Algemeen Ambtsbericht Sudan Van Oktober 2019

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Algemeen Ambtsbericht Sudan Van Oktober 2019 Algemeen Ambtsbericht Sudan Datum oktober 2019 Pagina 1 van 129 Algemeen Ambtsbericht Sudan│ oktober 2019 Colofon Plaats Den Haag Opgesteld door Afdeling Ambtsberichten (AB) Pagina 2 van 129 Algemeen Ambtsbericht Sudan│ oktober 2019 Inhoudsopgave Colofon ..........................................................................................................2 Inhoudsopgave ...............................................................................................3 Inleiding .........................................................................................................5 1 Landeninformatie ........................................................................................ 7 1.1 Politieke ontwikkelingen ...................................................................................7 1.1.1 Interne politieke ontwikkelingen ........................................................................7 1.1.2 Internationale relaties .................................................................................... 15 1.1.3 Politieke ontwikkelingen in de conflictgebieden .................................................. 17 1.2 Veiligheidssituatie .......................................................................................... 20 1.2.1 Vredesmissies ............................................................................................... 22 1.2.2 Veiligheidssituatie Abyei ................................................................................. 24 1.2.3 Veiligheidssituatie Twee Gebieden ................................................................... 26 1.2.4 Veiligheidssituatie Darfur ................................................................................ 33 1.3 Documenten ................................................................................................. 46 1.3.1 Huwelijksakten, geboorteakten en leeftijdsschouw ............................................. 46 1.3.2 Nationaal nummer ......................................................................................... 49 1.3.3 Discriminatie bij het verkrijgen van identiteitsdocumenten.................................. 49 1.3.4 Fraude ......................................................................................................... 50 1.3.5 Documenten aanvragen vanuit het buitenland ................................................... 51 2 Mensenrechten .......................................................................................... 52 2.1 Juridische context .......................................................................................... 52 2.1.1 Verdragen en protocollen................................................................................ 52 2.1.2 Nationale wetgeving ...................................................................................... 52 2.2 Toezicht en rechtsbescherming ....................................................................... 52 2.2.1 Niet-gouvernementele organisaties .................................................................. 52 2.2.2 Rechtsgang ................................................................................................... 54 2.3 Naleving en schendingen ................................................................................ 56 2.3.1 Vrijheid van meningsuiting ............................................................................. 57 2.3.2 Monitoring diaspora ....................................................................................... 63 2.3.3 Vrijheid van vereniging en vergadering ............................................................ 64 2.3.4 Vrijheid van godsdienst .................................................................................. 72 2.3.5 Mishandeling en foltering ................................................................................ 74 2.3.6 Verdwijningen en ontvoeringen ....................................................................... 76 2.3.7 Buitengerechtelijke executies en moorden ........................................................ 77 2.3.8 Doodstraf ..................................................................................................... 78 2.4 Positie van bijzondere groepen ........................................................................ 79 2.4.1 Dienstplichtigen en deserteurs ........................................................................ 79 2.4.2 Vrouwen ....................................................................................................... 80 2.4.3 Minderjarigen ................................................................................................ 87 2.4.4 LHBTI .......................................................................................................... 91 2.4.5 Minderheden ................................................................................................. 92 3 Migratie ..................................................................................................... 94 3.1 Binnenlandse ontheemden .............................................................................. 95 3.1.1 Darfur .......................................................................................................... 96 3.1.2 Zuid-Kordofan en Blue Nile ............................................................................. 99 3.1.3 Khartoum ................................................................................................... 102 3.2 Opvang vluchtelingen ................................................................................... 102 3.2.1 Registratie .................................................................................................. 103 3.2.2 Documenten ............................................................................................... 103 Pagina 3 van 129 Algemeen Ambtsbericht Sudan│ oktober 2019 3.2.3 Syrische en Jemenitische vluchtelingen .......................................................... 107 3.2.4 Oost-Sudan ................................................................................................ 107 3.2.5 Zuid-Sudanese vluchtelingen in Sudan ........................................................... 110 3.3 Sudanese vluchtelingen in de regio ................................................................ 112 3.4 Terugkeer ................................................................................................... 115 3.4.1 Monitoring .................................................................................................. 115 3.4.2 Gevallen van terugkeer ................................................................................ 116 3.4.3 Risicogroepen ............................................................................................. 117 3.5 Activiteiten van internationale organisaties ..................................................... 118 3.6 Positie UNHCR ............................................................................................. 118 4 Bijlagen ................................................................................................... 119 4.1 Geraadpleegde bronnen ............................................................................... 119 4.2 Kaarten ...................................................................................................... 126 4.2.1 Kaart van Sudan ......................................................................................... 126 4.2.2 Kaart van Darfur en het ‘Greater Jebel Marra Area’ .......................................... 127 4.3 Lijst met afkortingen .................................................................................... 128 Pagina 4 van 129 Algemeen Ambtsbericht Sudan│ oktober 2019 Inleiding Dit algemeen ambtsbericht beschrijft de situatie in Sudan voor zover deze van belang is voor de beoordeling van asielverzoeken van personen die afkomstig zijn uit dat land en voor de besluitvorming over de terugkeer van afgewezen Sudanese asielzoekers. In het ambtsbericht wordt ook aandacht besteed aan de positie van personen van Zuid-Sudanese afkomst. Het algemeen ambtsbericht beslaat de periode van juni 2017 tot en met augustus 2019. Informatie die in juli 2019 en augustus 2019 werd uitgebracht is op hoofdlijnen meegenomen in het onderhavige verslag. Dit algemeen ambtsbericht is gebaseerd op informatie uit openbare en vertrouwelijke bronnen. Bij de opstelling is gebruik gemaakt van informatie van verschillende (inter-)nationale organisaties, (niet-)gouvernementele organisaties, vakliteratuur en berichtgeving in de media. Een overzicht van de geraadpleegde openbare bronnen is opgenomen in de literatuurlijst. Bovendien liggen vertrouwelijke rapportages van de Nederlandse vertegenwoordiging te Khartoum aan dit algemeen ambtsbericht ten grondslag. In februari 2019 vond een fact-finding missie plaats naar Sudan. In het ambtsbericht wordt veelvuldig verwezen naar geraadpleegde openbare bronnen en naar vertrouwelijke bronnen indien informatie op vertrouwelijke basis is ingewonnen. In hoofdstuk één wordt ingegaan op recente ontwikkelingen op het gebied van politiek en veiligheid. Tevens wordt ingegaan op het verkrijgen van documenten in Sudan. In hoofdstuk twee wordt de mensenrechtensituatie in Sudan geschetst. Na een beschrijving van wettelijke garanties en internationale verdragen waarbij Sudan partij is, komen de mogelijkheden van toezicht op de naleving van de mensenrechten aan de orde. Ten slotte wordt de positie van specifieke groepen belicht. In hoofdstuk drie komen ten
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