DOCSLIB.ORG

Sadiq Al-Mahdi (Ansar): - in Spite of ‘Expedient Political Reconciliation’ with Numeiry, Rejected ‘September Laws’ As “Un-Islamic”

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sadiq Al-Mahdi (Ansar): - in Spite of ‘Expedient Political Reconciliation’ with Numeiry, Rejected ‘September Laws’ As “Un-Islamic” Part 2: Case Studies: “Sudan: Colonial Experience” Nov. 19-23 Independent Sudan ‘Umma’ known as political organization of ‘Islamic Ansar movement’ (followers of the prophet – in this case of 19th c. Mahdi): - supporters followed strict teachings of the Mahdi - although Ansar found throughout Sudan, most lived in rural areas of western Darfur, Kordofan, and along White Nile - notably where Mahdi family and other Umma leaders had extensive estates Economics, Labour and ‘Neo-Mahdism’ [al-Karani]: “With a growing body of supporters in the west, and with westerners providing most of the labour for his estates at Aba Island and its surrounds, Abd al-Rahman had the influence and the money to further his ambitions. During the late 1930s he courted the emerging Intelligentsia and at the end of the Second World War founded Sudan's first political party, the Umma Party.” Independent Sudan Umma Party established in February 1945: - aim: independence from the Condominium Reign - claimed to be ‘nationalist’; support exclusively from Western regions, area of White Nile where Mahdi family, other Umma leaders had estates - championed cause until it became basis for Sudanese consensus in 1955 - Independence: January 1, 1956 Umma Party Delegation in Cairo, Egypt (n.d. but Abd al-Rahman present, so pre-1959) Independent Sudan Abd al-Rahman's death (1959) did not end influence of movement : - since Sudan independence, Umma Party experienced alternating periods prominence, persecution - 1970 grandson Abd al-Rahman, Sadiq al Mahdi, became political head of Umma and spiritual leader of ‘Ansar’ Independent Sudan Meanwhile, not all of Sudan accepted ‘Independence’ under existing power structure: - August 18, 1955: military unit composed of Southerners, mutinied -rather than surrender to Sudanese government authorities (soon to be independent), mutineers disappeared -- with their weapons! - effective beginning of First Civil War in Sudan Independent Sudan By late 1960s: about 500,000 people had died in civil war - several hundred thousand more Southerners hid in forests or escaped to refugee camps in neighboring countries. - by 1969, Southern ‘rebels’ developed foreign contacts to obtain weapons, supplies - army officers’ coup d'état: decline of hostilities Independent Sudan Excerpt from: ‘Sudan: History of a Broken Land’ [Additional Readings: 23:35 – 34:00min] Independent Sudan Initial Goal under Colonel Jaafar Muhamed al-Numeiry: destroy religious sectarianism - embodied in ‘Ansar’ (Mahdists) - 1970: Aba Island air-bombed ‘massacre’ - Mahdist property confiscated - leaders of Muslim Brotherhood fled to Egypt Independent Sudan Numeiry began return to ‘Islamic Roots’: in search of Saudi Arabian financial support - made the hajj 1971 - began reconciliation with Muslim Brotherhood - spoke of new ‘Islamic Phase’ with King Faysal: promised to institute Islamic State - largely rejected by others in Khartoum (‘aid’ money not forthcoming) Independent Sudan Warburg [“Sharia in Sudan”, Additional Readings]: suggests Numeiry’s ‘return to Islam’ more complicated: - acknowledges political expediency in terms of accessing much-needed Middle Eastern financing - and of larger ‘Islamic revivalism’ in Egypt, rise of Muslim Brotherhood, so… - reconciliation with Ansar, Muslim Brotherhood (Sudan) appropriate Independent Sudan But also argues for deeper roots, larger ambitions: - early 1970s, Numeiry developed close spiritual association with sufi order that believed in ‘second coming’ of The Mahdi (who would be ‘one of theirs’) References novel by Sudanese author Francis M. Deng, suggesting Numeiry’s understanding of his position: Independent Sudan [from Seeds of Redemption (1986)]: …the (fictional) President has had an encounter with God in which he was told to reform his ways and return to the path of the ‘True Believer’. The next morning he called his spiritual advisor who responded: “… by revealing Himself, it is clear that God has chosen you to be the leader of this country. You are President, but you are also the Imam of God. He will change you as he desires. I am but a tool of His will. The power to transform you has already descended from God‘”… Independent Sudan Numeiry’s new-found Islamic ‘path’ viewed by others in Khartoum as unworkable for the South: Addis Abba Accord 1972 laid basis for Permanent Constitution 1973: - autonomy for the Southern region - equality of ‘citizens’ regardless of race, colour or religion (‘allowed for’ religion, did not favour Islam) - ‘southern’ cultural identity acknowledged - Southern Regional Assembly, right to elect members, President Independent Sudan 1983: Numeiry rejected political, economic advice – returned to position early 1970s - dramatic implementation of Sharia: - poured thousands of bottles alcoholic beverages into the Nile - publically punished thieves, adulterers (cutting off hands, stoning) Also claimed title of ‘Imam’ of Sudan [think of novel…] - following year, insisted all Officers declare loyalty to him, personally, as imam of umma [bay’a] Independent Sudan [from Warburg] “In one of his last interviews, Numayri claimed that as the imam of Sudan, to whom total obedience was dictated by Islam, it was he alone who could interpret laws and decide whether they were in line with the sharia” - behaviour reflecting in part Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran (Shi’a belief in role of Iman) and Mahdist beliefs Independent Sudan 1984: followed Sharia with implementation Islamic Economy - abolished interest on domestic economic transactions - replaced income and other ‘secular’ taxes with zakat [the Islamic tax all Muslims with a minimum amount of capital must pay to support the poor/er in the community] Economy just beginning to recover – collapsed quickly! Independent Sudan Sadiq al-Mahdi (Ansar): - in spite of ‘expedient political reconciliation’ with Numeiry, rejected ‘September Laws’ as “un-Islamic”: - manner sharia introduced (no consultation) - manner implemented (‘cutting hands of thieves in regime of tyranny, discrimination like throwing man with hands tied into water and saying ‘don’t drown’’) - should not be applied to non-Muslims (Later critical of understanding ‘Islamic economy’ and legal decisions) Independent Sudan Numeiry deposed 1985: insistence on Islamic Law and Economy played pivotal role - Sadiq al-Mahdi elected Prime Minister (1986) - ‘coalition’ established 1985-8: included Sadiq al-Mahdi (Ansar) and Hassan al-Turabi (National Islamic Front, formerly Muslim Brotherhood) Both believed strongly in Islamic state in which South would become increasingly invested Independent Sudan As early as 1966, Sadiq al-Mahdi said to have asserted: " ... the failure of Islam in the southern Sudan would be the failure of Sudanese Muslims to the international Islamic cause. Islam has a holy mission in Africa and southern Sudan is the beginning of that mission.” [Warburg] Independent Sudan Al-Turabi (1985): emphasized commitment to - ‘rapid Islamization’ of south - application Sharia: ‘flexible’ enough for non-Muslims while providing Muslims with ‘religious/political necessity’ - belief that criticisms of, fears raised against Sharia – nothing but provocation from the West meant to undermine the State Independent Sudan Seemed to be little understanding of concerns of South: - Addis Ababa Accord (1972) brought ceasefire - but Constitution (1973) largely opposed because: - Article 9: ‘Islamic Law and Custom shall be the basis for all legislation’ - Arabic shall be the ‘official language’ of Sudan This in spite of assurances (Accord) that South could legislate itself according to its religions and customs; English would be the normal ‘administrative’ language Independent Sudan Sudanese People’s Liberation Movement (1971): - principal opposition to Constitution - dissatisfaction with Numeiry’s regime among religious groups, students, workers allowed for growing power in south (mid-to-late 1970s) - addressed this by suspending Southern Assembly (1981), creating ‘regions’ in south (1983) - rejected by SPLM: mutinies in several army barracks Independent Sudan Implementation of Sharia (Sept. 1983): - resented by many, including secular and conservative Muslims - in South: ignited resurrection of Civil War (called Sudan’s ‘Second Civil War’) - garrison 500 troops resisted rotation to North: officer John Garung sent to ‘quell rebellion’ Independent Sudan John Garang (1945 -2005): - Southerner born into Christian family - studied in US and Tanzania - returned to take military, advanced economics degrees (PhD from Iowa) - fought in civil war (for South); absorbed into Sudanese military 1972 Independent Sudan Garang supported (instead of quelling) mutiny: -encouraged other garrisons to mutiny - took ‘followers’ into Ethiopia for training:formation of Sudanese People’s Liberation Army - led rebellion against Khartoum government Country in full Civil War at time of Numeiry’s deposition, Sadiq al-Mahdi’s election, decision to implement Sharia, retain policy of Islamizing the South put into play! Independent Sudan 1986: Soudanese People’s Liberation Army (John Garung leader) - estimated with12,500 soldiers - organized in twelve battalions - equipped with small arms, mortars (international supplies; backed by Ethiopia) Strength underestimated by Government – Islamic Legal Codes fuelling fire and recruitment! SPLA Zone of Control Independent Sudan Sadiq al-Mahdi: had strong vision for role Islam between North and South [Warburg] “[he]…rejected the notion of the separation of church and state claiming that it could not be applied in a Muslim
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sudan a Country Study.Pdf
    A Country Study: Sudan An Nilain Mosque, at the site of the confluence of the Blue Nile and White Nile in Khartoum Federal Research Division Library of Congress Edited by Helen Chapin Metz Research Completed June 1991 Table of Contents Foreword Acknowledgements Preface Country Profile Country Geography Society Economy Transportation Government and Politics National Security Introduction Chapter 1 - Historical Setting (Thomas Ofcansky) Early History Cush Meroe Christian Nubia The Coming of Islam The Arabs The Decline of Christian Nubia The Rule of the Kashif The Funj The Fur The Turkiyah, 1821-85 The Mahdiyah, 1884-98 The Khalifa Reconquest of Sudan The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, 1899-1955 Britain's Southern Policy Rise of Sudanese Nationalism The Road to Independence The South and the Unity of Sudan Independent Sudan The Politics of Independence The Abbud Military Government, 1958-64 Return to Civilian Rule, 1964-69 The Nimeiri Era, 1969-85 Revolutionary Command Council The Southern Problem Political Developments National Reconciliation The Transitional Military Council Sadiq Al Mahdi and Coalition Governments Chapter 2 - The Society and its Environment (Robert O. Collins) Physical Setting Geographical Regions Soils Hydrology Climate Population Ethnicity Language Ethnic Groups The Muslim Peoples Non-Muslim Peoples Migration Regionalism and Ethnicity The Social Order Northern Arabized Communities Southern Communities Urban and National Elites Women and the Family Religious
    [Show full text]
  • Download Al-Jayab Plea Agreement
    UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS EASTERN DIVISION UNITED STATES OF AMERICA No. 16 CR 181 v. No. 18 CR 721 Judge Sara L. Ellis AWS MOHAMMED YOUNIS AL-JAYAB PLEA AGREEMENT 1. This Plea Agreement between the United States Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois, JOHN R. LAUSCH, JR., and defendant AWS MOHAMMED YOUNIS AL-JAYAB, and his attorneys, THOMAS ANTHONY DURKIN and JOSHUA G. HERMAN, is made pursuant to Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure and is governed in part by Rule 11(c)(1)(C), as more fully set forth below. The parties to this Agreement have agreed upon the following: Charges in This Case 2. The superseding information in the Northern District of Illinois (16 CR 181) charges defendant with knowingly providing material support to a foreign terrorist organization, in violation of Title 18, United States Code, Section 2339B (the “Chicago Case”). The indictment filed in the Eastern District of California (2:16CR0008), and transferred to the Northern District of Illinois under Rule 20 (18 CR 721), charges defendant with knowingly providing a materially false statement to federal agents in a matter involving international terrorism, in violation of Title 18, United States Code, Section 1001(a)(2) (the “Sacramento Case”). 3. Defendant has read the charges against him contained in the superseding information filed in the Chicago Case and the indictment filed in the Sacramento Case, and those charges have been fully explained to him by his attorney. 4. Defendant fully understands the nature and elements of the crimes with which he has been charged.
    [Show full text]
  • Al-Qaeda in Libya: a Profile
    AL-QAEDA IN LIBYA: A PROFILE A Report Prepared by the Federal Research Division, Library of Congress under an Interagency Agreement with the Combating Terrorism Technical Support Office’s Irregular Warfare Support Program August 2012 Federal Research Division Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 205404840 Tel: 2027073900 Fax: 2027073920 E-Mail: [email protected] Homepage: http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/ 64 Years of Service to the Federal Government 1948 – 2012 Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Al-Qaeda in Libya: A Profile PREFACE This report attempts to assess al-Qaeda’s presence in Libya. Al-Qaeda Senior Leadership (AQSL) and al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) have sought to take advantage of the Libyan Revolution to recruit militants and to reinforce their operational capabilities in an attempt to create a safe haven and possibly to extend their area of operations to Libya. Reports have indicated that AQSL is seeking to create an al-Qaeda clandestine network in Libya that could be activated in the future to destabilize the government and/or to offer logistical support to al- Qaeda’s activities in North Africa and the Sahel. AQIM has reportedly formed sleeper cells that are probably connected to an al-Qaeda underground network in Libya, likely as a way, primarily, to secure the supply of arms for its ongoing jihadist operations in Algeria and the Sahel. This report discusses how al-Qaeda and its North African affiliate are using communications media and face-to-face contacts to shift the still-evolving post-revolutionary political and social dynamic in Libya in a direction that is conducive to jihad and hateful of the West.
    [Show full text]
  • The Al-Ansar Charitable Society
    The Al-Ansar Charitable Society Arabic Origins… Islamic Conduct… Palestinian Identity, Benevolence and Activity *About the Society A Call for Victory *The Society’s [Logo] Activities You, who believe, *Caring for the be helpers of God. Martyrs’ Families *Orphans’ Sponsorship The Al-Ansar Charitable Society Project condemns the terrorist massacre *Among the against our Palestinian people, which claimed the lives of nine of *Aspects of Welfare our tyrannized people, who were *News of the Society returning from their morning prayer. *Recorded Prayers and Songs Among the nine was the holy warrior, Sheikh Ahmad Yasin. *Written Prayers Glory be upon the martyrs. Shame *Palestinian Cities and disgrace be upon the traitors and spies. *Contact Us The Al-Ansar Society greets and salutes the family of the holy warrior, the field commander in the Al-Quds Battalions, Ibrahim al- Haw. Glory and eternal life for the You are visitor number ___ martyrs. News of the Society Palestine: The Al-Ansar Charitable Society - The Al-Ansar Charitable Society condemns the heinous massacre committed against the innocent people of Iraq, who were killed unjustly and aggressively on the 10th day of the month of Muharram [according to the Hijri calendar] in the cities of Al-Kazimiya and Karbala. We return to Allah and our refuge is in Allah. Palestine: The Al-Ansar Charitable Society - The Al-Ansar Charitable Society denounces and condemns the criminal, sinful attack of insane piracy, committed by the forces of the occupation against the Palestinian banks in the city of Ramallah, which robbed the banks’ money that included, inter alia, the money of the martyrs, who are sponsored by the Society.
    [Show full text]
  • FB1050296 ALL Inf0kfltiin Flnthinei IEPAIJ T11CLA IFIED
    ALL flJFOP1ATIflN LONTAflJED 1EPE IN UN LA IEI TE OJ 2J2 El 517Q rI ACLURM050784 FB1050296 ALL INF0KflTIiN flNThINEI IEPAIJ T11CLA IFIED LTh0 flb 01 b19DiCL ACLURM050785 FB1050297 ALL IL PflAT UTAIELJ .IEKEIN UNCLASIFIE DATE OJ Ob 2012 b517 JrL ACLURM050786 FB1050298 ALL IMFOPLkTIDN C0ETAIEID FIEPEIN IS UNCLASSUIED DATE O3-U6iC12 BY 6.5179 DFNSOLS Islamic Extremismin Context The Salaf Crisis and Response in Sunnism Prophet Muhammad Mongol Invasion lbn Taymiyya ShI Imamate Abu Bakr cililiuliL Umar Decline of the Wahabbism Uthman Ottoman Empire Hassan 1/4 All Husayn Colonialism Sayyid Qutb 12th Imam Ulama and the MarjaTaqlid Iranian Revolution and Shii Islamism LOCAL IRREDENTIST GLOBAL Hub Allah ACLURM050787 FB1050299 I1FUPATION oNTAINED DATE U3U62012 ET 65179 DE/CLS The Salafi-JihadCon text AQHIGH COMMAND SALAFI.JIHADISr ACLURM050788 FB1050300 ALL INFJK1ATION KEIfl TTNCLAIFIED DATE u3 fl6 012 551 LJ CL Islam Judaism Christianity and Islam are the three monotheistic religions that comprise the Abrahamic tradition Islam is the youngest of the three originating in the seventh century with the receipt of divine revelations by the Prophet Mohammad The Quran is the Islamic holy text It is the collection of divine revelations received by the Prophet over twenty-three year period of his life on the Arabian Peninsula While the Middle East remains the spiritual and political heartland of Islam the majority of Muslims live outside of the Middle East Therefore Islam is global religion and is practiced in an exceptionally diverse manner by approximately
    [Show full text]
  • Romano-OP with Green.Indd
    September 2007 Occasional Paper Occasional An Outline of Kurdish Islamist Groups in Iraq David Romano Abstract: This article outlines the history and genesis of Kurdish Islamist groups in Iraq. Based on fi eldwork and personal interviews conducted in Iraq in 2003 and 2004, this study presents a signifi cant amount of never-before published details about these movements. Particular attention is paid to the links between various groups, their transformation or splintering into new organizations, and the role of the non-Kurdish Iraqi Muslim Brotherhood in spawning these movements. The conclusion to this study addresses possible strategies for containing radical Islamist movements, and the dilemmas inherent in constructing such strategies. Th e Jamestown Foundation’s Mission Th e mission of Th e Jamestown Foundation is to inform and educate policymakers and the broader policy community about events and trends in those societies that are strategically or tactically important to the United States and that frequently restrict access to such information. Utilizing indigenous and primary sources, Jamestown’s material is delivered without political bias, fi lter or agenda. It is often the only source of information that should be, but is not always, available through offi cial or intelligence channels, especially in regard to Eurasia and terrorism. * * * * * * * * * * * Occasional Papers are essays and reports that Th e Jamestown Foundation believes to be valuable to the policy community. Th ese papers may be created by analysts and scholars associated with Th e Jamestown Foundation or as the result of a conference or event sponsored or associated with Th e Jamestown Foundation. Occasional Papers refl ect the views of their authors, not those of Th e Jamestown Foundation.
    [Show full text]
  • Islam, Sectarianism and Politics in Sudan Since the Mahdiyya. by Gabriel Warburg
    280 Literatur/Book Reviews / Die Welt des Islams 49 (2009) 248-285 Islam, Sectarianism and Politics in Sudan since the Mahdiyya. By Gabriel Warburg. London: Hurst 2003. xvii, 252 pp., ISBN 1-85065-590-1. Having devoted much of his scholarly career to the study of Sudan’s turbulent political and religious history, Warburg’s latest and, as he states himself (p. xii), last book on the Sudan raises high expectations. In spite of the fact that, being an Israeli citizen, Warburg was never able to visit the Sudan, his numerous articles and books have earned him the reputation as a leading specialist in Sudanese studies, not only outside but also inside the country. Islam, Sectarianism and Politics in Sudan since the Mahdiyya gives a solid, if con- densed overview of the most important stages of the political and religious develop- ments in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Sudan. Warburg puts the em phasis on the historical facts, occasionally interspersed with interpretation, but not on identi- fying underlying patterns, at least not in a systematic manner. If there is an argument that runs through the book as a central thread, starting from the title, it is about the destructive role of “sectarianism” in Sudanese politics. However, even here Warburg’s treatment of the topic remains at the level of implicit assumptions rather than cogent analysis, as I will point out in more detail below. Although published in 2003, the manuscript was basically completed in 2000. This explains why it does not include the latest events, most notably the gradual rapproche- ment and the later peace agreement between the Sudanese government led by Omar al-Bashir and the Southern Sudanese Peoples Liberation Front under the leadership of John Garang, who died in a helicopter crash shortly after being appointed as Bashir’s vice president in July 2005.
    [Show full text]
  • Faith-Based Peace-Building in Sudan's
    Stuck in Change Faith-based Peace-building in Sudan’s Transition Ulrich Mans Osman Mohammed Osman Ali Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’ Conflict Research Unit October 2006 Language editing: Jane Carroll Desk top publishing: Carola van der Heiden & Michaela Wortelboer Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’ Clingendael 7 2597 VH The Hague P.O. Box 93080 2509 AB The Hague Phonenumber: # 31-70-3245384 Telefax: # 31-70-3282002 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.clingendael.nl/cru © Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyrightholders. Clingendael Institute, P.O. Box 93080, 2509 AB The Hague, The Netherlands. © Clingendael Institute iii Contents CONTENTS........................................................................................................................... III LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................................. V SUMMARY........................................................................................................................... VII 1 RELIGIOUS ACTORS IN PEACE-BUILDING ............................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Salafis in Sudan: Between Non- Interference and Confrontation
    Report Salafis in Sudan: Between Non- Interference and Confrontation Jamal Al Sharif* Al Jazeera Centre for Studies Tel: +974-44663454 [email protected] http://studies.alj azeera .net 3 July 2012 The Salafi movement in Sudan has grown in recent years. Instead of traditional Salafism that had focused its activities on correcting the ways in which the Islamic faith was practised, fighting against polytheism and branding individuals as heretics, Jihadist Salafism has appeared with its branding of political leaders and entire regimes as heretical and with its resort to the use of violence. This has become increasingly clear in recent times, with Salafi groups condemning as heretics leaders of political parties, including the head of the Umma party, Sadiq al-Mahdi, Popular Congress Party leader, Hassan al-Turabi and Sudanese Communist Party leader Muhammad Ibrahim Nugud. This paper maps Salafi movements in Sudan, discusses their evolution, the various splits and schools within the movements and the violent actions they have carried out. Traditional Salafism: The Ansar al-Sunnah al-Muhammadiyyah Group Sunni Islam was introduced to Sudan very early in Islam’s history and was largely dominated by the spirit of Sufism. The religious affiliation of more than sixty per cent of the people of Sudan (of a total population of 16 million people) is tied to Sufism, while Salafi groups accounted for only ten percent of the religious landscape of Sudan. Alongside the Sufis and Salafis were people unaffiliated to any of these sects as well as those belonging to groups affiliated to the Muslim Brotherhood.i Salafi ideas were brought to Sudan from the Hijaz (Saudi Arabia) through the hajj pilgrimages and not from Egypt or West Africa from which Sunni Islam and Sufism entered the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Mahdism and Islamism in Sudan Author(S): Gabriel Warburg Reviewed Work(S): Source: International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol
    Mahdism and Islamism in Sudan Author(s): Gabriel Warburg Reviewed work(s): Source: International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 27, No. 2 (May, 1995), pp. 219-236 Published by: Cambridge University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/176093 . Accessed: 19/11/2012 19:55 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Cambridge University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to International Journal of Middle East Studies. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded by the authorized user from 192.168.82.207 on Mon, 19 Nov 2012 19:55:33 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Int. J. Middle East Stud. 27 (1995), 219-236. Printed in the United States of America Gabriel Warburg MAHDISM AND ISLAMISM IN SUDAN On 30 June 1989, a military coup overthrew the democratically elected government of al-Sadiq al-Mahdi in Sudan and replaced it with a fundamentalist Muslim dictatorship headed by Colonel CUmarHasan al-Bashir and adhering to the radical Islamic ideology of the National Islamic Front (NIF), under the leadership of Dr. Hasan al-Turabi. Since June 1881 when Muhammad Ahmad ibn 'Abdallah declared that he was the expected mahdi, the religious-political scene of Sudan had been largely dominated by Mahdists and Khatmiyya adherents.
    [Show full text]
  • Grade 7 History
    Madrasat Ahlul’Bait Islamic School Grade 7 History Cover Design by: Zainab Khan Shia-Muslim Association of Bay Area First Edition (Revision 2.0) First Printing May, 2005 Second Printing February, 2006 Compilers and Co-Authors: Dr. Hassan Abu Ghaida, Member, Syllabus Committee, Sister Azita Sagarzadeh, Member, Syllabus Committee, Sister Urooj Kazmi, Chair Syllabus Committee, Madrasat Ahlul’Bait, Shia-Muslim Association of Bay Area Editors: Sister Urooj Kazmi, Chair Syllabus Committee, Madrasat Ahlul’Bait, Shia-Muslim Association of Bay Area Copyright Free & Non-Profit Notice: Madrasat Ahlul’Bait curriculum material can be freely copied, duplicated, reproduced, quoted, distributed, printed, used in derivative works and saved on any media and platform for non-profit and educational purposes only. A fee no higher than the cost of copying may be charged for the material. Note from Madrasat Ahlul’Bait: The Publishers and the Authors have made every effort to present the Quranic verses, prophetic and masomeen traditions, their explanations and the material from the sources referenced in an accurate, complete and clear manner. We ask for forgiveness from Allah (SWT) and the readers if any mistakes have been overlooked during the review process. Contact Information: Any correspondence related to this publication and all notations of errors or omissions should be addressed to Syllabus Committee, Madrasat Ahlul’Bait, Shia-Muslim Association of Bay Area at [email protected]. Published by: Madrasat Ahlul’Bait Shia-Muslim Association of Bay Area 4415 Fortran Court, San Jose, CA 95134, USA www.saba-igc.org [email protected] LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: THE PUBLISHER AND THE AUTHORS MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS WORK AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
    [Show full text]
  • Eei Is Ijfjclassifieli
    ALL FEI IFflTIU CUTAflIED EEI IS IJFJCLASSIFIELI LATE CUT2O12 LL79 EIcLS ACLURM044740 bIU4Jb4U Islam Submission to Allah which is Arabic for God Muslim One who follows the rëlig ion of Islam Approx imately LI to billion Muslimsworldwide 90.10% 50S% 4o49 10I8% 04% ACLURM044741 bIU4Jb4l Approximately 85-90% of Muslims are Sunnis while 1U-15%are Shiites Arabs make up 20% of the Muslim population ACLURM044742 bIU4Jb4i Majority of Muslims live outside the Middle East Largest number of Muslims in Indonesia Second largest in South Asia Most Muslims are not Arab ACLURM044743 bIU4Jb4J II -. Pre-Islamic Arabia -social inequality -polytheistic idol worshiping society Muhammad Life -Meccan Period -Medinan Period Hijra Emigration Bay Loyalty pledge Ansar Supporters Muhammad receiving revelation on Mt Hira ACLURM044744 b1U4Jb44 Osama Bin Laden Summer 2000 So today Afghanistan is the only country in the world that has the Shariah Therefore it is compulsory upon Muslims all over the world to to help Afghanistan And make hijra to this land because it is from this land that we will dispatch our armies to smash all kuffar all over the world.1 ACLURM044745 bIU4Jb4D Muslims believe the Quran is infallible and literally the word of God Compilation of 114 chapters Major Themes -Arabs pa of Abrahamic Story -Five Pillars Monotheism prayer fasting pilgrimage almsgiving -Laws Marriage inheritance trade crime punishment -Jihad ACLURM044746 bIU4Jb4b Muhammads example preserved in stories hadith Collections began in the 9th century Hadith are second major source of
    [Show full text]