gender policy, GAP, GEM and Gender Guidance Notes. The majority of staff (84%) say that UNICEF SCO is women friendly and that office meeꢀngs are not dominated by men, while 62% believe that the working environment for women has improved over the past two years. However, more than half of staff (65%) think that gender is not discussed during programme staff meeꢀngs while 50% believe that there is a gradual increase of gender experꢀse among staff members. Moreover, 60% see that partners do not show same understanding on gender equality as UNICEF SCO staff. Finally, only two staff members highlighted that staff meeꢀngs are dominated by men and that men do not accept easily to be supervised by women.

•

To improve UNICEF SCO gender balance and capaciꢀes it is important to encourage qualified women to apply for UNICEF SCO vacancies; keep awareness on gender equality and gender mainstreaming as recruitment criteria that form part of all jobs requirements; support Gender Focal Points, clarify their roles and responsibiliꢀes, and build their capaciꢀes on gender equality and gender mainstreaming; conduct a capacity-building programme to all staff on gender equality and gender mainstreaming; focus on gender during programme staff meeꢀngs and build accountability mechanisms that monitor gender-equality results; recruit a Gender Programme Specialist or Senior Gender Programme staff to support the programmaꢀc achievement of gender equitable results.

Main recommendaꢀons

In addiꢀon to recommendaꢀons presented to improve gender mainstreaming on programme plan-

ning and implementaꢀon as well as on gender balance and skills within UNICEF staff, the review rec-

ommends two targeted gender prioriꢀes and two general suggesꢀons as follows:

•

The first gender priority is to work on ending child marriage by: working closely with the Government, UN agencies, human rights bodies and civil society to make any child marriage illegal; engaging religious leaders to change social norms related to child marriage; supporꢀng girls’ educaꢀon, especially the secondary educaꢀon and life skills programming, in schools and out-of -school seꢂngs, and developing communicaꢀon campaigns and community mobilisaꢀon plans to address social norms that define child marriage as a desirable and acceptable opꢀon for girls.

•

The second gender-targeted priority is to promote girls’ secondary educaꢀon by: supporꢀng evidence-based advocacy for improved financing and policy reform for secondary educaꢀon; ensuring transiꢀon of girls from primary to secondary educaꢀon; and addressing social norms and cultural barriers that prevent girls from accessing secondary educaꢀon and promote educa-

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    NUMBER 3 SUDAN REPORT SEPTEMBER 2017 Girls, Child Marriage, and Education in Red Sea State, Sudan: Perspectives on Girls’ Freedom to Choose AUTHORS Samia El Nagar Sharifa Bamkar Liv Tønnessen 2 SUDAN REPORT NUMBER 3, SEPTEMBER 2017 Girls, Child Marriage, and Education in Red Sea State, Sudan: Perspectives on Girls’ Freedom to Choose Sudan report number 3, September 2017 ISSN 1890-5056 ISBN 978-82-8062-663-9 (print) ISBN 978-82-8062-664-6 (PDF) Authors Samia El Nagar Sharifa Bamkar Liv Tønnessen Cover photo Photo by Albert Gonzalez Farran, UNAMID Graphic designer Kristen Børje Hus www.cmi.no List of Tables Table 1 Age of marriage for boys in Red Sea State, Sudan, per the opinion of interviewees in researched communities Table 2 Age of marriage for girls in Red Sea State, Sudan, per the opinion of interviewees in researched communities Table 3 Reasons for the child marriage of girls, based on respondents from Red Sea State, Sudan Table 4 Family members consulted prior to child marriage, based on interviews in Red Sea State, Sudan Table 5 Consultation with girls prior to their marriage, as reported by respondents in Red Sea State, Sudan Table 6 Reasons why girls cannot refuse marriage, based on interviews in Red Sea State, Sudan Table 7 Family members taking part in decisions about bride wealth, as reported by respondents in researched communities in Red Sea State, Sudan Table 8 Conditions families place on their child daughters’ marriages, as reported by respondents from researched communities in Red Sea State, Sudan Table 9 The role of
  • Table of Contents

    Table of Contents

    MAP OF SUDAN Courtesy of the Office for the Coordinaon of Humanitarian Affairs OCHA Table of Contents Acronyms ...........................................................................................................1 Foreword ............................................................................................................3 IntroducƟon .......................................................................................................5 The Current State of Sudanese Children.................................................. .........8 Child survival ................................................................................................8 Health ..........................................................................................................8 NutriƟon ......................................................................................................8 EducaƟon .....................................................................................................9 Water, SanitaƟon and Hygiene ....................................................................10 HIV/AIDS ....................................................................................................12 Child ProtecƟon ..........................................................................................13 FGM/C ........................................................................................................14 The Current State of Sudanese Women and Girls ..............................................15 An Equitable Approach to
  • Socio-Demographic Factors Affecting Child Marriage in Sudan

    Socio-Demographic Factors Affecting Child Marriage in Sudan

    omens H f W ea o l l th a Ali et al., J Women’s Health Care 2014, 3:4 n C r a u r e o DOI: 10.4172/2167-0420.1000163 J Journal of Women's Health Care ISSN: 2167-0420 Research Article Open Access Socio-Demographic Factors Affecting Child Marriage in Sudan Abdel Aziem A Ali1*, Ibrahim A Ibrahim2, Saeed A Abdelgbar3 and Mamoun E Elgessim1 1Faculty of Medicine, Kassala University, Sudan 2Faculty of Medicine, West Kordufan University, Sudan 3Faculty of Medicine, Shendi University, Sudan Abstract In this study 1700 ever married women aged ≤ 35 year were approached over six months (1st December 2012 – 30th May 2013) duration to investigate the socio-demographic factors affecting child marriage in eastern, northern and western Sudan. Their mean (SD) age, age at marriage and husband age was 26.8 (1.1), 19.7 (5.3) and 38.1 (12.7) respectively. More than 1 in 5 (45.9%, 781/1700) of the interviewed women reported being married prior to age 18 year. Among the total respondents child marriage was reported in 12.9% (220/1700), 15.1% (257/1700) and 17.9% (304/1700) in Eastern, Northern and Western Sudan respectively. The highest prevalence of child marriage (marriage prior to 18 years) was reported among those of rural residence, having less than secondary education and their families having >5 members of daughters and sons. Child marriage was also more common among women whose parents and husbands have less than secondary education. The result of this study demonstrated that 45.9% of the women in Sudan continuing to be married before 18 years old thus there is critical need for health education, increased family planning use and federal effort to reduce the child marriage with special focus on the rural and less educated communities.
  • Dams, Islamist Modernity and Nationalist Politics in Sudan

    Dams, Islamist Modernity and Nationalist Politics in Sudan

    www.water-alternatives.org Volume 9 | Issue 2 Mohamud, M. and Verhoeven, H. 2016. Re-engineering the state, awakening the nation: Dams, islamist modernity and nationalist politics in Sudan. Water Alternatives 9(2): 182-202 Re-Engineering the State, Awakening the Nation: Dams, Islamist Modernity and Nationalist Politics in Sudan Maimuna Mohamud Heritage Institute for Policy Studies, Mogadishu, Somalia; [email protected] Harry Verhoeven School of Foreign Service in Qatar, Georgetown University; [email protected] ABSTRACT: This article investigates how and why dam building has fulfilled a crucial role in hegemonic projects of elite consolidation and nation-building. By drawing on the case of Sudan’s Dam Programme and the associated propaganda the Khartoum government has produced, we show how the dams have not just served to materially restructure the Sudanese political economy but have also been essential in the attempted rekindling of the identity of both the regime and the country. Massive investment in hydro-infrastructure dovetailed with the political rebalancing of an authoritarian system in crisis, turning dam-builders into nation-builders: the message of the dams as midwife to a pious, prosperous and revitalised Sudan allowed it to reconcile the nationalism of its military and security wing with the enduring ambitions for transformation of its Islamist base. Dam building in Sudan, as elsewhere, has thus meant a physical redrawing of the landscape and intensified rent creation and seeking but also embodies a high modernist narrative that matches the interests and worldviews of very different constituencies. This, we argue, helps explain its salience in earlier periods of state-building and nation-building, as well as contemporarily.
  • Manāsīr Petra Weschenfelder

    Manāsīr Petra Weschenfelder

    135 A Collective Gender Perception? Female Perspectives towards Resettlement in the Dar al- Manāsīr Petra Weschenfelder 1. Introduction The Merowe Dam has now drowned most of the villages in the Fourth Cataract area. Many members of the Manāsīr, one of the eth- nic groups who lived along the shores of the River Nile in the Fourth Cataract, now live in the resettlement schemes al-Mukābrāb or al- Fidda, or are trying to re-arrange their lives along the new shore- line created by the Merowe dam.1 As had been intensively studied, the environmental setting, specifically the scarcity of farming land in the cataract area, had greatly influenced the lifestyles of the Manāsīr people:2 the need for wage work abroad to compensate for this scarcity was a major issue that, even though it influenced the lives of men and women in equal terms, was largely studied from the male perspective. Such perspectives either investigated differ- ent job opportunities in various countries and the means of Manāsīr men to return to their homeland in later life, or the limited possibil- ity of cash crop cultivation, mainly organized by the men. Manāsīr women often remained in the Dar al-Manāsīr, contributing to the family income as well as raising their children according to Manāsīr customs. However, the contributions of women to the lifestyle of the Manāsīr remained largely neglected in these studies. Their con- nection to their home land and their fears and perspectives towards 1 Hänsch, “Chronology of a Displacement,” pp. 179–228. 2 See for example Jackson, “A Trek in Abu Hamed District,” pp.
  • Sudan: Country Report Country Report on Darfur

    Sudan: Country Report Country Report on Darfur

    Cov er ima ge - seve nMa ps7/ Shut terst ock. com Sudan: Country Report Country Report on Darfur January 2019 (COI between 1 September 2017 and 2 December 2018) Commissioned by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Division of International Protection. UNHCR is not responsible for, nor does it endorse, its content. Any views expressed are solely those of the authors. © Asylum Research Centre, 2019 ARC publications are covered by the Creative Commons License allowing for limited use of ARC publications provided the work is properly credited to ARC, it is for non-commercial use and it is not used for derivative works. ARC does not hold the copyright to the content of third party material included in this report. Reproduction or any use of the images/maps/infographics included in this report is prohibited and permission must be sought directly from the copyright holder(s). Please direct any comments to [email protected] Cover photo: © sevenMaps7/shutterstock.com 2 Table of Contents Explanatory Note .................................................................................................................................... 6 Sources and databases consulted ........................................................................................................... 8 List of Acronyms .................................................................................................................................... 12 1. Security situation in Darfur since Sept 2017 ..............................................................................
  • Algemeen Ambtsbericht Sudan Van Oktober 2019

    Algemeen Ambtsbericht Sudan Van Oktober 2019

    Algemeen Ambtsbericht Sudan Datum oktober 2019 Pagina 1 van 129 Algemeen Ambtsbericht Sudan│ oktober 2019 Colofon Plaats Den Haag Opgesteld door Afdeling Ambtsberichten (AB) Pagina 2 van 129 Algemeen Ambtsbericht Sudan│ oktober 2019 Inhoudsopgave Colofon ..........................................................................................................2 Inhoudsopgave ...............................................................................................3 Inleiding .........................................................................................................5 1 Landeninformatie ........................................................................................ 7 1.1 Politieke ontwikkelingen ...................................................................................7 1.1.1 Interne politieke ontwikkelingen ........................................................................7 1.1.2 Internationale relaties .................................................................................... 15 1.1.3 Politieke ontwikkelingen in de conflictgebieden .................................................. 17 1.2 Veiligheidssituatie .......................................................................................... 20 1.2.1 Vredesmissies ............................................................................................... 22 1.2.2 Veiligheidssituatie Abyei ................................................................................. 24 1.2.3 Veiligheidssituatie Twee Gebieden ..................................................................