EKOID: OF THE -CAMEROUN BORDERLAND

Roger Blench

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Roger Blench Kay Williamson Educational Foundation 8, Guest Road Cambridge CB1 2AL United Kingdom / Fax. 0044-(0)1223-560687 Mobile worldwide (00-44)-(0)7967-696804 E-mail [email protected] http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. The Ekoid-Mbe languages: Overview ...... 1 2. Classification...... 3 2.1 External...... 3 2.2 Internal...... 3 3. Phonology...... 5 4. Morphology...... 6 5. Conclusions ...... 7 References...... 7 Appendix I. Comparative Mbe-Ekoid wordlist...... 9

TABLES

Table 1. Innovative roots in Ekoid-Mbe ...... 3 Table 2: Lexical similarity within Ekoid including words with regular sound changes ...... 4 Table 3. Proto-Ekoid phonemes...... 5 Table 4. Ekoid correspondences for alveolars and velars ...... 5 Table 5. Mbe ...... 5 Table 6. Ejagham noun classes ...... 6

FIGURES

Figure 1. Genetic classification of Ekoid-Mbe languages ...... 4

MAPS

Map 1. The ...... 2

Roger Blench Ekoid overview Circulation Draft 1. The Ekoid-Mbe languages: Overview The Ekoid-Mbe languages are spoken principally in SE Nigeria and in adjacent regions of Cameroun. Mbe [M̀ bè] is a single language spoken in seven villages in Ogoja LGA, , Nigeria. The Ekoid languages consist of around closely-related 19 lects, the majority of which are spoken in Nigeria (Crabb 1969). Ekoid speakers have been known by a number of terms in the literature (including ‘Keaka’ and Ekoi, which covers a variety of languages in this region, some of quite different affiliation). Ekoid languages in Cameroun are known as ‘Ejagham’, which is a cover term for a variety of lects which vary from village to village. Ethnologue (2009) says;

Western Ejagham includes Bendeghe Etung (Bindege, Dindiga, Mbuma), Northern Etung, Southern Etung, Ekwe, Akamkpa-Ejagham. Eastern Ejagham includes Keaka (Keaqa, Kejaka, Edjagam), Obang (Eeafeng).

These are surveyed in Edmondson & Edmondson (1971) but no complete wordlists have been published and this material is clearly in a highly preliminary transcription. Yoder et al. (2009) have recently surveyed the ‘Bakor’ languages in Nigeria and have provided wordlists of previously unknown lects/

Map 1 shows the situation of the main Ekoid languages in Nigeria, with indications of the location of Mbe and Ejagham, partly in Cameroun. Historically speaking, Ekoid looks like a recent westward expansion into the territory of the Upper Cross languages, hence the presence of isolated languages such as Ikom within Ekoid territory. East of Ekoid are the Bendi languages, also forming a closely-related set of lects; linguistic geography suggests that they were originally bordering on the Upper Cross languages and the expansion of Ekoid forced the two groups apart.

The first publication of Ekoid material is in Clarke (1848) where five ‘dialects’ are listed and a short wordlist of each is given. Other significant early publications are Koelle (1854), Goldie (1862), Mansfeld (1908), Thomas (1914, 1927), Johnston (1919-1922), Jeffreys (1950) and Byström (1954). Crabb (1969) remains the major monograph on these languages, although regrettably, Part II, which was to contain grammatical analyses, was never published. The monograph also reviews the literature on Ekoid up to the date of publication. Crabb (1969) lists fourteen lects and Watters (1978a) refers to some 4-5 ‘dialects’ of Ejagham across the border in Cameroun. Nonetheless, some of these are very close to one another and the most recent Ethnologue (2009) boils them down to some eight ‘languages’.

In recent years, some speakers of nine Ekoid lects have resolved to unite under the umbrella term Bakor. The Bakor people speak Nkim, Nkum, Ekajuk, Nnam, Abanyom, Nde, Nta, Nselle1 and Efutop. The term ‘Bakor’ [bak ɔ] is derived from the two words, ba ‘come’ and kɔ ‘take’. It was chosen because the expression ba k ɔ is the same in all nine lects. All the Bakor peoples are within Ikom and Ogoja Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Cross River State, Nigeria. The Bakor languages have been surveyed in greater detail by Yoder et al. (2009) 2.

Orthography development in Ekoid consists of Ekajuk, where a New Testament was published in 1971 and other orthography materials exist and Ejagham in Cameroun where there has been a New Testament since 1997. There are also radio and television broadcasts in Ejagham. Mbe [=Mbube] has been developed by the Roman Catholic church and there is a catechism dating from 1962. Work by Lutheran Bible translators produced an initial orthography (1983) and a revised version (Pohlig 2006). St. John’s Gospel appeared in 2001 and a liturgy in 2007.

1 This follows the common practice of writing their name with two ‘l’s (e.g. on village signs). The 15 th edition of the Ethnologue uses only one ‘l’ (Nsele) because it is not a long consonant ( [ ńsə̀lè] not [ńsə̀lːè]). 2 Thanks to Mike Rueck and Zachariah Yoder for making their unpublished material available. 1 Roger Blench Ekoid overview Circulation Draft Map 1. The Ekoid languages

Source: Yoder et al. (2009)

2 Roger Blench Ekoid overview Circulation Draft The Mbe area and the people are known to the administration as Mbube, a designation which includes the Mbe and the Upper Mbe, who speak a different language. There may be as many as 20-30,000 speakers although no recent census data are available. There said to be three dialects, Idum, Ikumtale and Odaje, but no evidence for this has been published. An Mbe list appears in Koelle (1854) and is analysed in Ankermann (1927). Mbe has been described by Bamgbo ṣe (1965, 1966, 1967) and more recently an unpublished phonology and orthography statement (Pohlig 2006) and a dictionary (Pohlig n.d.) have been circulated 3. 2. Classification 2.1 External The Ekoid languages have long been associated with Bantu, without their status being precisely defined. Although Koelle (1854) grouped his languages in the same area, Cust (1883) linked them together and place them in a group co-ordinate with Bantu but not within it. Thomas (1927) correctly pointed to the Bantu status of Ekoid, but the much later Westermann & Bryan (1952) repeat an older, less accurate classification, grouping the Nyang languages with Ekoid. Guthrie (1967-1971) had difficulties with the notion that Ekoid formed part of Bantu. His first improbable explanation was that its ‘Bantuisms’ resulted from speakers of a Bantu language being ‘absorbed’ by those who spoke a ‘Western Sudanic’ language, in other words, the apparent parallels, were simply a massive corpus of loanwords. This was later modified into ‘Ekoid languages may to some extent share an origin with some of the A zone languages, but they seem to have undergone considerable perturbations’ (Guthrie 1971, II:15). Williamson (1971), in an influential classification of Benue-Congo, assigned Ekoid to ‘Wide Bantu’ i.e. Bantoid. Williamson (1971) still lists Mbe as a branch of Bantu distinct from Ekoid but all subsequent classifications have put these languages together.

All modern classifications of Ekoid are based on the data from Crabb (1969) and when Watters (1978a,b) came to explore the proto-phonology of Ekoid, he used this source, rather than his own field material from the Ejagham dialects in Cameroun. Crabb fails to distinguish clearly phonetic from phonemic transcriptions thus multiplying vowels and diacritics unnecessarily. Fresh work on Ejagham in both Nigeria and Cameroun has extended our knowledge of individual dialects of Ekoid (Edmondson, E. (1966), Edmondson, T. (1966), Edmondson & Bendor-Samuel (1966), Edmondson & Edmondson (1971, 1977), Kleiner & Kleiner (1976), Watters (1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1990, 2000, 2001), Asinya (1987) and Sibomana (1986, 1988, 1989). In 2009, a new survey of part of Ekoid in Nigeria that presently has adopted the name ‘Bakor’ for the cluster has made possible a re-assessment of the status of some of the languages.

A perhaps more pertinent question is whether Ekoid has any clear innovations that would distinguish it from A Group Bantu. Table 1 shows some suggested Ekoid innovations or retentions not attested elsewhere inside Bantu;

Table 1. Innovative roots in Ekoid-Mbe Efutop Mbe PB Gloss sg. pl. eye èmár àmár llí yícò head èsí àsí bùcí túè hair è-mu ɔ̌ r à-mu ɔ̌ r mmu ɛ́ cʊ̀ kɪ ́ tooth è-mə́n à-mə́n lè-kɔ̀ yínò tongue élíbà álíbà le-lɛ́m dɪmì́ water à-lə́b bɛ̀lɛ̀b

2.2 Internal Watters (1978a) is a comparative phonology and classification of Ekoid which presents the internal classification is shown in Figure 1. The Mbe and Ejagham languages have been added has been added and

3 Thanks to John Watters for the file of Crabb’s lexical material, to Paul Schroeder and Jim Pohlig for recent unpublished material on Mbe and Pascal Piron for typing up and making accessible the work of Bamgbo ṣe. 3 Roger Blench Ekoid overview Circulation Draft some lower level subgroups have been collapsed. Nonetheless, since material is now available for a more comprehensive classification, it could be usefully undertaken.

Figure 1. Genetic classification of Ekoid-Mbe languages Proto-Ekoid-Mbe

Mbe

Ejagham

Ekparabong Balep West East

Efutop Nde-Nselle Abanyom- -Nta Nkim-Nkum Nnam Ekajuk N. Etung S. Etung Bendeghe Keaka Obang

Voorhoeve (1980) also takes the view that Nyang shows some similarities to Ekoid-Mbe in terms of the concords for Class 6, *ma/*ga. But this is to ignore the numerous other differences of phonology and morphology. Nyang languages have their own quite distinct characteristics and are probably more remote from Bantu than Ekoid. Gerhardt (1980) has presented tables showing regular correspondences between some Mbe lexemes and proto-Bantu.

There is no overall analysis of internal diversity in the Ekoid languages, but Table 2 shows a table of lexical similarity for the lects surveyed in Yoder et al. (2009). Ekoid languages are quite diverse, with lexicostatistical counts going down to ca. 50%. Were Mbe to be included, this would probably drop to below 40%.

Table 2: Lexical similarity within Ekoid including words with regular sound changes Efutop 66% Nselle 68% 92% Nde 66% 88% 91% Nta 56% 67% 67% 65% Abanyom 51% 53% 57% 54% 71% Nkim 52% 57% 58% 58% 71% 89% Nkum 53% 61% 60% 58% 72% 65% 67% Nnam 52% 59% 59% 58% 68% 64% 67% 90% Ekajuk – Ekagongho 52% 57% 57% 57% 67% 63% 67% 89% 97% Ekajuk – Esham 53% 59% 58% 58% 66% 63% 67% 87% 93% 93% Ekajuk – Mfom Source: Yoder et al. (2009)

4 Roger Blench Ekoid overview Circulation Draft 3. Phonology The most comprehensive attempt to explore the comparative phonology and classification of Ekoid is Watters (1978a). This provides an analysis of sound-shifts between the lects recorded in Crabb (1969), but regrettably omits the Ejagham material from Watters’ own fieldwork.

The likely consonant phonemes of proto-Ekoid are shown in Table 3;

Table 3. Proto-Ekoid consonant phonemes Bilabial Labio- Alveolar Alveop Palatal Velar Labial- dental alatal velar p b t d ʧ ʤ k g kp gb Nasal m n ɲ ŋ Trill r β f v s z ʃ ɣ ŋm y w Lateral Approximant l

/ŋ/ and / ɲ/ are in complementary distribution; / ɲ/ is always in C 1 position and / ŋ/ in C 2 position. Watters (1978a:36) notes irregular correspondences with /b/, /t/ and /g/ that suggest proto-Ekoid had some sort of contrast at this level which he notates b 1,/b 2, t 1/t 2 and g 1/g 2. This is suggested by the correspondences shown in Table 4;

Table 4. Ekoid correspondences for alveolars and velars Language to find to think tree work snail wife plantain mountain A té tɛ̌ d èréré èróm ŋ̀kɔ́ mì ŋkái ɛ́kɔ̀mî bɛ̀kòkói G tî tɛ̌ d étí ètûm ŋ̀kɔ́ ŋ̀ká ɛ ɛ̀gɔ̀mɛ́ ègúi N teè tɛ̀r ète nɛ̀tôm ŋ̀kɔɔ́ ŋ̀kaa ɛgɔ̀mɔ eg ǒn Mbe kpé búob bè-cí butwó ŋ ǹdwé my ɛ̀l èkù ŋkwàm bùkw ɛ̀l Source: extracted from Watters (1978a:16)

Mbe forms are included for reference though they are not always cognate. On comparative grounds it is relatively easy to establish the nature of the proto-Ekoid consonants. For example, for ‘tree’ and ‘work’ /t/ must be reconstructed as this word always has /t/ in external cognates (see Mbe and the entries in BCCW for this word). The question then becomes ‘under what circumstances does t →r in some Ekoid lects?’. Similarly, the evidence for ‘plantain and ‘mountain’ points to /k/ as the proto-phoneme, thereby eliminating Watters’ g2.

Mbe phonology is strikingly more elaborate than Ekoid. Pohlig (2006) gives the following consonants (Table 5);

Table 5. Mbe consonants Bilabial Alveolar Alveo-palatal Velar Labio-Velar Vcl. stops p pʷ pʸ t tʷ k kʷ kʸ kp Lenis kʷ̘ Vdc. stops b bʷ bʸ d dʷ g gʷ gʸ gb

Fricatives f fʷ s sʷ ʃ ʃʷ

Vcl. ts ts ʷ ʧ ʧʷ Vcd. affricates dz dz ʷ ʤ ʤʷ Nasals m mʷ mʸ n ɲ ɲʷ ŋ ŋʷ Taps r rʷ rʸ Laterals l lʷ lʸ y yʷ w

5 Roger Blench Ekoid overview Circulation Draft The most striking feature of this is the contrast postulated by Pohlig between fortis and lenis /k ʷ/. He gives as an example the following pairs:

/kʷě/ cut down! /kʷ̘ě / fall down! /kɛ̀kʷěl/ bush fowl sp. /kɛ̀kʷ̘él/ pimple

With [kʷě], the vowel [e] is half-rounded from the fortis labialisation, while the vowel [e] in [kʷ̘e] is without rounding. Pohlig notes that the younger generation may be losing this distinction. Such a contrast is clearly not widespread in Ekoid-Mbe and may be a result of contact with the neighbouring Upper Cross languages, where such long/short or fortis/lenis contrasts are pervasive (e.g. Sterk 19xx). The two alveopalatal nasal consonants / ɲ/ and / ɲʷ/ correspond to the other alveopalatal consonants, e.g., / ʤ/ and / ʤʷ/. Some consonants only occur in ideophones, e.g., /f ʸ/ (as in [f ʸɛ̀p˺] ‘sound of spitting’) and /h ʸ/ (as in [h ʸáu ŋ:] ‘meow’).

Ekoid lacks the systematic prosodic contrasts of Mbe, labialisation and palatalisation. It is easily shown on historical grounds that it is Mbe that must have developed these contrasts, as external cognates with Ekoid almost always have plain consonants.

Both Ekoid and Mbe are reconstructed with seven vowels (Watters 1978a; Pohlig 2006);

i u e o ɛ ɔ a

Crabb (1969) transcribed vowels phonetically using numerous symbols and diacritics thereby adding confusion to what is essentially a rather simple, Bantu-like vowel system. The dissertation by Asinya (1987) based on fieldwork in Nigeria made an important claim, namely that most Ekoid languages have long/short distinctions in the vowels but this has not been echoed by other fieldworkers.

Both Mbe and Ekoid have High, Low, Rising, Falling and Downstep tones and these correspond fairly directly to the tones posited for proto-Bantu. Edmondson & Bendor-Samuel (1966) argue that by positing word-level , it is possible to account for the rising and falling tones, leaving only a three-way contrast. As so often, this is largely a matter of diachronic versus synchronic accounts; the five-way contrast exists on the surface synchronically but can be shown to derive from VV sequences that evolve through segment deletion. 4. Morphology The Ekoid noun-class system resembles Bantu and yet the two do not correspond exactly (Watters 1980). Table 6 shows the noun-classes of Ejagham, following Bantu numbering. with the prefix of the singular and the concord consonant.

Table 6. Ejagham noun classes Class Prefix Concord 1 N- w, ɲ 2 a- b 3 N- m 5 ɛ- y 6 a- m 8 bi- b 9 N- y, ɲ 14 ɔ- b 19 i- f Source: Watters (1981)

6 Roger Blench Ekoid overview Circulation Draft The reason for the absence of various Bantu classes is that these are said to have ‘merged’, for example 3/4 and 6/7. However, this would only be true if Ekoid were Bantu, whereas from a Bantoid perspective, these classes are simply absent. 5. Conclusions The present document represents an initial survey of the literature on Ekoid and Mbe and a comparative wordlist as a tool for seeking sound correspondences and noun-class morphology as well as external cognates. The primary tasks ahead are to complete the survey of Ekoid lects, especailly in Cameroun, and to characterise their phonology more completely. In particular, the phonology of Mbe argues that the sound systems of Ekoid may have been under-analysed.

References Ankermann, Bernhard 1927. Koelles Mbe-sprache. MSOS , 30: 1-4. Asinya, O.E. 1987. A reconstruction of the Segmental phonology of Bakor (an Ekoid Bantu language) . M.A. Linguistics, University of Port Harcourt. Edmondson, Eileen 1966. Nouns of Etung classified by their singular-plural prefix pairs. In Kenneth L. Pike (ed.), Tagmemic and matrix linguistics applied to selected African languages (Appendix VI), 206-226. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Center for Research on Language and Language Behavior. Edmondson, Thomas and Eileen Edmondson 1971. Some dialect shifts in Ejagham. Camelang 3: 19-42 Edmondson, Thomas and Eileen Edmondson 1977. Preliminary notes towards a phonological description of Etung (Ejagham). Language Data, African Series, 10. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics. 58 p. Edmondson, Thomas and John T. Bendor-Samuel 1966. Tone patterns of Etung. Journal of African Languages 5: 1-6. Kleiner, Werner and Renate Kleiner 1976. Preliminary phonological statement, Ekajuk (Nigeria) . Language Data, African Series, 6. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics. Sibomana, Leo 1986. An outline of Nkem language. Afrika und Übersee , 69: 252-292. Sibomana, Leo 1988. Nkem folktales. Afrika und Übersee , 71: 17-55. Sibomana, Leo 1989. The tonal system of Nkem. Afrika und Übersee , 72: 255-272. Watters, John R. 1978a. A reconstruction of proto-Ekoid phonology . Unpublished ms. UCLA. Watters, John R. 1978b. Proto-Ekoid and Guthrie’s Bantu . Unpublished ms. UCLA. Watters, John R. 1980. The Ejagham system: Ekoid Bantu revisited. In Larry M. Hyman (ed.), Noun classes in the Grassfields Bantu borderland , 99-137. Southern California Occasional Papers in Linguistics, 8. Los Angeles: University of Southern California. Watters, John R. 1981. A phonology and morphology of Ejagham, with notes on dialect variation. Ph.D. thesis. University of California at Los Angeles. xviii, 549 p. Watters, John R. 1982. Problems in developing an Ejagham orthography. Cahiers du Département des Langues Africaines et Linguistique 2: 37-48. Watters, John R. 1983. The expression of the locative semantic function in (Western) Ejagham. Journal of West African Languages 13(2): 53-70. Watters, John R. 1985. The inclusive/exclusive distinction in Ejagham. Journal of West African Languages 15(2): 75-92. Watters, John R. 1985. The place of morphology in functional grammar: the case of the Ejagham verb system. In A.M. Bolkestein, C. de Groot and J. L. MacKenzie (eds.), Predicates and terms in functional grammar , 85-104. Functional grammar series, 2. Dordrecht: Foris. Watters, John R. 1989. Bantoid overview. In: Bendor-Samuel. The Niger-Congo languages . University Press of America pp 401-429. Watters, John R. 1990. Reduplication and the origin of high tone on noun prefixes in Ejagham. Journal of West African Languages 20(1): 105-17. Watters, John R. 2000. Tone in Western Ejagham (Etung): the case of lexical and postlexical tone on nouns. In H. Ekkehard Wolff and Orin D. Gensler (eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd World Congress of African Linguistics Leipzig 1997 , 411-424. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. Watters, John R. 2001. Some phonological characteristics of Ejagham (Etung), an Ekoid Bantu language of and Nigeria. In Ngessimo M. Mutaka and Sammy B. Chumbow (eds.), Research mate in

7 Roger Blench Ekoid overview Circulation Draft African linguistics: focus on Cameroon (A fieldworkers tool for deciphering the stories Cameroonian languages have to tell): in honor of Professor Larry N. Hyman , 55-78. Grammatische analysen Afrikanischer Sprachen, 17. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.

8 Roger Blench Ekoid overview Circulation Draft Appendix I. Comparative Mbe-Ekoid wordlist

This wordlist has been compiled from a number of sources, most importantly the comparative wordlist in Crabb (1969) which was typed up for John Watters in old SIL format and converted by me to Unicode. The Mbe comes from the unpublished Mbe dictionary of Pohlig and the publications of Bamgbo ṣe, typed up by Pascale Piron. The Ejagham comes from the unpublished dictionary of Ejagham by Jonh Watters. My thanks to all who supplied me with original data.

Gloss PoS Mbe Ejagham Ekparabong Balep Bendeghe N Etung S Etung Efutop Nde Nselle Nta Abanyom Nkim Nkum Nnam Ekajuk 4 accident n ò-fɛ̀n /ɛ̀ è-fěn/bè- è-fěn/bè- è-fǐn/bì- è-fǐn/bì- è-fǐn/ɱ̀ - è-fɩ̌ n è-fěn/bè- ɛ̀-fěn/bɛ̀- è-fěn/bè- ɛ̀-fěn/b-̀ ù-fěn/à- ù-fěn/à- ɛ̀-fèn/à- ɛ̀-fìn/à- ~bè- add to v báró bódí bódé kp ɛ̀ɛ̂ kp ɛ̌ ~kp ɛ̀ɛ̂ kp ɛ̀ɛ̂ kpi ɛ́nə̀ kp ɛ̀nɛ̂ kp ɛ̀nɛ̀ kp ɛ̀nɛ̀ kp ɛ̀lɛ̂ bôd bód ɔ̀ kp ɛ́lɛ̀ kp ɛ́lɛ̀ alligator n ɲ̀-ɲùŋ/bò- ɲ̀-ŋùŋ/bò- ɲ̀-ŋb/b̀ ɔ̀-[y] ɲ̀-yb/̀ ɔ̀- í-kwá ɲ̍ - ɲ̀-yìb/ò- ɲ̀-yɩ̀b/ɛ̀-, (ɛ̀- ɲ̀-yə̀b/ɛ̀- ɲ̀-yʌ̀b/ɔ̀- ɲ̀-ɲb/̀ ɔ̀- ɲ̀-ɲb/à-̀ ɲ̀-ɲə̀b/à- ɲ̀-ɲʌ̀b/ɛ̀- ɲ̀-ɲə̀b/ɛ̀- ɲb/̀ ɲ̍ -.. ɲ̍ ba ̍ g/à-) 5 animal n bè-ɲàm nɲam ɲ̀-ɲàm/bɔ̀- ɲ̀-ŋàm/bɔ̀- ɲ̀-ɲàm/ɔ̀- ɲ̀-ɲàm/ɔ̀- ɲ̀-ɲàm/ɔ̀- ɲ̀-ɲàm/ò- ɲ̀-ɲàm/ɛ̀- ɲ̀-ɲà/ɛ̀- ɲ̀-ɲà/ɔ̀- ɲ̀-ɲàm/ɔ̀- ɲ̀-ɲàm/ù- ɲ̀-ɲàm/ù- ɲ̀-ɲàm/ɛ̀- ɲ̀-ɲàm/ɛ̀- /bù- ant, house n kɛmpab mfap ɲ́- ɲ́- ɛ̀-fǎb ɱ̀ -fâb/ɛ̀- ɱ̀ -fâb/ɛ̀- ɱ̀ -fìfà βá/à- ɱ̀ -fìfà βa̍ /à- ɱ̀ -fə̀fàba ̍ /à- ɱ̀ -fə̀fà βa̍ /à- ɱ̀ -fǎb/à- ɱ̀ -fǎb/à- ɱ̀ -fǎb/à- ɱ̀ -fàb/à- ɱ̀ -fàb/à- ɲàmí ɲámí/bá- ɲàmá ɲámág/bá- fǎb fâb~bɛ̀- ɲàmî ɲàmâ ŋ ant, tailor n ńki (ò-fèrì/bà-) ɱ̀ -fə̀fə̀b/bà-fə̀b (ŋ̀-kʰì/ô-) (â ŋ-kì/ô-) (â ŋ-kʰì/ô-) (ŋḿ-kpìb/á-) ɱ̍ -fùb/a̍ - ɱ̍ -fòb/a̍ - ɱ̍ -fòb/a̍ - ɱ̀ -fǒb/à- ɱ̀ -fǒb/à- ì-kǒb á-fà/à- ɱ̀ -fòb/à- ɱ̀ -fùb/á- antelope n nkáb ŋ́-kòb/bò ŋ́-kòb/bò ŋ̀-gù ŋgù/ò- ŋ̀- ŋ̀-gù/ò- ŋ̀-gùr ɛ̀gb ɛ̀/à- ŋ̀-gù/à- ŋ̀-gù/à- ŋ̀-gùàn ɛ̀gb ɛ̀/à- ŋ̀-gòàl ̀gb ɛ̀/ɔ̀- ŋ̀-gò/ù- ŋ̀-gò/ù- ŋ̀-gò/ɛ̀- ŋ̀-gù/ɛ̀- gù ŋgù/ò- gùrá ŋmgb ɛ̀ gùa̍ ŋmgb ɛ̀ gùa̍ ŋmgb ɛ̀ gùa̍ ŋm̍ gb ɛ̀ gòá ŋmgb ɛ̂ gùúgù ant-hill n etan (è-sómí/bè-) (ɛ̀-rómó ŋ/bɛ̀, ɛ̀- ɛ̀-tǎn/bì- ɛ̀-tǎn/ ǹ- ɛ̀-tǎn/ ǹ- è-tǎn/à- ɛ̀-tǎn/à~bɛ̀- ɛ̀-tǎn/b̀- ɛ̀-tǎn/b ə̀- ɛ̀-tǎn/à- ì-tǎn/à- ì-tǎn/à- ɛ̀-tàn/à- ɛ̀-tàn/à- gbá/bɛ̀-) 6 arch v sébó séré, goó ŋ gú ŋí gú ŋí gúŋɛ̀~gɔ́ŋɛ̀ gú ŋì gɔ̀ŋɛ̂ gɷ̀ ŋə̀ gɔ̀ŋɔ̂ gɔ̀ŋɔ̀ gɔ̀ŋɔ̀ gɔ̀ŋɛ̂ kù ŋî kɷ̀ ŋɔ̂ gə́lɔ̀ gĺ ɔ̀ (bent over) arm, hand n obé obhô ɔ̀-bɔ́/bà- ɔ̀-bɔ́/bà- ɔ̀-βɔ̂ /à- ɔ̀-βɔ̂ /à- ɔ̀-βɔ̂ /à- ò-bu ɔ̂ /à- ɛ̀-bɔ̂ /à- ɛ̀-bɔ̂ /à- ɔ̀-bɔ̂ /à- ɔ̀-bɔ̂ /à- ù-bɔ̂ /à- ù-bɔ̂ /à- ɛ̍ -bɔ̍ /a̍ - ɛ̍ -bɔ̍ /a̍ - armpit n ogbâp ɔ̀-wáb/bà- ɔ̀-wáb/bà- ɔ̀-gbâb/à- ɔ̀-gbâb/à- ɔ̀-gbâb/à- ò-lǒgbàb/à- ɛ̀-gbâb/à-~bɛ̀- ɛ̀-gbâb/bə̀-~à- ɔ̀-gbâb/à- ɔ̀-gbâb/à- ù-gbâb/à- ù-gbâb/à- ɛ̍ - ɛ̍ -gba ̍ b/a̍ - lǎgbàb gb ɛa̍ b/a̍ - arrive v sh ɛ́ró, tué sé sí rí sî sî sî (lrà)́ slì sî slì r̂r, (lómê) (lôm) (lóm ɔ̀) rə́ŋ~rʌ́ŋ rə́ŋ arrow n lè-bán oyege (ɛ́-dɔ̂ b/bɛ́-) lɛ̀-bán/ḿ- m̀ -bɔ̀m/à-[β] m̀ -bɔ̌ m/à- m̀ -bɔ̌ m/à- è-bán/à- nɛ̀-ba ̍ n/ḿ- nə̀-ba ̍ n~bã̍ /m̀ - nə̀-ba ̍ n/m̀ - l-bán/̀ ḿ- í-bán/ḿ- í-bán/ḿ- ɛ̍ b-ba ̍ n/m̍ - ɛ̍ l-bɛ̍ n/m̍ - /bɛ̀- [β] [β] ashes n bètwé atô ŋ ǹ-dɔ̂ i ǹ-dɔ̂ n~bà-[r] à-tɔ̂ ŋ à-tɔ̂ ŋ à-tɔ̂ ŋ ǹ-tû ŋ ǹ-tɔ̂ ŋ ǹ-tɔ̂ ŋ ǹ-tɔ̂ ŋ à-tɔ̂ ŋ à-tɔ̂ ŋ à-tɔ̂ ŋ a̍ -təˈɔŋ a̍ -tɛˈɔŋ 7 ask v bób βə́p béb béb β̂ b β̂ b β̂ b bə́b bə̍ mɔ̀ bə̍ mm ɔ̀ bə̍ mm ɔ̀ b̂b b̂b bə̂ b bʌ́b bə́b~bə́m mɛ́ axe n kɛ̀-tɛ̀m èfúk (bɛ̀-tɛ́m/mìn-) (bɛ̀-tɛ́m/ ǹ-) è-fúg/ɱ̀ è-fúg/ɱ̀ - è-fúg/ɱ̀ - è-fu ɔ́g/à- nɛ̀-fɔ̍ g/ɱ̀ - nə̀-fɔ̍ g/ɱ̀ - nò-fo ̍ g/ɱ̀ - l-fóg/̀ ɱ̀ - ì-fóg/à ì-fóg/à- ɛ̍ - ɛ̍ l- /kè ~bè- fəˈ og/ɱ̍ - fɨˈ ug/ɱ̍ - back n bè-tsèm/ nd ʒə m ɲ̀-sm/b̀ ɔ̀- ǹ-də̀m/bà-[r] ɲ̀-jm̀ ɲ̀-jm/̀ ɔ̀- ɲ̀-dz m/̀ ɔ̀- ɲ̀-zə̀m/ò- ɲ̀-jʌ̀m/à- ɲ̀-jə̀m/à- ɲ̀-jʌ̀m/à- ɲ̀-jm/à-̀ ɲ̀-ɲm/à-̀ ɲ̀-jm/à-̀ ɲ̀-jʌ̀m/à- ɲ̀-jə̀m/à- bù- 8 bag n èbàm, /bè ebham, ɛ̀-bàm/bɛ̀ ɛ̀-bàm/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-βàm/m̀ -[b],à- ɛ̀-βàm/m̀ - ɛ̀-βàm/bɛ̀- (ò-dʌ̀g/à-) ɛ̀-bàm/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-bà/bə̀- ɛ̀-bà/bʌ̀- ɛ̀-bàm/b-̀ ì-bàm/à- ì-bàm/à- ɛ̀-bàm/à- ɛ̀-bàm/à- okp ɔrɛ ntâk [b] m, (ǹ- tâg/ɔ̀-) 9 bark n ékpékpá ngu ɛ̀-kpá ɣá/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-kpágá/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-kpá ɣɛ́/à- ɛ̀-kpá ɣɛ́/à- ɛ̀-kpá ɣá/à- è-kp ɔ́ɣá/à- ɛ̀-kp ə̍ ɣa̍ /à- ɛ̀-kp ə̍ ɣa̍ /à- ɛ̀-kp ə̍ ɣa̍ /à- ɛ̀-kpágá/à- ì-kpág/à- ì-kpágá/à- ɛ̍ - ɛ̍ - kp ɛˈ aɣɛ̍ /a̍ kp ɛˈɣɛ̍ /a̍ - - barren n wuku ɔm- mì ŋ-gòm/bà- ŋ̀-gòm/bà- ŋ̀-gùm/bà- ŋ̀-gùm/bà- ŋ̀-gùm/à- ŋ̀-gùm/à- ŋ̀-gòm/à- ŋ̀-gòm/à- ŋ̀-gò/à- ŋ̀-gòm/à- ŋ̀-gòm/à- ŋ̀-gòm/à- ŋ̀-gòm/à- ŋ̀-gùm/à- woman mmi ɛ́l bat n è-lɛ́m /bɛ̀- if ə́ghé è-fùfúg/bè- bɛ̀-fùg/ɱ̀ - bì-fɣɛ́ ́/ɱ̀ - ì-fɣɛ́ ́/ɱ̀ - ì-fɣ́ á/ɱ̀ - é-fìg ə̀/á- bɛ̍ -fɔ̀g/ɱ̍ - bə̍ -fɔ̀g/ɱ̍ - bo ̍ -fòg/ɱ̍ - b-fùgà/̀ ɱ̀ - ì-fg/à-̀ ì-fòg ɔ̀/à- ɛ̀-fɔ̀g/ɱ̀ - ɛ̀b-fɔ̀g/ɱ̀ - (house) bat (fruit) n bathe v yuáb yumé wòbí wòbóg yùm ɛ̂ yùmî yùmâ yuúm ə̀ yòmô yòmò yòmò yòmâ yòmî yòm ɔ̂ wo ˊomò wu ˊumù bear a v by ɛ́l gu ɛ́i gu ɛ́l yǚ yǚ u̇̌ yi ɛ́n wɛ̂ n wɛ̂ n wɛ̂ n gb ɛ̂ l gɛ̂ l bɛ̂ l jɛ́l jɛ́l child 10 bear v kap (wóm) (wóm) kǎb kǎb kǎb (ɲə́m) kàb kàb kàb kàb (tûg) (tóŋɔ̀) kâb kâb

4 The form in Nde was glossed ‘trouble’. 5 The singular of these forms also means ‘meat’. 6 1. These forms are used in the sense of ‘arch one’s back’, 2.#these forms are to be compared with ‘squat’, with ‘bow’ (v.) and with ‘duck’#(v.) 7 The forms listed in Nnam and Ekajuk specifically mean ‘to ask the price of something’. 8 The first form in S Etung is ‘archaic’. 9 These forms refer not only to ‘bark’ but also to any ‘empty thing, covering, shell’. 9 Roger Blench Ekoid overview Circulation Draft Gloss PoS Mbe Ejagham Ekparabong Balep Bendeghe N Etung S Etung Efutop Nde Nselle Nta Abanyom Nkim Nkum Nnam Ekajuk beard n èrì iwe ɲ̀-sɛ̌ ɛ̀-yɛ̌ /bɛ̀- bì-yɛ̌ /ɲ̀- ì-wɛ̌ /ŋɱ̀ - ɛ̀-wɛ̀/à- è-zi ɛ̌ /à- ɛ̀jɛ̌ /bɛ̀- ɛ̀-jɛ̌ /b-̀ ɛ̀-jɛ̌ /bɛ̀- ɛ̀-yɛ̌ r/à- ì-rɛ̌ r/à- ì-rɛ̌ r/à- ɛ̀-lʌ̀ŋ/à- ɛ̀-lʌ̀ŋ/à- beat a v ku ɔ́b bhem, t əm kób (sóm, rád) (sûm, ǩ d) (sûm, ǩ d) (sûm, ku ̇̌ d) kúb kûb kôb kôb kôb kôb kôb kób kúb drum 11 bed n eb ɛ́de enu ŋ ǹ-nɔ̌ ŋ/bɔ̀-[l] ǹ-nǔŋ /bà- è-nù ŋ/bì- è-nù ŋ/bì- ɛ̀-nɔ̀ŋ/à- è-nɷ̀ ŋ/à- ɛ̀-sı ̍ mı ̍ /bɛ̀- ɛ̀-sı ̍ mı ̍ /bə̀- ǹ-tèf ̍ ɣe̍ /à- l-ǹ ɔ̀ŋ/ǹ-, ɛ́- í-gbê ŋ/á í-gbéŋɛ̀/á- ɛ̍ -go ̍ do ̍ /a̍ - ɛ̀l-nɛˋɔŋ /ǹ- ~bɛ̀- gbé ŋâ/á- bee n ò-kw ɔ̀n nkon ò-gǒi/bà- m̀ -bòbóe/m̀ -bǒe ŋ̀-kɔ̀n/ɔ̀- ŋ̀-kɔ̀n/ɔ̀- ŋ̀-kɔ̂ n/ɔ̀- ŋ̍ -ku ɔ̀n/ò- ŋ̍ -kɔ̀nɔ̀/a̍ - ŋ̍ -kɔ̀nɔ̀/a̍ - ŋ̍ -kɔ̀nɔ̀/a̍ - ŋ̀-kɔ̀n/ɔ̀- ŋ̀-kɔ̀n/à-~ù- ŋ̀-kɔ̀n/ɛ̀- ŋ̀-kɔ̀n/ɛ̀- ŋ̀-kɔ̀n/ɛ̀- /ɛ̀-, ò- kɔ̀n kwàn /ɛ̀- beg v lɔ́ní yé ŋé lɛ́ní lɛ́ŋɛ́n, gɔ̀rɛ́ yɛ́ŋɛ̀ yɛ́ŋɛ̀ yɛ́ŋɛ̀ li ɛ́m bɔ̀ɔ̂ bɔ̀ bɔɔ̀ lɛ̂ m lɛ̂ m lɛ̂ m lɛ́m lɛ́m money beg v tuóm goré lɛ́dí gɔ̀rɛ́ gɔ̀rɛ̂ gɔ̀rɛ̂ gɔ̀rɛ̂ li ɛ́rə̀ gɔ̀rɔ̂ gɔ̀rɔ̀ gɔ̀rɔ̀ gɔ̀rɛ̂ gɔ̀rî gɔ̀rɔ̂ gb əˊɔŋɔ̀ gb ɛˊɔŋɔ̀ pardon 12 belch n bhe ɛ̀-bɛ̀i/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-bɛ̀/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-βɛ̀ ɛ̀-βɛ̀ ɛ̀-bɛ̀/à- è-bɛ̀/à- ɛ̀-bɛ̀m/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-bɛ̀/bə̀- ɛ̀-bɛɛ̀/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-bɛ̀/à- ì-bɛ̀/à- ì-bɛ̀/à- ɛ̀-bɛ̀/à- ɛ̀l-bɛ̀/ḿ- bell n égbá ŋ ebhuk ɛ́-gbá ŋ/bɛ́- ɛ́-gbá ŋ/bɛ́- ɛ́-gbá ŋ/bí- ɛ́-gbá ŋ/bí- ɛ́-gbá ŋ/á- ŋḿ-gb ə́ŋ/á- ɛ̍ -gba ̍ ŋ/a̍ ɛ̍ gba ̍ ŋ/a̍ - --- ɛ́-gbá ŋ/á- í-gbâ ŋ/á- í-gbá ŋ/á- ɛ́- ɛ́- gb əˊ aŋ/á- gb ɛˊ aŋ/á- 13 belly n bɛle oya bɔ̀-là/bà- bà-là/ ǹ-[l] ɔ̀-yà/à- ɔ̀-yà/à- ɔ̀-yà/à- ò-là/à- ǹ-nà/à- ǹ-nà/à-[l] ǹ-nà/à- ɔ̀-là~b-/à-̀ à-là à-là ǹ-là/à- ɛ̀b-là/à- 14 bird n kɛ̀nén inón ń-nɔ̂ nɔ́n/bɔ́- bɛ́-nɔ̀nɔ́n/ ń- bì-nɔ́n/ ǹ- ì-nɔ́n/ ǹ- ì-nɔ́n/ ǹ- è-súsu ɔ́g/à- bɛ̀-sɔ̍ g/ɲ̀-sls ɔ̍ g bə̀-sɔ̍ g/ɲ̀- bò-so ̍ g/ò- ɲ́-ɲǎ mf ǒr/á- m̀ -mɔ̀n á- ì-róg/à- ɛ̍ r- ɛ̍ b-rɨˈ ug/n- /kè- sə̍ sɔ̍ g so ̍ so ̍ g ɲàm/à-[b] rəˈ og/n- [r] [d] bite v lw ɔ́m yúm lóm lóm yûm yûm yûm gə́ŋ gʌ̂ ŋ gʌ̂ ŋ gʌ̂ ŋ lôm lôm lôm tɔ́ɣɔ́ tɔ́ɣɔ́ black n -shén (a.), kp ə́ŋ (v.), é-jírá/bé- ɛ́-jírá/bɛ́- ɛ́-ɲàɣɛ̂ /bí-~á- ɛ́-ɲàɣɛ̂ /á- ɛ́-ɲàɣɛ̂ /á- é-ɲə́ɣə̀/á- ɲ̍ -ɲɣ̀ â/a̍ - ɲ̍ -ɲə̀ɣâ/a̍ - ɲ̍ -ɲə̀ɣa̍ /a̍ - ɲ̍ -ɲâgâ/á- ì-ɲàɲàg/á- ì-ɲàɲàg/à- ɲ́- ɲ́- fén (v.) ényaghé ɲɛˊ aɣɛ̍ /á- ɲɛˊ aɣɛ̍ /á- (n.) blacksmith n otuél ot ʉ́i (ɔ̀-làm) (ɔ̀-làm) ò-tü̂ i ò-tü̂ i ɔ̀-ʧü̂ i ò-tə̂ n ɛ̀-tʌ̂ n ɛ̀-tə̂ n ɔ̀-tə̂ n ɔ̀-tûl ù-tûl ù-to ̇̂ l ɛ̍ -tʌ̍ l ɛ̍ -tə̍ l ing blood n bɛ̀lwò ŋ agy ʉ́ŋ ǹ-nú ŋ ǹ-nú ŋ à-yǘŋ à-yǘŋ~- à-yú ŋ à-lɷ́ ŋ à-nɔ̍ ŋ à-nɔ̍ ŋ à-nɔ̍ ŋ à-ló ŋ à-ló ŋ à-ló ŋ a̍ - á-lɨˈ uŋ yú ŋ ləˈ oŋ~lu ˈ uŋ blow v fwél fé fí fílí fü̂ i fü̂ i~fî fî fń ə̀ f̍ nɛ̀ fə̍ nɛ̀ fɛ̍ nɛ̀ fúlî f̂l fĺ ɔ́ fə́lɛ́ fə́lɛ́ (mouth) blow v fwò (wind) bone n èʧíʧí /bè- ékə́p ɛ̀-ḱkb/b́ ɛ̀- ɛ̀-kə́b/bɛ̀- ɛ́-ḱb/á- ɛ́-ḱb/á- ɛ́-ḱb/á- è-kə́b/à- ɛ̀-kʌ̍ b/à- ɛ̀-kə̍ b/à- ɛ̀-kʌ̍ b/à- ɛ̀-kúb/à- ì-kb/à-́ ì-kób/à- ɛ̍ -kʌ̍ b/a̍ - ɛ̍ -kə̍ b/a̍ - bottle n ókpómá ékpémé ɛ́-kp má/b́ ɛ́- ɛ́-kp mág/b́ ɛ́- ɛ́-kp ḿ ɛ́/ŋḿ- ɛ́- é- é-kpu ɔ́má/á- e̍ -kpu ̍ ma ̍ /a̍ - ɛ̍ -kpo ̍ ma ̍ /a̍ - ɛ̍ -kpo ̍ ma ̍ /a̍ - ɛ́-kpómá/á- ú-tôtò/á- í-kpém/á- ɛ́- ɛ́- kp ḿ ɛ́/ŋḿ kpámá/ŋḿ- kpóma ̍ /á- kpúma ̍ /á- - 15 bottom n nd ə́p è-nùd/bè- ɛ̀-nùd/bɛ̀- ǹ-db/́ ɔ̀-[r] ǹ-db/́ ɔ̀-[r] ǹ-db/́ ɔ̀-[r] ǹ-lə́b/ò- ǹ-nʌ̍ b/à-bà ń- ǹ-nə̍ b/à-bə̀ŋ ǹ-nʌ̍ b/à-bʌ̀ŋ ǹ-núb/à-[l] ì-tùl/à- ì-tòl ɔ̀/à- n̍ -nʌ̍ b/a̍ - n̍ -nə̍ b/á- nʌb á-nə̍ b á-nʌb bow n ól ɔ̀ŋ eyek bɔ́-lɛ̀g/bá- bɔ́-lɛ̀g/ ń- ò-yǜg/à- ò-yg/à-̀ ɔ̀-ỳgà/à- ó-lîg/á- ɛ̍ -nìg/a̍ - ɛ̍ -nɩ̀g/a̍ - o̍ -nèg/a̍ - ɔ́-l̂g/á- ú-lɛ̀g/á- ú-lèg/á- ɛ́-lɔ̇̂ g/á- ɛ́-lɔ̇̂ g/á- 16 bow v tɛ̌ b kúbdúm kb́ ɛ̀ kbì́ kβ́ à kə́mə̀ k̍ mɛ̀ <---> kɛ̍ mɛ̀ gɔ̀ŋɛ̂ kə̂ m kóm ɔ̀ gəˊɔŋɔ̀ gɛ́ɔ̀ŋ brains n bɛ̀fú ɔrɔ́ aron (bà-fíág) (bà-pə́l) à-rɔ̌ n à-rɔ̌ n à-rɔ̌ n à-du ɔ̌ n à-rɔ̌ n à-rɔ̌ n à-rɔ̌ n à-rɔ̌ n à-rɔ̌ n à-rɔ̌ n à-lɔ̀n à-lɔ̀n break (1) v.i. sé wa break ʧɛ́g ʃɛ́g wǎ wǎ u̍ ǎ wà wà wà~wànà wànà wà wàâ wàâ wâ wâ open, shatter jághé break into pieces; shatter break, v.t. bwén fé ŋ (gu ɛ́g) bə́n β̂ n β̂ n b̂n bə́n b̍ nɛ̀ bə̍ nɛ̀ bɛ̍ nɛ̀ bûn b̂n bo ̇̂ n bʌ́nɛ́ bə́nɛ́ snap (2) break a long

10 The forms are used with the meaning of a ‘tree bearing fruit’. 11 another form in Efutop is é-búbúnà/á-. 12 The forms in languages Bendeghe and N Etung have no singular/plural alternation. 13 The forms in minor sub-group r-s have no singular/plural alternation. 14 The compound in Ebanyom is derived from ‘animal-feathered’. 2. The construction in Nkim means ‘junior animal’. 15 1. This gloss refers to the part of the body. 2. another form given for Nkim was ŋ̀-kùtù/à-. 16 1. The cognate form in Nselle mean ‘kneel’. 2. These forms are to be compared with ‘arch’, with ‘squat’, and with ‘duck’(v.). 10 Roger Blench Ekoid overview Circulation Draft Gloss PoS Mbe Ejagham Ekparabong Balep Bendeghe N Etung S Etung Efutop Nde Nselle Nta Abanyom Nkim Nkum Nnam Ekajuk object breast n leb ɛ́l ebhê ɛ̀-bɛ̂ i/bà- lɛ̀-bɛ̂ l/bà- ɛ̀-βɛ̂ /à- ɛ̀-βɛ̂ /à- ɛ̀-βɛ̂ /à- è-bi ɛ̂ n/à- nɛ̀-bɛ̂ n/à- m-b̀ ɛ̂ n/à- nɛ̀-bɛ̂ n/à- l-b̀ ɛ̂ l/à- ì-bɛ̂ l/à- ì-bɛ̂ l/à- ɛ̍ b-bɛ̍ l/a̍ - ɛ̍ l-bɛ̍ l/a̍ - breath n èlé eyó ɛ́-wɛ̀mî/bá- bá-wɛ̀mâ ŋ ɛ̀-yɔ̂ ɛ̀-yɔ́ ɛ̀-yɔ́ è-yu ɔ̀/à- nɛ̀-yɔɔ̀/ɲ̀- nɔ̀-yɔ̀/à- nɔ̀-yɔɔ̀/à- l-ỳ ɔ̀ ì-yɔ̀/à- ì-yɔ̀/à- ɛ̀-wù~ɛ̀v- ɛ̀l-wɷ̀ /à- breathe v èlé orú wɛ̀mí wɛ̀má ŋ ------yɔ̌ yu ɔ̂ ~yúɔ̀ yɔ̀ɔ̂ yɔ̀ yɔ̀ɔ̂ yɔ̀ yɔ̀ɔ̂ yɔ̀ɔ̂ wû âɷ̀ 17 brush v fʷɛ́l bhúk kp ɛ́l nǔg, bóg βûg βûg βûg fɷ́ n, núg fe ̍ rè fe ̍ rè fe ̍ rè fôl fôl fôl fól fúl bubble v.i. tʷɔ́b ʧoghé fí fə́l fü̂ i fü̂ i~fî fî fə́n fʌ̂ n fə̂ n fʌ̂ n fûl f̂l f̂l fʌ́l fə́l 18 buffalo n í-dw ɛ̀l/ m̀ -póŋ/bò- m̀ -pó ŋ/bò- ɱ̀ -fú ŋ/ò- ɱ̀ -fú ŋ/ò- ɱ̀ -fɷ́ ŋ/ò- ɱ̀ -fɷ́ ŋ/ò- ɱ̀ -fɔ̍ ŋ/ɛ̀- ɱ̀ -fɔ̍ ŋ/ɛ̀- ɱ̀ -fɔ̍ ŋ/ɔ̀- ɱ̀ -fó ŋ/ɔ̀- ɱ̀ -fó ŋ/ù- ɱ̀ -fó ŋ/ù- ɱ̍ - ɱ̍ -fɨˈ uŋ/ɛ̍ - bɛ́- fəˈ oŋ/ɛ̍ - bundle n egane ɛ̀-kàn/bɛ̀- ɔ̀-kàn/bà- ɛ̀-gàn/à- ɛ̀-gàn~ɔ̀- ɛ̀-gànà/ŋ̀- ŋ̀-gàn/à- ŋ̀-gàn/à- ŋ̀-gàn/à- ŋ̀-gàn/à- ŋ̀-gàn/à- ù-gàn/à- ù-gàn/ŋ̀-~à- ŋ̀-gàn/à- ŋ̀-gàn/à- /ŋ̀- burial n tèm (v.) è-kó/bè- lɛ̀-kú/ŋ̀- è-kü̂ /bì- è-kü̂ /bì- ɛ̀-ku ̇̂ /à-~bɛ̀- è-kû/ŋ̀- nɛ̀-kû/ŋ̀- nɔ̀-kû/ŋ̀- nù-kû/ŋ̀- l-kû/̀ ŋ̀- ì-kû/à- ì-kû/ŋ̀- ɛ̍ g-ku ̍ /ŋ̍ - ɛ̍ l-kɷ́ /ŋ̍ - ~ŋ̀- burn v t/i lɔ́ réghé rǒi rǒ rígì~dígì rgì~rígì́ rgà́ fí fî fî fî fî fî fî fí fí butcher 19 v yɔ bha fǎ fǎ βàɛ̂ βǎ βǎ bà bà bà bà bà bàâ bàâ bâ bâ buy v kʷòr nam nǎm kǒ nǎm nǎm nǎm gúù gòô gò gò gònâ gònî gòn ɔ̂ gónò gúnù 20 calabash n ntuo, it ə́n, ékú ò-tín/bà- ɔ̀-tə́n/bà- bì-tɨn/ ǹ- ì-tn/́ ǹ- ì-tn/́ ǹ- è-bə́r/ḿ-~à- ɛ̀-bʌ̀r/ḿ- ɛ̀-bə̍ r/ḿ- ɛ̀-bʌ̍ r/ḿ- ɛ̀-búr/ḿ-, ń- ǹ-tòg/ù- ǹ-tòg/ù- ɛ̍ -bʌ̍ r/m̍ - ɛ̍ -bə̍ r/m̍ - óbámú, tôg/á- kɛbɔ́ŋ, camwood n kɛ̀pɔ̀rɔ̀ ekúé (ɛ̀-bá) (lɛ̀-bá/m̀ -) è-kú ɛ/bì- è-kúi è-kúi/ŋ̀- è-kɷ́ n/ŋ̀- nè-ko ̍ n/ŋ̀- nò-ko ̍ n/ŋ̀- nò-ko ̍ n l-kól/à-̀ à-kól à-kol a̍ -ko ̍ l a̍ -ku ̍ l ~bè- canoe n ó-gbâ ŋ /ɛ́- okpi ò-kp ě/bà- ò-kp ě/bà- ò-kp ǐ/à- ò-kp ǐ/à- ò-kp ǐ/à- ò-gbáà/à- ɛ̀-gba ̍ à/à- ɛ̀-gbâ/à- ɔ̀-gbâ/à- ɛ̀-gbâ/b-̀ ú-gbâ ŋ/á- ú-gbâ ŋ/á- ɛ́- ɛ́- gb ɛˊ aŋ/á- gb ɛˊ aŋ/á- 21 care for v fʷɔ́r gye lɛ̌ i lɛ̌ ı̍ yɛ̌ yɛ̌ yɛ̌ li ɛ̀~fínà fnề fə̀nè~nɛ̀ fɩnì̀ lɛ̀ lɛ̀ɛ̂ lɛ̀ɛ̂ lɛ̂ lɛ̂ cat n kɛnyamfé aŋwâ ɔ̀-ŋâ/bà- ɛ̀-kǎnd ɛ̀m/bɛ̀- ɔ̀-ŋâ/à- ɔ̀-ŋâ/à- àŋuâ è-kándi ɛ̀m/à- ɛ̀-kǎnd ɛ̀m/à- ɛ̀-kǎnd ɛ̀m/à- ɔ̀-kǎnd ɛ̀m/à- ɔ̀-kǎnd ɛ̂ n/à- ì-pù ʃí/à- ù-kǎnd ɛ̀n/à- ɛ̀- ɛ̀- lɔnk ʷɔ kǎnd ɛ̀m/à kànd ɛ̀n/à- - catch hold v pi ɛl gbáp kpébí kpébá ŋ gbâb gbâb gbâb yɩb̀ gb ̍ βè gb ̍ bè gb bè̀ gbébâ gbêb kpéb ɛ̀,bɔ̂ b bɔ́b bɔ́b caterpillar n éʧághé é-sûsú/bé- ɛ́-rùrû/bɛ́- è-dǜ/à- è-dǜ/à- ɛ̀-rù/à- è-dùdù/à- è-rùrù/à- ɛ̀-dùdù/à- è-dùdù/à- ɛ̀-rùrù/à- --- ǹ-dùrù/à------rùrù chameleon n kɛ́nyángú óku ŋâ ɔ́-kɔ̀ŋâɲsɛ̀/bá- ɔ́-kɔ̀ŋɔ́rɛ̀/bá- ó-kù ŋâ/â- ó-kù ŋâ/á- ó-kù ŋâ/á- ó-kɷ́ ŋə̀/á- ɛ̍ -kŋɔ̀ ̂ /a̍ - ɛ̍ -kɔ̀ŋɔ̂ /a̍ - ɔ̍ -kɔ̀ŋɔ̍ /a̍ - ɔ́-kô ŋê/à- ú-kò ŋí/á- ú-kò ŋí/á- ɛ́- ɛ́- ru kəˊɔŋ ákâ/ kɛˊɔŋɔ̍ /á- á- cheek n okîk ò-kíg/bà- ɔ̀-kə́g/bà- ò-kîg/à- ò-kîg/à- ɔ̀-kâg/à- ò-dân/à- ɛ̀-kp ɣɔ̀ ̀/à- ɛ̀-kp ɣɔ̀ ̀/à- ɛ̀-kp ɣɔ̀ ̀/à- ɔ̀-kp ɔ̀gà/à- ù-kêg/à- ù-kêg/à- ɛ̀- ɛ̀- kp əˋɔɣɔ̀/à kp ɛˋɔɣɔ̀/à- - chest n kɛ̀-kwò nga ŋ (é-kpókpó/bé-) (ɛ́-kpókpó/bɛ́-) ŋ̀-gǎŋ /ɔ̀- ŋ̀-gǎŋ /ɔ̀- ŋ̀-gǎŋ /ɔ̀- ŋ̀-gə̌ ŋ/ò- ŋ̀-gʌ̂ ŋ ŋ̀-gʌ̂ ŋ/à- ŋ̀-gǎŋ /à- ŋ̀-gǎŋ /à- (ì- (ì-krù ŋkù/à- ŋ̀-gəˋ aŋ/à- ŋ̀-gɛˋ aŋ/à- /kè- kùrù ŋkù/à-) ) 22 chew v.i. nyéé, sáé jǎb jǎb jǎm jǎm --- (saán ə̀) jàb jàb jàb jàb jàbî jàâb jâb jâb chief n bù-tùrò ntûfâm mì-nɛ́n/bà-[l] ŋ̀-kə̂ m m̀ - ǹ-tûfâm~- ǹ-tûfâm~- ǹ-túfâm/à- ǹ-tâɷ̀ n/à- ǹ-tôn/à- ǹ-tôn/à- ǹ-tôn/à- ǹ-tôl/à- ǹ-tôl/à- ǹ-tôl/à- n̍ -to ̍ l/a̍ - n̍ -tu ̍ l/a̍ - /bɛ̀- pám/bà- túfâm/à-túfàm túfâm/à- túfàm túfàm child n m̀ -mwàn mmon m̀ -mɔ̌ n/m̀ -bɔ̌ n m̀ -mɔ̌ n/m̀ -bɔ̌ n m̀ -mɔ̌ n/à-βɔ̌ n m̀ -mɔ̌ n/à- m̀ -mɔ̌ n/à- m̀ -mu ɔ̌ n/à- m̀ -mɔ̌ /à-bɔ̌ m̀ -mɔ̌ /à-bɔ̌ m̀ -mɔ̀ɔ̍ /à-bɔ̀ɔ̍ m̀ -mɔ̌ n/à-bɔ̌ n m̀ -mɔ̌ n/à- m̀ -mɔ̌ n/à- m̍ -mɔ̍ n/a̍ - m̀ -mɔ̀n/à- /bù- βɔ̌ n βɔ̌ n bu ɔ̌ n bɔ̌ n bɔ̌ n bɔ̍ n bɔ̀n 23 chop v tɛ́b ʧé, gbe gb ɛ̌ g gb ɛ̌ g gb ɛ̌ g bg ɛ̌ g gb ɛ̌ g gb ə̀g gb ʌ̀g gb ə̀g (k̍ βɛ̀) gb ɛ̀g (gɔ̀mî,kêm) (gɔ̀ɔ̂ m,kêm) gb ʌ̂ g gb ə̂ g 24 civet n ejo ɛ̀-sɔ̌ b/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-rɔ̌ b/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-jɔ̌ /bì- ɛ̀-jɔ̌ /bì- ɛ̀-jɔ̌ /à-~bɛ̀- è-zu ɔ̌ /à- ɛ̀-jɔ̌ /à- ɛ̀-jɔ̌ /bə̀- ɛ̀-jɔ̍ /bɔ̀- ɛ̀-jɔ̌ /à- ì-jɔ̀ɔ̂ /à- ì-jɔ̌ /à- ɛ̀-jɔ̀/à- ɛ̀-jɔ̀/à- clear v bup ʷoŋ n. esúm n. (kɔ̌ b) (kɔ̌ b) sûm sûm sûm súm sôm sô sô rôm (jâ) (jâ) róm rúm bush 25 clitoris n kɛpampán eti ŋi è-ʧód/bè- ɛ̀-ʃód/bɛ̀- è-tì ŋì/à- è-tì ŋì/à- ɛ̀-tŋ̀ à/ ǹ- ɲ̀-sɩ̂n/ò- è-tì ŋì/bè- ɛ̀-tì ŋì/b-̀ è-mi/bè- ɛ̀-sôd/b̀- ì-kêb/à- ì-kêb/à- ɛ̍ -ke ̍ b/a̍ - ɛ̍ -kı ̍ b/a̍ - g, ojuulu ~ɛ̀-tŋɛ̀ ̀/à-

17 These forms are to be compared with ‘wipe’ and with ‘erase’. 18 The animal referred to is Syncerus nanus , lydekk (cf. Talbot, In the shadow of the bush, p. 468). 19 These forms are to be compared with ‘self’. 20 The first form in Ebanyom refers to a calabash ‘for tapping wine’, and the second ‘for storing wine’. 21 These forms are used in the sense of ‘bring up’ or ‘take care of’ (a child). 22 1. The form in Bendeghe is ‘rare’. 2. the form in N Etung means ‘hard chewing’. 23 ‘ cut the body of someone e.g. with blade’ 24 These forms refer to the African civet, Civetta civetta . 25 compare these forms with the same one for ‘hit’ in most of the languages. 11 Roger Blench Ekoid overview Circulation Draft Gloss PoS Mbe Ejagham Ekparabong Balep Bendeghe N Etung S Etung Efutop Nde Nselle Nta Abanyom Nkim Nkum Nnam Ekajuk 26 cloth n ngbé, ì- éfô ɛ́-fɔ̂ /ɱ́ - ɛ́-fɔ̂ /bɛ́- ɛ́-fɔ̂ /ɱ́ - ɛ́-fɔ̂ /ɱ́ -,ɛ̀- ɛ́-fɔ̂ /ɱ́ -,m̀ - m̀ -bu ɔ́mə́/à- m̀ -bɔɔ̍ /à- m̀ -bɔ̍ /à- m̀ -bɔɔ̍ /à- m̀ -bɔ́má/à- ŋḿ-gbág/á- ḿ-bɔ́mɔ́/á- m̍ - m̍ -bɔ̍ mɔ̍ /a̍ - gbé /bɛ̀- βɔ́mɛ́/m̀ - bɔ́má/à-[β] bɔ̍ mɔ̍ /a̍ - [b] cocoyam n èkwór mb ət è-rô ŋkògî/ŋ̀- è-rɔ̂ ŋkǒ/ŋ̀-kǒ ɛ̀-β̌ d/ɔ̀-~m̀ -[b] ɛ̀-β̌ d/m̀ - ɛ̀-β̌ d/m̀ -[b] è-b̀rá/m̀ - nɛ̍ -br̀ ɛ̍ /m̍ - nɛ̍ -br̀ ɛ̍ /m̍ - nɛ̀-br̀ ɛ̍ /m̀ - ɛ̀-b̀dí/m̀ - ì-b̌ d/m̀ - ì-bd̀ ɛ́/m̀ - ɛ̀-bʌ̀dɛ̀/m̀ - ɛ̀-bə̀dɛ̀/m̀ - kògî [b] 27 cold n yw ɔ̀rɔ̀, egy ʉk è-lùg ǹ-nùg è-yǜg è-yǜg ɛ̀-yùg ǹ-lu ɔ̀g à-nɔ̀g à-nɔ̀g à-nòg à-lùg à-lùg à-lòg (ɛ̀k- à-lɔ̀g kúnô kəˋɔ gɔ̀) (become cold) come v ʧú bhá bá bá bág βág βág bá bâ bâ bâ bâ bâ bâ bá bá contamina n è-bǔ~bè- lɛ̀-bǔ/m̀ - è-βü̂ è-βü̂ ɛ̀-βu̇̌ è-wǎ nè-bǔ/m̀ - nɔ̀-bǔ/m̀ - nò-bǒ l-b̀ ǔ/m̀ ------ɛ̀-ȯ ̀ŋ/m̀ - ɛ̀-bɔ̀ŋ/m̀ - tion 28 cook v lám, kyê ʧughé, (kágí) (kág ɛ́) yâm yâm yâm lám nâm nâ nâ lâm lâm lâm lám lám yám cotton n ówú é-wú lɛ́-wú/ŋ́- é-wú é-ú~-wú ɛ́-ú/á- ó-wú nɛ̍ -wu ̍ /ŋiɱ- nɔ̍ -wu ̍ /ŋɱ̍ - o̍ -wiı ̍ l-wú/́ ŋɱ́ - ú-wú/á- ú-wú/á- ɛ̍ -vu ̍ /ŋɱ̍ - a̍ -ɷ́ wu ̍ cough v ò-kwál /ɛ̀- okóe kɔ́dí kɔ́rɔ́g kɔ̂ ɛ kɔ̂ ɛ kɔ̂ ɛ ku ɔ́rà kɔ̍ rɔ̀ kɔ̍ rɔ̀ kɔ̍ rɔ̀ kɔ́rɛ̂ kɔ̂ r kɔ́rɔ̀ kɔ́rɔ́ kɔ́rɔ́ (n.) count v pàl fan fǎi fǎl fǎn fǎn fǎn fàn fàn fàn fàn fàl fàlî fàâl fâl fɛˊ aŋɛ̀ 29 cover(1) v sued, bhúi fǒi fǒl βùɛ̂ βùɛ̂ ~βùî βùî bún ə̀ bnồ bnò̀ bnò̀ bòlê bòlî bòl ɔ̂ bólò búlù kuóbó 30 cover(2) v mpel n. bhúi fǒi fǒl βùɛ̂ βùî~βùɛ̂ βùî bún ə̀ bnồ bnò,̀ fû bnò,̀ fû fû bòlî bòl ɔ̂ fú fɷ́ cow n égurubiá mfo ŋ m̀ -pɔ̀ŋ/bɔ̀- m̀ -pɔ̀ŋ/bɔ̀- ɱ̀ -fɔ̀ŋ/ɔ̀- ɱ̀ -fɔ̀ŋ/ɔ̀- ɱ̀ -fɔ̀ɔŋ /ɔ̀- ɱ̀ -fɷ̀ ŋ/ò- ɱ̀ -fɔ̀ŋ/ɛ̀- ɱ̀ -fɔ̀ŋ-ɛ̀- ɱ̀ -fɔ̀ŋ/ɔ̀- ɱ̀ -fɔ̀ŋ/ɔ̀- ɱ̀ -fɔ̀ŋ/ù- ɱ̀ -fɔ̀ŋ/ù- ɱ̀ - ɱ̀ -fɛɔ̀ŋ/ɛ̀- fəˋɔŋ /ɛ̀- crab n ekáé ɛ̀-kái/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-kál/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-ká ɛ/à- ɛ̀-ká ɛ/bì- ɛ̀-ká ɛ/à- è-kán/à- ɛ̀-ka ̍ n/à- ɛ̀-ka ̍ n/bə̀- ɛ̀-ka ̍ n/bà- ɛ̀-kál/b̀- í-ʃkàl/á-́ í-ʃíkàlà/á- ɛ̍ -ka ̍ l/a̍ ɛ̍ -ka ̍ l/a̍ - ~à- ~bɛ̀- cut in two v ʃɛ́b, kp ɛ́t se, kém sób ʃɛ́ kîm kîm kʰîm kə́βə̀ k̍ βɛ̀ kə̍ bɛ̀ kə̍ βɛ̀ kêm kêm kêm kém kím ~ kp ɛ́r, jyé cutting n ebél kobhéo é-bêb/bé- è-béb/bè- é-βîb/bí- é-βîb/á- kòbíɔ̀/à- è-bíb~-bîb/à- ɛ̀-bı ̍ b/à- ɛ̀-be ̍ b/à- è-be ̍ b/à- ɛ̀-béb/à- ì-béb/à- ì-béb/à- ɛ̍ -be ̍ b/a̍ - ɛ̍ -bı ̍ b/a̍ - 31 grass kǒbíɔ̀ dance v bén bh ə́n bń bə́n β̂ n β̂ n β̂ n bə́n bʌ̂ n bə̂ n bʌ̂ n b̂n b̂n b̂n bʌ̂ n bə́n 32 day n bù-fùor/ ofú bò-rú/ ǹ-[d] bò-rú/ ǹ-[d] ò-fú/ɱ̀ -fín ò-fú/à- ò-fú/ɱ̀ -fín ò-fuú/à- è-foa ̍ /à- ɛ̀-fo ̍ /à- ò-foo ̍ /à- ɔ̀-fó/à-~ɱ̀ - ù-fôfò/à- ù-fômfò/à- ɛ̍ -fəˈ oŋ/a̍ - ɛ̍ -fɨˈ uŋ/a̍ - bɛ̀-, ~ɱ̀ -fín lèfùor 33 daylight n efén è-pén ɛ̀-pén/bɛ̀- è-fín è-fín è-fín/bè- è-fɩ́n/à- ɛ̀-fe ̍ n~fe ̍ e̍ n/à- ɛ̀-fe ̍ n è-fe ̍ n/bə̀- ɛ̀-fénté --- ì-fén/ɱ̀ - ɛ̍ -fe ̍ n ɛ̍ -fı ̍ n defecate v ɲè ɲe abh ə̂ ŋ ɲɛ̌ ɲǐ ɲɛ̌ ɲɛ̌ ɲɛ̌ ɲì ɲì ɲì ɲì ɲì ɲìî ɲìî ɲî ɲî descend v bh ət bǐ rə̌ b β̌ d β̌ d β̌ d śnə̀ s̍ nɛ̀ sə̍ nɛ̀ sɛ̍ nɛ̀ bùdî bd̀ ̂ ~bùdî bo ̇ ̀dɔ̂ bʌ́dd ɛ̀ bə́dt ɛ̀ dew n ebuór abh ʉ́ bà-bú bà-bú à-βǘ à-βǘ à-βǘ à-wú ɛ̀-bu ̍ ɛ̀-bu ̍ è-bu ̍ ɛ̀-bù ì-brŕ ì-bórr ɛ̍ -bo ̍ ŋ ɛ̍ -bɔ̍ ŋ die v wú kpó ku ɔ́ ku ɔ́ kp ɔ̂ kp ɔ̂ kp ɔ̂ kp ɔ́ kp ɔ̂ kp ɔ̂ kp ɔ̂ kp ɔ̂ kp ɔ̂ kp ɔ̂ kp ɔ́ kp ɔ́ 34 dip v.i. duom tet lḿ lə́má ŋ tɛ̌ d tɛ̌ d tɛ̌ d lə́m nʌ̂ m nə̂ m nʌ̂ m lmấ n̂m n̂m lʌ́m lə́m (dive) disappear, v lém tán lḿ lə́m (tân) (tân) (tân) lə́m, (taárà) nʌ̂ m nə̂ m nʌ̂ m l̂m n̂m, (tân) nḿ ɛ̀ lʌ́m lə́m miss s.t. 35 divide v dɛ́, gábô, kiré kéní kéná ŋ kìrî kìrî kìrî baá ŋà bà ŋâ bà ŋà bà ŋà bàg bàgî bàâg bɛˊ aŋɛ̀ bɛˊ aŋɛ̀ bánî divine v bhú bó bó bû βû~bû βû bù bû bû bù bô bô bô bó bú

26 1. These forms refer to ‘cloth’ as an article of clothing. 2. The second form in S Etung, however refers to kkpe cloth. 27 These forms refer to ‘cold’ in the sense of ‘cold water’. 28 These forms refer to ‘sexual contamination’ i.e. ‘sleeping with a woman so that the child she is still nursing becomes sick’. 29 The root which is cognate throughout these forms is the same as that in ‘roof’ (q.v.). 30 These forms are used in the sense ‘cover something hollow’. 31 The West African cane rat, Thryonomys swinderianus . 32 see the section on english glosses, p.50. 33 1. The forms in sub-groups a-b and f-h were all glossed as ‘daylight’. 2. within Nkum sub-group m-u, only the form in Nselle was glossed as ‘daylight’. 3. the forms in languages Efutop and Ekajuk were explained to mean ‘noon’. 4. the form in Nde means ‘daytime or noon to evening’. 5. the forms in languages Nta, Nkum, and Nnam mean ‘afternoon’. 6. the form in Abanyom means ‘daytime’. 34 1. These forms are used in the sense of ‘dive’ or ‘dip beneath the surface of the water’ 2. They are to be compared with ‘disappear’ and with ‘extinguish’. 35 These forms are to be compared with those for ‘share’. 12 Roger Blench Ekoid overview Circulation Draft Gloss PoS Mbe Ejagham Ekparabong Balep Bendeghe N Etung S Etung Efutop Nde Nselle Nta Abanyom Nkim Nkum Nnam Ekajuk do v pyè yim lěm lɛ̌ m yǐm yǐm y̌ m nìm nèm nè nè lèm lèmî lèêm lêm lîm dog n m̀ -pyé, ì- njô ŋ̀-gu ɔ́/bɔ̀- ŋ̀-gu ɔ́/bɔ̀- ɲ̀-jɔ̂ /ɔ̀- ɲ̀-jɔ̂ /ɔ̀- ɲ̀-jɔ̂ /ɔ̀- ŋɱ̀ -wu ɔ̂ /ò- ŋɱ̀ -wɔ̂ /ɛ̀- ŋɱ̀ -wɔ̂ /ɛ̀- ŋɱ̀ -wɔ̂ /ɔ̀- ŋ̀-gɔ̂ /ɔ̀- ŋ̀-gɔ̂ /ù- m̀ -bɔ̂ /ù- m̍ -bu ̍ a̍ /ɛ̍ - m̍ -bɷ́ /ɛ̍ - pyè/ bɛ̀- ~ bù- domestic n beku ɛló akûk à-kûg/bà- à-kûg/bà- à-kûg à-kûg à-kûg à-kûg à-kûg à-kôg à-kôg à-kôg (ú- (ù-kômbà/à- ɛ́-kə́òg/á- ɛ́-ḱùg/á- 36 pig kp ɔ̀gb ɔ́/á-) ) 37 door n bufuóro it ə̂ m ò-kégéré/bà- ɱ̀ -fù/bà- m̀ -bù/à-[β] m̀ -bù/à- m̀ -bù/ò-[β] m̀ -buù/ò- m̀ -bù/à- m̀ -bù/à- m̀ -bù/à- m̀ -bò/à- m̀ -bò/à- m̀ -bò/à- m̀ -bò/à- m̀ -bù/à- [β] 38 dove n m̀ -bɛ̀l, kɛ̀- ibh ʉ́é é-bǐ/bé- bɛ̀-bə̌ l/m̀ - bì-βü̂ i ń-dm/à-́ ì-βǘi/m̀ - ì-βíá/m̀ -[b] é-bə̀nâg ɷ̀ m/á- bɛ̍ - b̍ -bnâgù/m̀ ̍ - b̍ -bnâgù/m̀ ̍ - ɛ́-b̀lágòm/m̀ - í-b̌ l/á- í-bə̌ l/ḿ- ɛ̀b-bə̀l/m̀ - ɛ̀b-bl/m̀ ̀ - bèlò ŋ [b] bnâgòm/m̀ ̍ - 39 dress v fé gu ŋé lá ŋ lèbé gùŋɛ̂ , sɔ̀βɛ̂ gù ŋî, sɔ̀βɛ̂ gù ŋî, sɔ̀βɛ̂ lií βʌ̀ nèbê nè βì nè βè lèbâ kàgî kàâg li ˊibì, li ˊibì, kɛ́àg (male), kʌ́àg sobhé (female) drink v nywé gwó yɔ́ jɔ́ wɔ̂ wɔ̂ wɔ̂ wu ɔ́ wɔ̂ wɔ̂ wɔ̂ wɔ̂ wɔ̂ wɔ̂ wɔ́ wɔ́ drum n édúmù, nkam (è-tórí/bè-) (ɛ̀-kp ɛ̀dɛ̀/bɛ̀-) ŋ̀-kǎm/ɔ̀- ŋ̀-kǎm/ɔ̀- ɔ̀-kǎm/ŋ̀- (m̀ -bə́n/à-) ŋ̀-kǎm/à- ŋ̀-kǎ/à- ŋ̀-kǎ/à- ŋ̀-kǎm/à- ŋ́-kǎm/ú- ŋ́-kǎm/ú- ŋ̀-kàm/à- ŋ̀-kàm/à- édúmó dry season n odzendz ɔ oyum ò-lòm ò-lòm ò-yùm ò-yùm ò-yùm ò-lùm ɛ̀-nɷ̀ m ɛ̍ -nòm ò-nò- ɔ́-lôm ù-lòm ù-lòm ɛ́-lôm ɛ́-lûm ŋ, bè-sàr /bù- dry, be v.i. kút, yúm wóm wóm yûm yûm yûm yúm yôm yô yô~yo ̍ ò yôm yôm yôm wóm wúm dry v.t. yw ɔ́mú, bhán bán bán βân βân βân bán bân bân bân bân bân bân bán bán yánú 40 duck v gy ʉ́ŋé ɲúdí kúdúm sɛ́mɛ̀~sɛ́rɛ̀ sɛ́rɛ̀ sɛ́rà --- gɔ̀ŋɔ̂ gɔ̀ŋɔ̀ gɔ̀ŋɔ̀ gɔ̀ŋɛ̂ rɛ̂ m rɛ̂ m rɛ́mɛ̀ rɛ́mɛ́ dust n ebúbú ebh ə́bhé bè-búbí bɛ̀-búbú ɛ̀-βb́ βɛ́ ɛ̀- ɛ̀-ββ́ í è-wúwuú ɛ̀-bu ̍ bu ̍ ɛ̀-bu ̍ bu ̍ ɛ̀-bu ̍ buu ̍ ɛ̀-búbú ì-bùbù ì-bùbù ɛ̀-bò ŋm̀ bu ̍ ɛ̀- β́βɛ́~β́βí bɔ̀ŋə̀mb ɷ̀ dusty, be v.i. bóm ear n otué otû ŋ ò-rôi/bà- ò-rôn/bà- ò-tû ŋ/à- ò-tû ŋ/à- ò-tû ŋ/a̍ - ò-tâɷ̀ ŋ/à- ɛ̀-tɔ̂ ŋ/à- ɛ̀-tɔ̂ ŋ/à- ɔ̀-tɔ̂ ŋ/à- ɔ̀-tô ŋ/à- ù-tô ŋ/à- ù-tô ŋ/à- ɛ̍ -tu ˈɷŋ /a̍ - ɛ̍ -tü ˈɷŋ /a̍ - earth, n ɛ̀-gb ɛ̀rɛ̀, otop ɲ̀-sìsí, ɲ̀- ǹ-tɔ́b~bà- ɲ̀-sǐ/à- ɲ̀-sǐ/à- ɲ̀-sǐ/à- à-tu ɔ́~-tútu ɔ̍ ɲ̀-sè ə̍ ~-sìse ̍ ɲ̀-sǐ ɲ̍ -sìsí ǹ-dě ǹ-děg ǹ-dèg ɛ́~à-[r] ǹ-dè ǹ-dì 41 ground bè-ʃì/ bù- tɔ̀b~bà- eat v lyé dé lí lí dî dî yî yi ɛ́ nɛ̂ nɛ̂ nɛ̂ lî lî lî lí lí egg n lè-kì /bɛ̀- eji é-kě/bá- ɛ́-kǐ/bɛ́- è-jǐ/à- è-jǐ/à- è-jǐ/à- è-zí/à- è-jı ̍ /à- ɛ̀-jı ̍ /à- ì-jı ̍ /à- ɛ́-jǐ/á- í-jǐ/á- í-jǐ/á- ɛ̀-jɛ̀/à- ɛ̀-jɛ̀/à- 42 elephant n bè-tswò njok ɲ̀-sɔ̀g/bɔ̀- ǹ-dɔ̀g/bɔ̀-[r] ɲ̀-jɔ̀g/ɔ̀- ɲ̀-jɔ̀g/ɔ̀- ɲ̀-jɔ̀g/ɔ̀- ɲ̀-zùɔ̀g/ò- ɲ̀-jɔ̀g/ɛ̀- ɲ̀-jɔ̀g/ɛ̀- ɲ̀-jɔ̀g/ɔ̍ - ɲ̀-jɔ̀g/ɔ̀- ɲ̀-jɔ̀g/ù- ɲ̀-jɔ̀g/ù- ɲ̀-jəˋɔ g/ɛ̀- ɲ̀-jɛˋɔ g/ɛ̀- /bù- 43 erase v kɔ́rí (wipe ʧóbhé sìrí tɔ́l ʧɔ́βɛ̀ ʧɔ́βɛ̀ ʧɔ́βɛ̀ fɷ́ n, nɷ́ g sa ̍ mà sa ̍ mà sa ̍ mà rn,̀ dùg fôl fôl fól fu ̍ ˊu̍ tɷ́ off) European n òkárá ébháré-ńn ɔ̀-kágárá/bà- ɔ̀-kágárá/bà- ɔ̀-ká ɣárá/à- ɔ̀- màkárá ò-kə́ɣárá/á- ɛ̀-k̍ ɣa̍ ra ̍ /à- à-kə̍ ɣa̍ ra ̍ à-kə̍ ɣa̍ ra ̍ ɛ̀-kág rá/à-́ ì-kágárá/à- ì-kágárá/à- ɛ̍ - ɛ̍ - e ká ɣárá/à- ka ̍ g̍ ra̍ /a̍ - kɛˈ ak ̍ ra̍ /a̍ - excrement n abí m̀ -b̂ŋ/bà- m̀ -bə̂ ŋ/bà- à-β̂ŋ à-β̂ŋ à-β̂ŋ à-bî ŋ à-bî ŋ à-bɩ̂ ŋ à-bɩ̂ ŋ à-b̂ ŋ à-bə̂ ŋ à-bə̂ ŋ a̍ -bʌ̍ ŋ a̍ -bə̍ ŋ , shit, dung, manure, faeces extinguish v lém táné lmí́ límí tán ɛ̀ tán ɛ̀ tán ɛ̀ lə́mə̀ n̍ mɛ̀ nə̍ mɛ̀ nɛ̍ mɛ̀ lmî́ nḿ ɛ̀ nḿ ɛ̀ lʌ́mɛ́ lə́mɛ́ 44 45 eye n llí /bɛ̀mí ey ə̂ t pl. è-líd/m̀ -md́ lɛ̀-mə́rr/m̀ - è-yîd/à-m̂d ɛ̀-ŷ d/à- ɛ̀-yɛ̂ d/à- è-mə̂ r/à- nɛ̀-mʌ̂ r/à- nə̀-mə̂ r/à- nʌ̀-mʌ̂ r/à- l-m̀ ̂r/à- ì-m̂r/à- ì-m̂r/à- ɛ̍ m- ɛ̍ l-mə̍ r/a̍ - am ə̂ t m̂d m̂d mʌ̍ r/a̍ - 46 fall v ʃór, kwè gbo tǔn,ʧɔ́ ʃɔ́ gb ɔ̌ gb ɔ̌ gb ɔ̌ gbu ɔ̀~gb ɔ̀ gb ɔ̀ gb ɔ̀ gb ɔ̀ gb ɔ̀ gb ɔ̀ɔ̂ gb ɔ̀ɔ̂ gb ɔ̂ gb ɔ̂

36 The forms in the languages of sub-group f-h and minor sub-groups m-p and q participate in no singular/plural alternation. 37 1. The form in N Etung is ‘archaic’. 2. Bendeghe also has the form ò-kí ɣírí/à - with the same meaning. 38 The form in Nde was described as a ‘small wild bird in the pigeon family’. 39 In Nkum sub-group f-h the first is used in reference to men and the second to women (i.e. men’s apparel and women’s apparel). 40 These forms are to be compared with ‘arch’ with ‘squat’, and with ‘bow’ (v.) 41 1. The variant forms in languages Balep and Nkum refer to ‘heaps’ of earth. 2. The plural forms in Nkum sub-group f-h refer to ‘loose earth’. 42 The forms in languages N and S Etung are most usually expanded into the construction ɲ̀ -jɔ̀ g ŋ̀ -gǔn/ ɔ̀ -jɔ̀ g ŋ́ -gǔn (‘... of the land’) to mean ‘elephant’, where the first member of the construction means something like ‘giant’ or ‘monster’. 43 These forms are to be compared with ‘wipe’ and with ‘brush’ (v.) 44 These forms are to be compared with ‘disappear’ and ‘dip’. 45 There is another singular form in Balep, namely m̀ -mɔ̀ g ɔ̂ -r ́n. 13 Roger Blench Ekoid overview Circulation Draft Gloss PoS Mbe Ejagham Ekparabong Balep Bendeghe N Etung S Etung Efutop Nde Nselle Nta Abanyom Nkim Nkum Nnam Ekajuk fan(1) v mp ɔ́b fək fǔg fǔg f̌ g f̌ g f̌ g fi ɛ̀b fɛ̀b fɛ̀b fɛ̀b fɛ̀b fùgî fòȯ̂ g fɛ̂ b fɔ̇̂ g ofuó 47 fan(2) v fǔg fǔg f̌ g f̌ g f̌ g fi ɛ̀b ------fùg fùgî fo ̍ âo̍ g fɛ̂ b fɔ̇̂ g fat n bɛfwám afôm (bà-nɔ̀i) (bà-lɔ̀l) à-fɔ̂ m à-fɔ̂ m à-fɔ̂ m à-fu ɔ̂ m à-fɔ̂ m à-fɔ̂ à-fɔ̂ à-fɔ̂ m à-fɔ̂ m à-fɔ̂ m a̍ -fɔ̍ m a̍ -fɔ̍ m father n ʧé ɲ̀-sǐ/bàɲ- ǹ-dǐ/bà-[r] ɲ́-sɛ́/á- ɲ́-sɛ́/á- ɲ́-sɛ́/á- ɲ́-si ɛ́/á- ɲ̍ -sɛ̍ /bà ɲ̍ - ɲ̍ -sɛ̍ /bà ɲ̍ - ɲ̍ -sɛ̍ /bà ɲ̍ - ń-dɛ́/á- ń-dɛ́/á-[r] ń-dɛ́/á-[r] ń-dɛ̂ /á- ń-dɛ̂ /á- of... 48 [r]~bán-[d] 49 father n è-té ńsé ɲ̍ -sǐ ǹ-dǐ ɲ́-sɛ́ ɲ́-sɛ́ ɲ́-sɛ́ <2. > ɲ̍ -sɔ̂ ɲ̍ -sɔ̂ ɲ̍ -sɔ̂ ɲ́-sɔ́ ɲ́-ʃɔ́ ɲ́-ʃú ɲ́-sɔ́ ɲ́-ʃɔ́ feather n ì-pu /bɛ̀- efut (mín-dòbî/bà- (ń-dòbòg/bá- è-fǔd/à-~ɱ̀ - è-fǔd/à- è-fǔd/ɱ̀ - è-fɷ̌ r/à- nɛ̀-fǔr/à- nə̀-fǔr~ne ̍ -/a̍ - nò-fǒd/à- l-f́ ǒr/á- í-fǒr/ɱ́ - í-fǒr/ɱ́ - ɛ̀b-fòr/à- ɛ̀l-fùr/à- [r]) [r]) ~ɱ̀ - ~à-~bè- fifteen nu òɲì ekû è-kó lɛ̀-kó è-kû è-kû è-kû mè-kúù nɛ̀ko ̍ ò nə̀-kô nò-ko ̍ ò l-kồ í-kôr í-kôr ɛ́k-kô ɛ́l-kû m 50 find v bw ɔ́ŋ, kpé té té té tî tî tî tíì te ̍ è tê te ̍ è têr têr,(jà ŋî) têr,(jàâ ŋ) ti ˊeŋ ti ˊɨŋ finish v màl (v.i.), man mǎn mǎn mǎn mǎn mǎn màn,maár ə̀ (kʌ̂ n) (kə̂ n) (k ə̂ n) màl màlî màâl mâl mâl mání (v.t.) 51 fire n ò-mwén ngûn mì ŋ-kǒd/bà- ŋ̀-kǒr/bà- ŋ̀-gûn/à- ŋ̀-gûn/à- ŋ̀-gûn/à- ŋ̀-gɣn/à- ŋ̀-gôn/à- ŋ̀-gô~gôn/à- ŋ̀-gôn/à- ŋ̀-gôn/à- ŋ̀-gôn ŋ̀-gôn/à- ŋ̍ -go ̍ n/a̍ - ŋ̍ -gu ̍ n/a̍ - /ɛ̀- firewood n yw ɛ̀n okún ɲ̀-sí/bói/ŋ̀- bò-kón/ŋ̀- ò-kún/ŋ̀- ò-kú ŋ/ŋ̀- ò-kún/ŋ̀- è-kɣn/ŋ̀- ɛ̀-ko ̍ n/ŋ̀- ɛ̀-ko ̍ n/ŋ̀- èko ̍ n/ŋ̀- ɛ̀-kón/ŋ̀- ì-kón/ŋ̀- ì-kón/ŋ̀- ɛ̍ -ko ̍ n/ŋ̍ - ɛ̍ -ku ̍ n/ŋ̍ - /by ɛ̀n 52 fish n kɛ̀ʃú nsé ɲ̀-sí/bò- ǹ-dí/bò-[r] ɲ̀-sí/ò- ɲ̀-sí/ò- ɲ̀-sí/ò- <---> <---> <---> <---> ɔ̀-rí/à- ŋ́-kɔ̌ b/á- ŋ́-kɔ̀bɔ́/á- ɲ̀-sʌ̀rɛ̀ ɲ̀-ʃə̀rɛ̀ fish n à-wâ ŋ bà-wâ ŋ bà-wâ ŋ à-wâ ŋ à-wâ ŋ á-ŋ́ à-wə̂ ŋ à-wʌ̂ ŋ à-wʌ̂ ŋ à-wʌ̂ ŋ à-wâ ŋ ì-wâ ŋ/à- ì-wâ ŋ/à- a̍ -wɛˈ aŋ a̍ -wɛˈɛŋ smell 53 fish-hook n é-lɔ́ŋ óyôp bɛ́-lɔ́b/mín-[l] bɛ́-lɔ́/ń-`n~ (ɛ̀-βáŋ ó-sí/à-) ɔ́-yɔ̂ b/á- ɔ́-yɔ̂ b/á- é-lu ɔ́~-lɔ́/á- bɛ̍ -nɔ̍ /n̍ - bə̍ nɔ̍ /n̍ - bɔ̍ -n:ɔ/n̍ - b-ĺ ɔ́/ń-`n~ (ú-kúja ̍ /á-) ú-lɔ́/á- ɛ̍ l-lɔ̍ /n̍ - ɛ̍ b-lɔ̍ /n̍ - 54 fit v <ɛ̀-kɔ́ná ŋ> kɔ́ná ŋ βǐ g βǐ g βǐ g lə́g fùmû fùmù fòmò fòmâ lâg lâg fo ˊomò fu ˊumù five n -ʧán árôn, bɛ́-rɔ̂ n bɛ́-rɔ̂ n ɛ́-rɔ̂ n~bí- ɛ́-rɔ̂ n ɛ́-rɔ̂ n á-dɔ̂ n bɛ̍ -rɔ̂ n bə̍ -rɔ̂ n bə̍ -rɔ̂ n bɛ́-rɔ̂ n í-rɔ̂ n í-rɔ̂ n ɛ́l-lɔ́n~ɛ́- ɛ́b-lɔ́n ńdôn, érôn flog v kúd dú ť m ť m ť m kə́r mɔ̀b mə̀b mɔ̀b dû dû dû dú dɷ́ flow v yál, rwé yʉt, sé fáb fáb (sɛ̂ ) (sɛ̂ ) fâb fáb fâb fâb fâb fâb fâb fâb fáb fáb fly v gàn, fwór fəbhé bú bú fb̀ ɛ̂ fβɛ̀ ̂ ~fβ̀ ̂ fβ̀ î fuú βə̀ fùbû~fù βû fùbù fùbù fùbî b̂g~bûg bo ̇̂ g fɔ̍ ˊŋŋɔ̀ fɔ̍ ˊŋŋɔ̀ (jump) 55 forehead n mbûk m̀ -bóg/bò- m̀ -bóg/bà- m̀ -bûg/ò-[β]~à- m̀ -bûg/ò- m̀ -bûg/ò- (ǹ-dún/ò-[d]) (ǹ-do ̍ n/à-[r]) (ǹ-do ̍ n) (ǹ-do ̍ n) m̀ -bôg/à- m̀ -bôg/à- m̀ -bôg/à- m̍ - m̍ -bɨˈ ug/a̍ - [β] [β]~à-[β] [β] bəˈ og/a̍ - forest n ì-kɛ̀m /bɛ̀- é-kúé /á- è-kókói è-kól/bè- é-kú ɛ/á- é-kúi/á- é-kúa/á- è-kún é- ɛ̀-kɨn o̍ -gb ɛ̀/à- ɛ̀-ko ̍ n o̍ - ɛ̍ -mɛ̀n ɛ̂ - ɛ̀-kól ì-kól ì-kól/ŋ̀- ɛ̀-kòl/ò- ɛ̀-kùl ù- gb ɛ̀/à-..á- ku ̍ n a̍ ŋm-gb ɛ̀ gb ɛ̀/à-ko ̍ n gb ɛ̀/à-mɛ̀n gb ɛ̀/à-..ò- gb ɛ̂ /à-..ù- ŋ̍ m-gb ɛ̀ âŋm-gb ɛ̀ ,ɛ̍ -ku ̍ l/a̍ forget v yɔ́nî gyiné yìdí jìrá ŋ yìnî yìnî yìnâ yín ə̀ ta ̍ n̍ tèr yìnì yìnì yènâ yèdî yèn ɛ̂ yénè yínì four nu -nyí ńnî bɛ́-nɛ̂ bɛ́-nɛ̂ é-nî é-nî é-nî á-ɲiɛ̂ bɛ̍ -nɛ̂ bə̍ -nɛ̂ bɛ̍ -nɛ̂ b-nî́ í-nî í-nî ɛ́-ní ɛ́b-ní~ɛ́m- m ní fowl n bè-kw ɔ̀ ǹ-kòk ŋ̀-kɔ̌ g/bɔ̀- ŋ̀-kɔ̌ g/bɔ̀- ŋ̀-kɔ̌ g/ɔ̀- ŋ̀-kɔ̌ g/ɔ̀- ŋ̀-kɔ̌ g/ɔ̀- ŋ̀-ku ɔ̌ g/ò- ŋ̀-kɔ̌ g/ɛ̀- ŋ̀-kɔ̌ g/ɔ̀- ŋ̀-kɔ̌ g/ɔ̀- ŋ̀-kɔ̌ g/ɔ̀- ŋ̀- ŋ̀-kɔ̌ g/ù- ŋ̀-kəˋɔ g/ɛ̀- ŋ̀-kɛˋɔ g/ɛ̀- kɔ̌ g~kɔ̀gí/ù- friend n bù-ʧì /bɛ̀- ǹ-tèm /à- ǹ-tèn/bàn- ǹ-tèn/bàn,(ŋ̀- ǹ-tɛ̀m/à- ǹ-tɛ̀m/à- ǹ-tɛ̀m/à- ǹ-ti ɛ̀m/à- ǹ-tɛ̀m/à- ǹ-tɛ̀/à- ǹ-tɛ̀/à- ǹ-tɛ̀m/à- ǹ-tɛ̀m/à- ǹ-tɛ̀m/à- ǹ-tɛ̀m/à- ǹ-tɛ̀m/à- kɛ̌ n/bà-) 56 frond n òb ɔ̀-mbór ɛ̀-kpàk/à- é-bègê/bé- ɛ́-bègêl/bɛ́- ɛ̀-kpàg á-kp ɛ́/à- ɛ̀-kpàg/à- ɛ̀-kpàg/à --- ɛ̀-gb ə̀ɣa̍ /à- ɛ̀-gb ə̀ɣa̍ /à- ɛ̀-gb ə̀ɣa̍ /à- ɛ́-gbâgâ/á- ì-kpàg ú-b̂r ì-kpàgà/à- ɛ̀- ɛ̀- ,ŋɱ́ - gb ɛˋ ag ɛ̀/à gb ɛˋ aɣɛ̀/à- - fruit n è-rèn ǹ-kàp/à------ŋ̀-kàb/à- ŋ̀-kàb/à- ŋ̀-kàb/à- (ŋ̀-sûm/à-) ŋ̀-kàb/à- ŋ̀-kàb/à- ŋ̀-kàb/à- ŋ̀-kàb/à- ŋ̀-kàb/à- (ì-r[ ɣm) ŋ̀-kàb/à- ŋ̀-kàb/à- fry v yá ŋ ká ŋé kání kán ɛ́ káŋɛ̀ káŋɛ̀ káŋɛ̀ kaá ŋə̀ ka ̍ ŋà ka ̍ ŋà ka ̍ ŋà ká ŋâ kâ ŋ ká ŋà kəˊ aŋɛ́ kɛáŋɛ́

46 The forms in Ekparabong refers to a person and the second to a fruit on a tree. 47 These forms have the specific meaning of ‘fan vigorously’. 48 These forms are used for teknonymy as well as for discussion of general kinship. 49 1. These forms are used in possessive constructions ‘my father, your father, his father, etc.’ 2.Efutop tàtá ‘my father’ 50 1. The form in Balep means ‘find again’ or ‘retrieve’. 2. The second forms in languages Nkim and Nkum mean ‘find something when it has been lost’. 51 These forms are identical with those for ‘gun’ (q.v.) except for the lack of singular-plural alternation in Nkim. 52 1. minor sub-group m-p uses a construction with the meaning ‘animal of the water’ 2. The plural form in Ekajuk is ‘rare’. 53 In N Etung the initial consonant of the root was described as a ‘light w’ and appears to have a labio-dental articulation. 54 1. These forms are used in the sense of ‘fit, suit, become’. 2. The form in Ekparabong is a nominalization because the ‘imperative’ could not be elicited. 55 The forms in languages Nselle and Nta do not allow of any singular/plural alternation. 56 These forms refer especially to the ‘lower palm frond’. 14 Roger Blench Ekoid overview Circulation Draft Gloss PoS Mbe Ejagham Ekparabong Balep Bendeghe N Etung S Etung Efutop Nde Nselle Nta Abanyom Nkim Nkum Nnam Ekajuk germinate v.i. fwám, fém mɛ̌ i mɛ̌ ̃ mɛ̀ɛ̂ ,(dǚ) mɛ̌ ,(dǚ) mɛ̌ ,(ru ̇̌ ) míɛ̀ mɛ̀ɛ̃ ̂ ̃ mɛ̀ ̃ mɛɛ̃ ̀ mɛ̀r mɛ̀rî mɛ̀ɛ̂ r mʌ̂ ŋ mə̂ ŋ mɔ̀r go out 57 v yúbô ť b tə̌ b dùɛ̂ ,fâm fâm fâb dúù rùû rù rù jôg jôg jôg lɔ̇̂ ŋ lɔ̇̂ ŋ goat n m̀ -pû ɛl m̀ -búi /ò- m̀ -bói/bò- m̀ -ból/bò- m̀ -bû ɛ/ò-[β] m̀ -bûi/ò- m̀ -bûi/ò- m̀ -bâɷ̀ n/ò- m̀ -bôn/è- m̀ -bôn/ɛ̀- m̀ -bôn/ò- m̀ -bôl/ɔ̀- m̀ -bôl/ù- m̀ -bôl/ù- m̍ -bo ̍ l/ɛ̍ - m̍ -bu ̍ l/ɛ̍ - [β] [β] 58 God n òʧúw ɛ̀ ò-βàsì ɔ̀-sɔ́wɔ̀ ɔ̀-sɔ́wɔ̀ ɔ̀-sɔ̂ wɔ̀,ɔ̀-βàsì ɔ̀-sɔ̂ wɔ̀,ɔ̀- ɔ̀-sɔ́wɔ̀,ɔ̀- ò-sôwu ɔ̀ ɛ̀-sɔ̍ wɔ̀ ɛ̀-so ̍ wɔ̀ ɔ̀-sɔ̍ wɔ̀ ɔ̀-sɔ́wɔ̂ /à- ì-ʃɔ̂ ~-ʃɔ̂ wɔ̀ í-ʃɔ́ɔ̀ ɛ́-sɔ́wɔ̂ ɛ́-ʃɔ́wɔ̂ βàsì βàsì gourd n kɛ́bu ɔ́ è-kpú ŋ ɔ̀-kp ɛ̀dà/bà- ɔ̀-kp ɛ̀/bà- ɔ̀-kp ɛ̀rɛ̀/à- ɔ̀-kp ɛ̀rɛ̀/à- ɔ̀-kp ɛ̀rɛ̀/à------ŋɱ̀ -kp ɛ̀dɛ̀/ɔ̀- ŋm̀ -kp ɛ̀d/ù- ŋm̀ - ŋm̀ - ŋm̀ - kp ɛ̀dɛ̀/ù- kp ə̀dɛ̀/ɛ̀- kp ə̀dɛ̀/ɛ̀b- grasp v py ɛ̀l fì dáb dáb fìî fìî fìî fín ə̀ fǹ ɛ̂ fɩnì̀ fɩnì̀ fèlê fèlî fèl ɛ̂ félè fílì grave n bù-lɛ̀m ò-yə̀m /à- ò-yǒ/bà- ò-lǔ/bà- ɔ̀-ỳm/à- ɔ̀-ỳm/à- ɔ̀-ỳm/à- ò-lə̍ m/à- ɛ̀-nʌ̀m/bɛ̀-~à- ɛ̀-nʌ̀m/bə̀-~à- ɔ̀- ɔ̀-lm/à-̀ ù-lm/à-̀ ù-lə̀m/à- ɛ̀-lʌ̀m/à- ɛ̀-lə̀m/à- nʌ̀m~nə̀m/à- 59 grey hair n ìpí m̀ pí --- m̀ -bíbí/bò------è-yî/à- nɛ̀-bı ̍ ì/à- nɛ̀-bî/à- nì-bı ̍ /à- l-bî~-b̀ ̂ r/à- ì-bí/à- à-bí ɛ̍ b-bı ̍ /a̍ - ɛ̍ l-bı ̍ /a̍ - grind v kw ɔ́ gǒk kɔ̌ g kɔ̌ g gɔ̌ g gɔ̌ g gɔ̌ g gu ɔ̀g gɔ̀g gɔ̀g gɔ̀g gɔ̀g gɔ̀gî gɔ̀ɔ̂ g gə́ɔ̀g géɔ̀g groundnut n ǹjík ɔ́rɔ́ if ə̂ t ɱ́ -fɩ́rî ɱ́ -fɩ̀rî ɱ́ -fìrî ì-f̂d/ɱ̀ - ì-f̂d/ɱ̀ - ɱ́ -fír ə̀ ɱ̍ -fr̀ ̂~f'rî ɱ̍ -fr̀ ̂~f'rî ɱ̍ -frı̀ ̍ ɱ́ -f̂rî à-ʃ̀kpá à-ʃɛ̀kpá à-skpá̀ à-ʃ̀kpá 60 guest n bù-kɛ̀n ǹ-jéné /à mì ŋ- ɲ̀-jɛ̌ n/bà- ɲ̀-jɛ́nɛ́/à- ɲ̀-jɛ́nɛ́/à- ɲ̀-jɛ́ná/à- ɲ̀-zi ɛ̀náni ɛ̀/à- ɲ̀-jànânà/à- ɲ̀-jɛ̀nân ɛ̀/à- ɲ̀-jɛ̀ra ̍ nɛ̀/à- ɲ̀-jɛ̀nán ɛ̀/à- ɲ̀-jɛ̌ nɛ̀ ɲ̀-jɛ̌ nɛ̀ ɲ̀-jɛ̀n- ɲ̀-jɛ̀n- kɛ̀ŋkɛ́n/bà- jɛ̀nán ɛ̂ nɛ̀/à- nɛ̀/à- 61 gun n ò-mwén ǹgûn mì ŋ-kǒd/bà- ŋ̀-kǒr/bà- ŋ̀-gûnà- ŋ̀-gûn/à- ŋ̀-gûn/à- ŋ̀-gâɷ̀ n/ò-~à- ŋ̀-gôn/à- ŋ̀-gô~-gôn/à- ŋ̀-gôn/à- ŋ̀-gôn/à- ŋ̀-g'ôn/à- ŋ̀-gôn/à- ŋ̍ -go ̍ n/a̍ - ŋ̍ -gu ̍ n/a̍ - hair (head) n bù-ɲùŋ ǹ-ny ʉ̂ ǹ-dí ǹ-títí/ ǹ-tí ǹ-nü̂ ǹ-nü̂ ɲ̀-ɲü̂ è-lû/ ǹ-[l] nɛ̀-nû/ ǹ- nɔ̀-nû/ ǹ- nù-nû/ ǹ- l-̀ ɲû/ɲ̀- ɲ́-ɲù-ʃî ń-nù-ʃî ɛ̍ l-lu ̍ /n̍ -[l] ɛ̍ l-lu ̍ /a̍ - hair (on n ì-mw ɛ̀ ì-ɲòt ŋ̀-wɔ̌ d ŋ̀-ŋuɔ̀ŋuɔ̂ r/bà- ɛ̀-ɲɔ̌ d/à- ì-ɲɔ̌ d/à- ɲ̀-ɲɔ̂ d/à- è-mu ɔ̌ r/à- nɛ̀-mɔ̌ r/à- nə̀-mɔ̌ r/à- nʌ̀-mǎr/à- l-̀ ŋɱuɔ̌ r/à- ì-ŋuɔ̌ r/à- ì-mɔ̌ r/à- ɛ̀ɲ-ɲàr/à- ɛ̀l-ɲàr/à- body) 62 ŋuɔ̌ r ɲɔ̌ d hammer v kúm kóm kóm kûm kûm kûm kɷ́ m kôm kô kô kôm kôm kôm kóm kúm 63 harvest v fʉ̌ fǔ fǔ fǜî fǜ fu ̇̌ (sə́m) fù fù fù fù fù --- fû fâɷ̀ 64 hatch v βǔ k bǒg bǒg βǔ g βǔ g βǔ g laá ɣə̀ na ̍ gà~na ̍ ɣà na ̍ ɣà na ̍ ɣà wà wàâ wàâ la ˊad ɛ́ wâ, la ˊad ɛ́ 65 hate v jǐŋ jə̌ ŋ jǐŋ (yírì) ǰ ŋ,(yírà) zì ŋ,(líì) jì ŋ jì ŋ jì ŋ jŋ̀ <ú-jŋ̀ í> <ú-jə̌ ŋ> jʌ̂ ŋ jə̂ ŋ 66 head n bù-cí /bè- è-ʧî/bì-,à- è-rí/bè- ɛ̀-rí/bɛ̀- è-ʧî/bì-,à- è-ʧî/bì,à- è-ʧî/à- è-sî/à- ɛ̀-sî/bɛ̀-,à- ɛ̀-sî/b-̀ ì-sî/bì- ɛ̀-sî/b-,à-̀ ì-ʃî/à- ì-ʃî/à- ɛ̍ -si/a̍ - ɛ̍ -ʃı̍ /a̍ -~ɛ̍ - ʃı̍ /a̍ - headpad n lliár nkâ ŋ̀-ká/bɔ̀- ŋ̀-ká/bà- ŋ̀-kâ/ɔ̀- ŋ̀-kâ/ɔ̀- ŋ̀-kâ/ɔ̀- ŋ̀-káà/à- ŋ̀-ka ̍ à/à- ŋ̀-kâ/à- ŋ̀-ka ̍ à/à- ŋ̀-kâ/ɔ̀- ŋ̀-kàr/à- ŋ̀-kárà/ù- ŋ́- ŋ́- kəˊ aŋɛ́/á- kɛˊ aŋɛ́/á- hear v ywó yúk wóg wóg yúg~yûg yúg~yûg yúg yu ɔ́g yɔ̂ g yɔ̂ g yôg yôg yôg yôg wəˊ og wɨˊ ug heart n bù- ḿbə́ŋé ǹ-tèd/bò- ǹ-dɛ́nɛ̀ŋ/bà-[r] ḿ-bŋɛ́ ́/ó-[β] ḿ-bŋɛ́ ́/ó- ḿ-bŋ́ í/ɔ́- è-tím/à- nè-te ̍ m/ ǹ- nə̀-te ̍ /ǹ- nè-tee ̍ /ǹ- l-tém/̀ ǹ- ì-tém/ ǹ- ì-tém/n- ɛ̍ t-te ̍ m/n̍ - ɛ̍ l-tı ̍ m/n̍ - tɛ̀m/bè- [β] [β] 67 heat v.t. yàt sɔ́ŋí rɔ́ŋɛ́ súb ɛ̀ súbì~fúbì fú βì fú βà fɨβì fı ̍ bè fə̍ βè fóbê fôb fób ɔ̀ fóbó fúbú 68 hide v.i. bîm βéré bǒ bǒ β́mɛ̀ βɛ́rɛ̀~βîd~ βɛ́rà yı ̍ βə̀ bı ̍ bì bı ̍ bì bı ̍ bì bô bôb bób ɔ̀ bi ˊirí bi ˊirí β́mɛ̀ hide s.t. v.t. ɲìe hit 69 v jú súm sóm ʃóm sûm sûm sûm súm (kʌ̂ r) (kə̂ r) (kʌ̂ r) rôm rôm rôm róm rúm hoe n è-rwé, kɛ̀- è-yòm / ǹ- ɛ̀-lɔ̌ m/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-lɔ̌ m/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-yɔ̌ m/ɲ̀- ɛ̀-yɔ̌ m/ɲ̀- ɛ̀-yɔ̌ m/ɲ̀- è-dû/à- è-rô/bè- ɛ̀-rô/bì- è-rô/bò- ɛ̀-rô/b-̀ ì-ró/à- ì-ró/à- ɛ̍ -lo ̍ /ɛ̍ b- ɛ̍ -lu ̍ /ɛ̍ b- rwé hoe v káb ku ǎŋ fə̌ m kp ǎŋ kp ǎŋ kp ǎŋ kp ə̀n ------kpá ŋâ kpâ ŋ kpá ŋà kp əˊ aŋɛ́ kp ɛˊ aŋɛ́ 70 hoe v.i. (ku ǎŋ ) fə̌ m (kp ǎŋ ) (kp ǎŋ ) (kp ǎŋ ) bə̀m bɔ̀m bə̀m bɔ̀m bm̀ (tâ) (tâ) bʌ̂ m bə̂ m 71 hole n ì-pwó /bɛ̀- mfúk, è-bébé/bè- ɛ̀-bɛ́bɛ́/b ɛ̀- é-βírí/á- é-βírí/á- é-βírá/á- ò-bií/à- nè-bee ̍ /à- nè-be ̍ /à- nè-bee ̍ /à- l-bé/à-̀ ì-bér/m̀ - ì-bér/m̀ - ɛ̍ b- ɛ̍ l-bi ˈəŋ /a̍ - , lè-pì otáé, bi ˈeŋ/a̍ - ~m̀ - ébhéré

57 These forms are used in the sense ‘leave the room’. 58 S Etung also has the further form ɛ́-βr̀ ɔ̌ kpáβí. 59 The form in Nkum has no singular/plural alternation. 60 a change of tone in the plurals of Nkum sub-group m-p will be discussed in the [never-appeared] next volume. 61 The roots in the above forms are identical with those for ‘fire’ (q.v.). 62 The form in Ekparabong has no singular. 63 These forms are used specifically in the sense ‘harvest yams’, except in minor sub-groups r-s and t-u where they mean ‘harvest groundnuts’. 64 compare ‘break’ (v.tr.) 65 1. In languages Nkim and Nkum the ‘imperative’ could not be elicited and the forms given mean ‘hatred’. 2. The first form in Efutop means ‘abstain’. 66 1. of the two plural prefixes given for languages Bendeghe and N Etung the first is used to refer to ‘leaders’ and the second to ‘skills’. 2. of the two plural prefixes for languages Nde and Abanyom the second is used to refer to ‘animal’ heads. 67 These forms are used especially in the sense of ‘re-heat soup’. 68 These forms are used in the sense of ‘hide oneself’. 69 The missing cognates in languages n-p can be found under the gloss ‘clear bush’. 70 1. another possible gloss for these forms is ‘cultivate’ (v.). 2. The form in Abanyom also means ‘plant’ (v.). 15 Roger Blench Ekoid overview Circulation Draft Gloss PoS Mbe Ejagham Ekparabong Balep Bendeghe N Etung S Etung Efutop Nde Nselle Nta Abanyom Nkim Nkum Nnam Ekajuk horn n í-tá ŋ /bɛ́- ńtá ŋ ŋ̀-ŋuɛ́g/bɔ̀- ǹ-ta ŋ/bà- bì-βǎŋ /à- ì-βǎŋ /à- ń-tá ŋ/á-, ì- ǹ-tə́ŋá/à- ǹ-t̍ ŋa̍ /à- ǹ-tə̍ ŋa̍ /à- ǹ-tə̍ ŋa̍ /à- ǹ-tá ŋ/à- ǹ-tâ ŋ/à- ǹ-tá ŋ/ù- n̍ -tɛˈ aŋ/á- n̍ -tɛˈ aŋ/a̍ - ~m̀ [b] βǎŋ /m̀ -[b] hornbill n ŋ̀-gɔ̀n/bɔ̀- ŋ̀-gɔ̀n/bɔ̀- ŋ̀-gɔ̀n/ɔ̀- ŋ̀-gɔ̀n/ɔ̀- ŋ̀-gɔ̀n/ɔ̀- ŋ̀-gu ɔ̀n/à- ŋ̀-gɔ̀n/à- ŋ̀-gɔ̀n/ɛ̀- ŋ̀-gɔ̀n/à- ŋ̀-gɔ̀n/ɔ̀- ŋ̀-gɔ̀n/à- ŋ̀-gɔ̀n/à- ŋ̀-gɔ̀n/ɛ̀- ŋ̀-gɔ̀n/à- ~à- 72 house n ò-swè/ɛ̀- ǹ-jû/ò- ɲ̀-jù/bò- ɲ̀-jù/bò- ɲ̀-jû/ò- ɲ̀-jû/ò- ɲ̀-dzû/ò- ɲ̀-zû/ò- ɲ̀-jô/bè- ɲ̀-jô/bə̀- ɲ̀-jû/bù- ɲ̀-jô/b-,̀ ì-tàb/à ì-tàbà/à- ɲ̍ -jo ̍ ,ɛ̍ - ɲ̍ -ju ̍ ,ɛ̍ - ɛ̀tɛ́g/b-̀ tʌ̍ g/n̍ - tə̍ g/n̍ - how qua -ɲí -βék -fég -fég -βíg -βíg -βíg -bíg -bı ̍ g -be ̍ g -be ̍ g -bég -bég -bég -bíèg -bí g̀ many 73 nt hunt n et ə́m-enór ò-bêm/bà ò-bêm/bà- ò-βîm/à- ò-βîm/à- ò-βîm/à- ò-bîm ò-bêm/à- ɛ̀-bê/à- ò-bê/à- ɔ̀-bêm/à- ù-bêm/à- ù-bêm/à- ɛ̍ -be ̍ m/a̍ - ɛ̍ -bı ̍ m/a̍ - óm hunt v bû, wú ɔ βém (yád) bém ------b̌ m~β̌ m bím bêm bê bê bêm bêm bêm bém bím husband n bù-lw ɔ́m bù-lw ɔ́m mì-núm/bà- ǹ-nóm/bà-[l] ǹ-dûm/à-[r] ǹ-dûm/à- ǹ-nûm/à-[r] ǹ-lɷ̀ m/à- ǹ-nôm/à- ǹ-nô/à- ǹ-nô/à- ǹ-nôm/à-[l] ǹ-nɔ̂ m/à- ǹ-nɔ̂ m/à- n̍ -lo ̍ m/a̍ - n̍ -lu ̍ m~- /bɛ̀- lóm [r] lôm lôm nu ̍ m/a̍ -[l] iguana n (é-sôb/bé-) (ɛ́-rôb/bɛ́-) ɛ̀-βág/bì- ɛ̀-βág/bì- ɛ̀-βág/à- è-bə́g/à- ɛ̀-ba ̍ g/à- ɛ̀-ba ̍ g/b-̀ ɛ̀-ba ̍ g/bə̀- ɛ̀-bág/à- (í-bɔ́/á-) (ì-bójág/à-) ɛ̍ -jɛˈ ag/a̍ - ɛ̍ -jɛˈ ag/a̍ - (‘monitor ~bɛ̀- lizard’) iroko n ǹ-sàn/à- ɔ̀-sàn/bà- ɔ̀-ràn/bà- ɲ̀-sàn/à- ɲ̀-sàn/à- ɲ̀-sàn/à- (m̀ -biín ə́/à-) (m̀ -be ̍ n/à-) (m̀ -be ̍ n/à-) (m̀ -be ̍ n/à-) ɲ̀-jàn/à- (ù-lókò/à-) (ù-lókò/à-) ɲ̀-jàn/à- ɲ̀-jàn/à- tree 74 ,(m̍ - be ̍ n/a̍ -) 75 iron n ò-kwò ŋ ò-kò ŋà/bà- ɛ̀-kò ŋà/bɛ̀- ò-kù ŋà/à- ò-kù ŋà/à- ò-kù ŋà/à- ò-ku ɔ̀ŋə̀/à- ɛ̀-kù ŋà/à- ɛ̀-kù ŋà/à- ò-kò ŋà/à- ɛ̀-kò ŋà/à- ì-kò ŋ/à- ì-kòŋɔ̀/à- ɛ̀- ɛ̀- ,ɛ̀- ,ɛ̀-βáŋɛ́/à- kəˋ oŋò/à- kɨˋ uŋù/à- βáŋɛ́/m̀ - [b] 76 itch n è-wó ŋé ŋ̀-kɔ́kɔ̀gî/bɔ̀- ŋ̀-kɔ́kɔ̀gɔ̂ l/bà- ɛ̀-wɔ́ŋɛ́ ɛ̀-wɔ́ŋɛ́ à-yɔ́ŋá ŋm̀ -kpâb/à- ŋ̀-kı ̍ kɔ̍ /à- ŋ̀-kɔ̍ kɔ̍ nɔ̍ /à- ɛ̀-kɔ̍ kɔ̍ nɔ̍ /à- ŋ̀-kḱ ɔ́lá/à- ŋ̀-kḱ ɔ́l/à- ŋ̀-kḱ ɔ́lɔ́/à- ŋˈm- ŋˈm- kp ̍ kɔ̍ lɔ̍ /a̍ - kpa ̍ kɔ̍ lɔ̍ /a̍ - 77 joint n le-kwán nkôn ɛ̀-mɛ̀g/bɛ̀- lɛ̀-mɛ̀gɛ̀l/m̀ - ɛ̀-mɛ̀ɣɛ́/à- ɛ̀-mɛ̀ɣɛ́/à- ɛ̀-mɛ̀ɣɛ́/à- --- ɛ̀-mìgı ̍ /à- ɛ̀-mgè ̍ /à- ɛ̀-mɛ̀ɣɛ̍ /à- ɛ̀-mɛ̀gɛ̀/à- ì-mɛ̀g/à- ì-mɛ̀gɛ̀/à- ɛ̀-mʌ̀gɛ̀/à- ɛ̀-mə̀ɣɛ̀/à- 78 journey n lè-kɛ̀n è-jèn ɛ̀-kɛ̀n lɛ̀-kɛ̀n/ŋ̀- ɛ̀-jɛ̀n/bì- ɛ̀-jɛ̀n/bì- ɛ̀-jɛ̀n/bɛ̀- è-zi ɛ̀n nɛ̀-jɛ̀n/ɲ̀- nə̀-jɛ̀n nɛ̀-jɛ̀n l-j̀ ɛ̀n/ɲ̀- ì-jɛ̀n/ɲ̀- ì-jɛ̀n/ɲ̀- ɛ̀j-jɛ̀n/ɲ̀- ɛ̀l-jɛ̀n/ɲ̀- jump v fwôr fə̀ßé, ɲə́p, (ɲb),f́ rí̀ (bú) (ɲ̂n) fβ̀ î,(ɲ̂b) fβ̀ î,(bâg) fi ɛ́b,(yə̀b) fɛ̂ b fɛ̂ b fɛ̂ b fɛ̂ b fɛ̂ b fɛ̂ b fɛ́b fɛ́b jùt kidney n m̀ -pɔ́/ ḿfə́k m̀ -pópóg m̀ -pə́g/bà- ɱ̀ -fǵ ɱ́ -fg/á-́ ɱ́ -fg/á-́ è-dù βə́/à- ɱ̀ -fɔ́ɣɔ́βâ ɱ̀ -fɔ̍ g/à- ɱ̀ -fo ̍ g/à- ɱ̀ -f̂g/à- ɱ̀ -f̂g~- ɱ́ -fə́gɛ́/á- ɱ́ -fǵ ɔ́/á- ɱ́ -fɔ́ɣɔ́/á- bɛ̀m- fg/à-́ kill v yw ɛ́l ywé wói wól yû ɛ yûi yûi yún yôn yôn yôn yôl yôl yôl wól wúl knee n lè-lú/bɛ̀- arú ŋ, êrʉ́ŋ è-dûndú ŋ/bè- ɛ̀-rûndú ŋ/bɛ̀- ê-rǘŋ/â- ê-rǘŋ~- ê-rú ŋ/â- è-dâɷ̀ ŋ/à- ɛ̀-rɔ̂ ŋ/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-rɔ̂ ŋ/b-̀ ɛ̀-rɔ̂ ŋ/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-rû ŋ/ǹ-[d] ì-râɷ̀ ŋ/à- ì-ro ̇̂ ŋ/à- ɛ̍ -lʌ̍ ŋ/a̍ - ɛ̍ -lʌ̍ ŋ/a̍ - rú ŋ/â- kneel v ɲúdí kúdúm ------kə́mə̀ k̍ mɛ̀ k̍ mɛ̀ kə̍ mɛ̀ kùmâ k̂m kóm ɔ̀- jʌˊ mm ɛ̀ jəˊ mm ɛ̀ 79 knife n kɛ̀-sù ɔm/ bɛ̀-bàná ŋ/mì- ǹ-tə̀mà/bà- bì-tm̀ ɛ̀/ǹ- ì-tm̀ ɛ̀/ǹ- ì-tmà/̀ ǹ- ǹ-tə̀mà/ò- ǹ-tm̀ ɛ̀/à- ǹ-tə̀mɛ̀/à- ǹ-tɛ̀mɛ̀/à- ǹ-tùmà/ɔ̀- ǹ-tm/ù-̀ ǹ-tə̀mɔ̀/ù- ǹ-tʌ̀mɛ̀/ɛ̀- ǹ-tə̀mɛ̀/ɛ̀b- kè- knock, v gw ɛ̀l gbák gbág gbág gbâg gbâg gbâg kp ə́g gbâg gb ə̂ g gb ʌ̂ g gbâg ------gb ɛˊ ag gb ɛˊ ag clap 80 knot n è-kpù/à- è-kpò/bè- è-kpò/bè- è-kpù/à- è-kpù/à- è-kpù/à- è-kpù/à- è-kpò/à- ɛ̀-kpò/à- è-kpò/à- ɛ̀-kpò~- ì-kpòd/à- ì-kp ǒd/à- ɛ̀-kpòd/à- ɛ̀-kpùd/à- kp ǒd/à- knot v (s ǐd) (rə̌ d) ------kə̀n kʌ̀n kə̀n kə̀n kùn kɷ̀ nî ko ̇ ̀ân kʌ̂ n kə̂ n 81 know v màl mə̀ŋé mǎi màɛ́ ̃ mɛ̀ŋɛ̂ mɛ̀ŋɛ̂ mɛ̀ŋɛ̂ gbi ɛ́rə̀ mŋ̀ î mŋ̀ ì mì ŋì mɛ̀ŋɛ̂ ɲî ɲî mʌ́ŋɛ̀ mə́ŋɛ̀, mâl laugh v sɔ́, m̀ - yòé wɔ̌ i wɔ̌ i yɔ̀ɛ̂ yɔ̀ɛ̂ yɔ̀ɛ̂ yu ɔ̀n yɔ̀n yɔ̀n yɔ̀n yɔ̀l yɔ̀lî yɔ̀ɔ̂ l wɔ̂ l wɔ̂ l pám n. leaf n yìân, bìân ǹjé/á- è-guígu ɛ̂ /bè- lɛ̀-ŋuán/bà- ɲ́-jɛ́ɛ́/á- ɲ́-jɛ́/á- ɲ́-jɛ́á/á- é-ɲán ə́/ɲ́- nɛ̀-ɲân/ɲ̀- nɛ̀-ɲân/ɲ̀- nɛ̀-ɲân/ɲ̀- l-̀ ɲân/ɲ̀- ì-ɲân/ɲ̀- ì-ɲánà/ɲ̀- ɛ́ɲ- ɛ́l-ɲán ɛ́/á- ɲán ɛ́~ɛ́-

71 These forms refer to a ‘hole into’ rather than a ‘hole through’. 72 1. The first form in Nnam is dialectal. 2. The first form in Ekajuk is archaic and dialectal. 73 no common independent nominalization of this stem was elicited. 74 (Milicia excelsa ) 75 These refer to both the metal and to articles made from it, including the ‘iron for ironing (clothes)’. 76 These forms also refer to scabies and craw-craw. 77 These forms refer to ‘joint of the body – especially wrist and ankle’. 78 These forms have identical roots with those in ‘walk’ (q.v.). 79 These forms refer to the ‘big knife’ or ‘matchet’. 80 The forms in languages Ekparabong, Balep and Efutop mean ‘clap’, and the others mean ‘knock with a stick’. 81 These forms are used in the sense ‘know how’ or ‘know a fact’ (for ‘know’ in the sense ‘know a person’, see ‘recognize’). 16 Roger Blench Ekoid overview Circulation Draft Gloss PoS Mbe Ejagham Ekparabong Balep Bendeghe N Etung S Etung Efutop Nde Nselle Nta Abanyom Nkim Nkum Nnam Ekajuk /ɲ́- lean v.i. wɛ́mí gɛ́gɛ́ yɛ́ŋɛ̀ yɛ́ŋɛ̀ yɛ́ŋà yi ɛ́ŋə̀ yɛ̍ ŋɛ̀ yɛ̍ ŋɛ̀ yɛ̍ ŋɛ̀ yɛ́ŋâ yɛ̂ g yɛ́ŋɛ̀ --- yɛˊɛŋɛ́ lean v.t. yé ɣé wɛ́gí gɛ́gɛ́ yɛ́ɣɛ̀ yɛ́ɣɛ̀ yɛ́ɣɛ̀ yə́ɣə̀ yı ̍ ɣà~yə̍ ɣà yə̍ ɣà yʌ̍ ɣà yɛ́gɛ̂ yɛ̂ g yɛ́gɛ̀ yʌ́gg ɛ́ yə́gk ɛ́ learn v yûen kpé, té ŋé kɔ́i kólá ŋ kpî kpî kpî kpín ə̀ kp ̍ nè kp ̍ nè kpı ̍ nì kpélê kpêl kpél ɛ̀ kpélé kpílí 82 leg n è-kpà/bè- èkát/à- ò-kǒ/bà- ò-kǒ/bà- ɛ̀-kád/à- ɛ̀-kád/à- ɛ̀-kád/à- è-sàn/à- ɛ̀-tâ/à- ɛ̀-tâ/à- ɔ̀-tâ/à- ɔ̀-tâ/-a ì-kpàd/à- ì-kpàdà/à- ɛ̍ -ta ̍ /a̍ - ɛ̀-kpàd ɛ̀/à- leopard n ǹ-júkp ɔ̀ŋ m̀ -gbè /ò- ŋ̀-kɔ̀i/bɔ̀- ŋ̀-kɔ̀n/bɔ̀- ŋm̀ -gb ɛ̀/ɔ̀- ŋm̀ -gb ɛ̀/ɔ̀- ŋm̀ -gb ɛ̀/ɔ̀- ŋm̀ -gb ɛ̀/ò- ŋm̀ -gb ɛ̀/ɛ̀- ŋm̀ -gb ɛ̀/ɛ̀- ŋm̀ -gb ɛ̀/ɔ̀- ŋm̀ -gb ɛ̀/ɔ̀- ŋm̀ -gb ɛ̀/à- ŋm̀ -gb ɛ̀/ù- ŋm̀ -gb ɛ̀/ɛ̀- ŋm̀ -gb ɛ̀/ɛ̀- gb ɛˋŋ mgb ɛ̀ lie down v lál nù ŋé nmí̀ nùmú ŋ nùŋɛ̂ nù ŋî nɔ̀ŋâ nu ɔ́ŋə̀ nɔ̀ŋɔ̂ nɔ̀ŋɔ̀ nɔ̀ŋɔ̀ nɔ̀ŋâ nɔ̀ŋî nɔ̀ŋɔ̂ nəˊɔŋɔ̀ nɛˊɔŋɔ̀ life n lè-yìel/bɛ̀- è-kpìn è-kuèn lɛ̀-kuèn è-kpìn è-kpìn è-kpìn è-kpìn nè-kpèn nè-kpèn nè-kpèn l-kpèn/̀ ŋm̀ - ì-kpèn ì-kpèn/ŋm̀ - ɛ̀kp- ɛ̀l- kpèn~ɛ̀- kpìn/ŋm̀ - /ŋm̀ - 83 light s.t. v.t. mu ɔ́ró ɲòé ŋuɔ̌ i ŋuɔ̀lɛ́ ɲɔ̀ɛ̂ ɲɔ̀ɛ̂ ɲɔ̀ɛ̂ mu ɔ́nə̀ mɔ̀nɔ̂ mɔ̀nɔ̀ mɔ̀nɔ̀ ŋuɔ̀lɛ̂ ŋuɔ̀lɛ̂ mɔ̀̃lɔ̂ ɲaˊal ɛ̀ ɲaˊal ɛ̀ limb n èyô/à- è-yó/bè- ɛ̀-yób ɛ̀- ɛ̀-yɔ̂ /à- ɛ̀-yɔ̂ /à- ɛ̀-yɔ̂ /à- è-lu ɔ̂ /à- ɛ̀-nɔ̂ /à-~bɛ̀- ɛ̀-nɔ̂ /b-̀ ɛ̀-nɔ̍ /à-~bə̀- ɛ̀-rɔ̂ /à- ì-rɔ́/à- ì-rɔ́/à------(body) 84 85 liver n lè-bàrò àjì ŋ (bà-rɛ́m) (bà-rɛ́m) è-jì ŋ/à- è- ɛ̀-jŋ̀ /à- è-mi ɛ̂ r/à- ɛ̀-gb ɛ̂ r/à- ɛ̀-gbêr/à- ò-gbêr~- ɛ̀-ghêd/à- ú-gêd/á- ú-bɛ̂ d/á- ɛ̍ -je ̍ d/a̍ - ɛ̍ -jı ̍ d/a̍ - jì ŋ~jŋ̀ /à- gbêd/à- lizard n ì- é- ɛ́-pâmpám/bɛ́- ɛ́-pàmpám/bɛ́- ɛ́-ká βúɣɛ́/ŋ́- ɛ́- ɛ́- é-bu ɔ́ɣə́/á- ɛ̍ -bı ̍ bə̍ ɣɔ̍ /a̍ - ɛ̍ -b̍ bə̍ ɣɔ̍ /a̍ - o̍ -bo ̍ bo ̍ ɣo̍ /a̍ - l-s̀ ɔ́l/ɲ̀- ì-ʃɔ̀l/ɲ̀- ì-ʃɔ́lɲ̀- ɛ̍ s-sɔ̍ l/ɲ̍ - ɛ̍ l-ʃɔ̍ l/ɲ̍ - (agama) nɛ́nt ɔ́r/b ɛ- ká βúɣé/ŋ́- ~bí- ká βúɣɛ́/á- ká βúɣá/á- also nɔ́nt ɔ́r look at v kɛ́l kép, ßə́ré mɔ̌ n mɔ̌ n bírì β́rì β́rì yír ə̀ b̍ rì b̍ rì b̍ rì kpôr b̂r kpôr,bŕ ɛ̀ kpór kpúr louse n bù-bùab m̀ bì/ò- ŋ̀-kòkôd/bò- ŋ̀-kòkôr/bò-kǒr m̀ -bǚ/ò-[b] m̀ -bí~- m̀ -bí/ò-βǐ ḿ-baán ə̀/á- m̍ -bànâ/a̍ - m̍ -bànâ/a̍ - m̍ -bàna ̍ /a̍ - m̀ -bôl/ɔ̍ - ŋḿ-kp ɛ̌ r/á- m̀ -bôl/à- m̀ -bʌ̀l/ɛ̀- m̀ -bə̀l/ɛ̀- kǒd bǘi/ò-βǚi 86 love v lɔ́ kǒt (<è-nún>) (nún) kɔ̌ d kɔ̌ d kɔ̌ d ku ɔ̀r kɔ̀r kɔ̀r kɔ̀r kɔ̀r,kɔ̀n, kl̀ <ì-kɔ̌ r> <ì-kɔ̌ r> kɔ̂ r kɔ̂ r maize n bù-kwèl ǹkʉ̀ì (m̀ -búkpà/bò-) (ɛ̀-wâkpà/ŋ̀-) ŋ̀-kǜi~ò- ŋ̀-kǘi/ŋ̀- ŋ̀-kúi/ŋ̀-ku ̇ ̀i (ḿ-màkpà/á- ɛ̀-gù/à- ɛ̍ -gù/a̍ - e̍ -gù/a̍ - (ɛ́-gúbákpà/á- í-kùl/ŋ́- í-kòl/ŋ́- ŋ́-k̂l/á- ɛ́l-kɔ̇̂ l/ŋ́- /bè- kǜi [β]) ) make fire v dzwòm kóré fúgí kɔ́rɛ́ kɔ́rɛ̀ kɔ́rɛ̀ kɔ́rɛ̀ ku ɔ́nə̀ kɔ̍ nɔ̀ kɔ̍ nɔ̀ kɔ̍ nɔ̀ kɔ́rɛ̂ kɔ̂ r kɔ́rɔ̀ kɔ́nɔ́ kɔ́nɔ́ mangrove n ò-ré ŋ/à- ɔ̀-rɛ́ŋ/bà- ɔ̀-rɛ́ŋ/bà-~ǹ-[d] ɔ̀-rɛ́ŋ/à- ɔ̀-rɛ́ŋ/à- ɔ̀-rɛ́ŋ/à- ò-sə́ŋə̀/á- ɲ̀-sı ̍ ŋ/à- ɲ̀-sı ̍ ŋ/à- ɲ̀-sı ̍ ŋ/à- ɔ́-rɛ̂ ŋ/á- í-rɛ̂ rɛ́ŋ/á- í-rɛ̀nd ɛ́ŋɛ́/á- ɛ́- ń-rɛˊ aŋɛ̍ /á- (Rhizopho rɛˊ aŋɛ̀/á- ra spp.) 87 market n kɛ̀-sé /kè- òg ə̀m /à- ɛ̀-fn/b́ ɛ̀- lɛ̀-fn/́ ɱ̀ - ɔ̀-g̀m/à- ɔ̀-g̀m/à- ɔ̀-g̀m/à- à-si ɛ̂ à-sɛ̂ à-sɛ̂ à-sɛ̂ à-rɛ̂ à-rɛ̂ à-rɛ̂ a̍ -rɛ̀ a̍ -rɛ̍ 88 mat n bú-kê /bɛ́- è-kpà/ŋm̀ - ɛ̀-kpà/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-kpà/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-kpà/ŋm̀ - ɛ̀-kpà/ŋm̀ - ɛ̀-kpà/ŋm̀ - è-kpà/à- ɛ̀-kpà/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-kpà/bə̀- ɛ̍ -rə̍ kpà/a̍ - ɛ̀-kpà/b-̀ ì-kpà/à- ì-kpà/à- ɛ̀-kpà/ɛ̀b- ɛ̀-kpà/ɛ̀b measure v kàn gáè kǎn kǎn gàɛ̂ ~gàn ɛ̂ gàɛ̂ gàɛ̂ gaár ə̀ gàr ʌ̂ gàrà gàr ə̀ gàrâ gànî gàân gár ɛ̀ gár ɛ̀~ga ˊar ɛ̀ medicine n bù-kàl ǹ-jân/à- ŋ̀-gu ɛ́i/bà- ŋ̀-guán/bà-ŋuán ɲ̀-jân/à- ɲ̀-jân/à- ɲ̀-jân/à- è-tíkpá/ ǹ- ɛ̀-kʌ̂ m/ŋ̀- ɛ̀-kə̌ m/ŋ̀- ɛ̀-kʌ̂ m/ŋ̀- ɛ́-té/à- ì-lə̀ŋ/à- ì-ko ̇̌ m/à- ɛ̀-kʌ̀m/à- ɛ̀-kə̀m/à- /bɛ̀- melt v.t. ɲîan sáré ɲàní ɲàná ŋ ɲàn ɛ̂ ɲã̂ ɛ ̃ ɲã̂ ɛ ̃ ɲaán ə̀ ɲànâ ɲànà ɲànà ɲàn ɛ̂ ɲànî ɲànâ ɲán ɛ̀ ɲán ɛ̀ 89 money n òbé ḿbé, ǹté bà-kpògà bɛ̀-kpògà ǹ-tí,à-kpù ɣà ǹ-tí,à- ì-tí/ ǹ-,ò- ò-kpù ɣə̍ /à- ɛ̀-kpù ɣà/à- à-kpù ɣà à-kpù ɣà à-kpùgà à-ɲɛ̌ r à-ɲɛ̌ r ɛ̀- ɛ̀-kp ɔ̀ɣɔ̀/à- kpù ɣà gbù ɣà kp ɔ̀ɣɔ̀/à- mongoose n è-βì/à- ò-fìfì/bà- ɔ̀-fìfì/bà- è-βì/à- è-βì/à- è-βì/à- è-yìyì/à- è-bìbì/à- ɛ̀-bìbì/à- ì-bìbì/à- ɛ̀-b̀ràmbì/à- ì-br̀ ̀mbì/à- ì-br̀ ̀mbì-à/ m̀ -br/̀ ɛ̀- m̀ -br/̀ ɛ̀- 90 monkey n ò-bègù/ɛ̀- m̀ -bùk/ò- m̀ -pǒg/bò- m̀ -pǒg/bò- m̀ -bǔg/ò-[β] m̀ -bǔg/ò- m̀ -bǔg/ò- m̀ -bu ɔ̌ g/ò- m̀ -bɔ̌ g/ɛ̀- m̀ -bɔ̌ g/ɛ̀- m̀ -bǒg/ò- m̀ -bǒg/ɔ̀- m̀ -bǒg/ù- m̀ -bǒg/ù- m̀ - m̀ -bɨˋ ug/ɛ̀- [β] [β] bəˋ og/ɛ̀- 91 moon n wùtùrò-àf ò-fê ŋ/bà- ò-fê ŋ/bà- m̀ -mǐ/à- m̀ -mǐ/à- m̀ -mǐ/à- m̀ -mĩ̀ɛ̌ ̃~- m̀ -mɛ̌ /à-̃ m̀ -mɛ̌ /à-̃ m̀ -mɛɛ̃ ̌ /à-̃ ŋˋɱ-ŋɱuɛ̌ /à- ù-ŋuɛ̌ r/à- ù-mɛ̌ r/à- ɲ̀-ɲʌ̀ŋ/à- ɲ̀-ɲə̀ŋ/à- àl, mĩɛ̌ /à-̃ bùnyén-m̀ pám (archaic)

82 These forms refer to the ‘lower leg (below the knee)’. 83 These forms are used in the sense ‘kindle a light’. 84 These forms refer to ‘limb of the body (arm or leg)’. 85 The forms given in Nkum sub-group a-b are probably not immediately cognate with forms for ‘heart’ (q.v.) in the other languages. 86 The forms in angle brackets (Ekparabong, Nkim and Nkum) are nominalizations of the verb since the ‘imperative’ could not be cited. 87 The forms in sub-group m-u have no singular/plural alternation. 88 These forms refer to floor mats (for sleeping) and not to roofing mats. 89 The singular forms in minor sub-group t-u are used to mean ‘sixpence’. 90 see Talbot, in the shadow of the bush, p.466. 17 Roger Blench Ekoid overview Circulation Draft Gloss PoS Mbe Ejagham Ekparabong Balep Bendeghe N Etung S Etung Efutop Nde Nselle Nta Abanyom Nkim Nkum Nnam Ekajuk 92 mortar n òkpàrò, ófôn è-kòkó/bè- ɛ̀-kòkó/bɛ̀- ɛ́-βúɣɛ́/ḿ-[b] ɔ́-fɔ̂ n/á- ɔ́-tɔ́m/à- è-fâɷ̀ n/à- è-fôn/bè- ɛ̀-fôn/bə̀- è-fôn/bò- ɛ̀-fôm/b-̀ ì-fôm/à- ì-fôm/à- ɛ̍ -fo ̍ m/a̍ - ɛ̍ -fu ̍ m/a̍ - òrwò mosquito n ómán ɛnk ḿ-bə́m/ɔ́- m̀ - (ɲ̀-ɲàɲàm/bɔ̀-) ḿ-bm/́ ɔ́-[β] ḿ-bm/́ ɔ́- ḿ-bm/á-́ m̀ -bú/à- m̀ -bu ̍ /à- m̀ -bu ̍ /à- m̀ -bu ̍ /à- m̀ -bó/à- m̀ -bó/à- m̀ -bó/à- m̍ -bo ̍ /a̍ - m̍ -bu ̍ /a̍ - pɛ́ búmbúm/bà- [β] [β] 93 mother n ɲíè ɲ̀-ɲèn/à- ɲ̀-ɲɛ̌ n/bà- ɲ̀-ɲɛ̌ n/bà- ɲ̀-ɲɛ̌ n/à- ɲ̀-ɲɛ̌ n/à- ɲ̀-ɲɛ̌ n/à- --- ɲ̍ -ɲɛ̍ ɛ̀/ba ̍ ɲ- ɲ̍ -ɲɛ̂ /ba ̍ ɲ- ɲ̍ -ɲɛ̍ ɛ̀/ba ̍ ɲ- ɲ́-ɲɛ̂ n/bà- ɲ́-ɲ̂n/á- ɲ́-ɲɛ̌ n ɲ́- ɲ́- ɲ̂n/bá ŋ- ɲ̂n/báb ɲ̀- ɲǹ 94 mould v mw ɔ́ŋ mó ŋé mɔ̌ ŋ mǔŋ mɔ̌ ŋɛ̀ mɔ́ŋɛ̀,yɛ̂ m mɔ́ŋɛ̀,ɲɛ̂ m mɷ̀ ŋ mɔ̀ŋ mɔ̀ŋ,tù mɔ̀ŋ,tù mɔ̀ŋ mɔ̀ŋî mɔ̀ɔ̂ ŋ mə́ɔ̀ŋ mɛ́ɔ̀ŋ mount v kw ɛ̀n gy ʉ́t (kóm) (kóm) yü̂ d yü̂ d yu ̇̂ d yə́r yʌ̂ r yʌ̂ r yə̂ r yûr yu ̇̂ r yu ̇̂ r wʌ́r wə́r mountain n bù-kù ɛl/ è-gwé/bì- --- bɛ̀-kòkól/ ŋ- è-gú ɛ/bì-~à- è-gúi/à- è-gúi/à- è-gɷ̌ n/à- è-gǒn/bè- ɛ̀-gǒn/bə̀- ŋ̀-kò ŋkòn/à- ɛ̀-wɔ́ŋ/b-~à-̀ ì-gǒl/à- ì-gǒl/ŋ̀- ɛ̍ - ɛ̍ -wɛˈɔŋ /a̍ - bɛ̀- wəˈɔŋ /a̍ - mushroom n ékpékp ɛ, ò-βə̀p ò-bǔb/bà- ɛ̀-bə̀bə́b/ḿ-bə̌ b ɔ̀-β̌ b ɔ̀-β̌ b ɔ̀-β̌ b è-wu ɔ̀/à- nɛ̍ -wɔ̀/a̍ - nɔ̍ -wɔ̀/a̍ - nɔ̍ -wɔ̀/a̍ - ɛ́-gɔ̂ /á- ì-gɔ̀/à- ì-bɔ̀/à- ɛ́-búà/á- ɛ́-bâɷ̀ /á- kɛ́ntá ŋ nail n è-kìk ɛ̀l è-ŋàrè/à- ɛ̀-ŋuàŋuàrì/mì- ɛ̀-ŋuàrà ŋ/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-ŋàr ɛ̀/à- ɛ̀-ŋàr ɛ̀/à- ɛ̀-ɲàr ɛ̀/à- ŋḿ- m̍ -maà ɣà/a̍ - m̍ -mà ɣà/a̍ - ɛ̍ -mà ɣà~m̍ -/a̍ - ɛ̀-ŋɱuàrà/à- ì-ŋuùŋuàr/à- ì-mə̀màrà/à- ɛ̀- ɛ̀- 95 (body) ~bɛ̀- kpámaàrà/á- ɲɛˋ aŋɛ̀/à- ɲɛˋ aŋɛ̀/à- name n l(e)-lén/ m̀ -bì ŋ/ò- m̀ -pí/bò- ǹ-nə́ŋ/bà-[l] m̀ -bì ŋ/ò-[β] m̀ -bì ŋ/ò- m̀ -bì ŋ/ò-[β] m̀ -bì ŋ/à- m̀ -bì ŋ/à- m̀ -bè ŋ/à- m̀ -bè ŋ~-bì ŋ/à- m̀ -bè ŋ/à- m̀ -bè ŋ/à- m̀ -bè ŋ/à- m̀ - m̀ -bi ˋɨŋ /à- á- [β] bi ˋeŋ/à- 96 navel n l(e)-lwób/ ńtʉ́ŋ/ó- è-rû ŋ/bè- lè-rû ŋ/ǹ-[d] ń-tǘŋ/ó- ń-gǘŋ/ó-, ɲ́-ʧu̇ ́ŋ~ɛ́-/á- ŋ̀-kə̀m è- nɛ̀-tɔ̂ ŋ/ǹ- nɔ̀-tɔ̂ ŋ/ǹ- nɔ̀-tɔ̂ ŋ/ǹ- l-tû̀ ŋ/ǹ- ì-tâɷ̀ ŋ/à- ì-to ̇̂ ŋ/à- ɛ̍ -tʌ̍ ŋ~ɛ̍ t- ɛ̍ l-tə̍ ŋ~- á- é-tü̂ ŋ/á- tû ŋ/à-..á- /n̍ - tʌ̍ ŋ/n̍ - near adv fárá ŋ kpét, kpédìkpédì kpédèkpédè kpíríkpírí kpíríkpírí kpíríkpírí bá βà kpe ̍ re ̍ kpe ̍ re ̍ kpe ̍ re ̍ kpe ̍ re ̍ kpe ̍ re ̍ kpe ̍ re ̍ kpékpédé kpédíkpédí kpéd kpéd́ ɛ́ kpédékpe ̍ kpídíkpı ̍ dì . kpérékpér de ̍ é 97 neck n è-mɛ̀l è-mè/à- ɛ̀-mɛ̀i/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-mɛ̀l/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-mɛ̀/à-~bì- ɛ̀-mɛ̀/à- ɛ̀-mɛ̀/à- è-mi ɛ̀n/à- ɛ̀-mɛ̀n/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-mɛ̀n~- ɛ̀-mɛ̀n/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-mɛ̀l/b-~à-̀ ì-mɛ̀l/à- ì-mɛ̀l/à-̃ ɛ̀-mɛ̀l/à- ɛ̀-mɛ̀l/à- ~bì- ~bɛ̀- mɛ̀/b̃ ə̀- net n ǹtúfú, ò-sěm/bà- ò-rěm/bà- ò-sǐm/à- ò-sǐm/à- ò-sǐm/à- ó-sǐm/á- ɛ̀-sɩ́m/à- ɛ̀-sɩ́m/à- ò-sǐ/à- ɔ̀-ř m/à- (í-yèrì/á-) (í-yèrì/á-) ɛ̀-rèm/à- ɛ̀-rìm/à- òsh ɛ̀m night n bù-cù àt ʉ́ bò-rú bò-rú à-tǘ à-tǘ à-ʧu̇ ́ è-tə́ŋ à-tù è-no ̍ ko ̍ n ɛ̀-no ̍ ko ̍ n è-no ̍ kǒn à-làg tú̀ à-tú à-tú a̍ -tu ̍ a̍ -tɷ́ 98 nose n l(e)-lw ɛ̂ l m̀ -mî/ò- ŋ̀-ŋuí/bò- ŋ̀-ŋuúl/bà- m̀ -mî/ò- m̀ -mî/ò- ɲ̀-ɲî/ò- m̀ -mâɷ̀ n/ò- m̀ -mɩ̂ n/à- m̀ -mɩ̂ n m̀ -mɩ̂ n/à- ŋm̀ -ŋmuôl/à- ŋ̀-ŋuôl/à- m̀ -môl/à- ŋm̍ - ŋm̍ -wu ̍ l/a̍ - /á- wo ̍ l/a̍ - obtain v yɛ́lí kún kún kîn fɔ̌ n fɔ̌ n bi ɛ̀n bɛ̀n bɛ̀n kɔ̍ bɛ̀l ------bɛ̂ l bɛ̂ l oil n mwòr àk ʉ́ bà-kú bà-kú à-kǘ à-kǘ à-kǘ à-kuú à-kuu ̍ à-ku ̍ à-kuu ̍ à-kú à-kúr à-ko ̇ ́r a̍ -kə̍ ŋ a̍ -k̍ ŋ 99 one nu é-mê yót, fə́t, yíd jíd jd́ dz d́ zízî ɛ̍ -jı ̍ ì ɛ̍ -jî ɲ̍ -jı ̍ ì j-rá́ ŋ ɲ́-j-ŕ ə́ŋ ɲ́-jə́-rə́ŋ á-jə́ŋ á-jŋ́ m bhát, mát, mə́t, jə́t, bh ə́t, yə́t 100 open v fwé, rə̀βé rb~d̀ bí̀ rə̀bə́g db̀ β~rβɛ̀ ̂ yβ̀ î zií βə̀ jì βî jìbì rì βì rbî̀ rbî̀ rə̀bɛ̂ ləˊŋŋɛ̀ ləˊŋŋɛ̀ kwóblí 101 order v bábí bábá ŋ βáβɛ̀ βáβɛ̀ ------báb ɛ̂ gb ɛ̀ɛ̂ bábà báb ɛ́ báb ɛ́ owner n bù-ɲén m̀ -fòné/à- mì ɱ-fɔ̀ní/bà- ɱ̀ -fɔ̀nɛ́/bà- ɱ̀ -fɔ̀nɛ́/à- ɱ̀ -fɔ̀nɛ́/à- ɱ̀ -fɔ̀nɛ́/à- ɱ̀ -fu ɔ̀ná/à- ɱ̀ -fɔ̀nɔ̍ /àbà- ɱ̀ -fɔ̀nɔ̍ /àbà- ɱ̀ -fɔ̀nɔ̍ /àb ə̀- ɱ̀ -fɔ̀nɛ́/bà- ɱ̀ -fɔ̌ n~- ɱ̀ -fɔ̀nɔ́/bà- ɱ̀ - ɱ̀ -fɔ̀nɔ̀/à- fɔ̀ní/àbà- fɔ̀nɔ̀/bà- paddle n ǹ-sòm/à- ɲ̀-sɔ̀m/bɔ̀- ɲ̀-ʃɔ̀m/bà- ɲ̀-sɔ̀m/à- ɲ̀-sɔ̀m/à- ɲ̀-sɔ̀m/à- ɲ̀-su ɔ̀m/à- ɲ̍ -sɔɔ̀/a̍ - ɲ̍ -sɔ̀/a̍ - ɲ̍ -sɔɔ̀/a̍ - ɲ́-sɔ̂ /á- ɲ̀-ʃɔ̀m/à- ɲ̀-ʃɔ̀m/à- ɲ̀-sɔ̀/à- ɲ̀-ʃɔ̀/à- paddle v fwó fǔg fǔŋ βúɣɛ̀ βúɣì βúɣì fíì fìî fì fiì fì fè ŋî fèê ŋ fíè ŋ fí ŋ̀ pain, n òyám bɔ̀-sǎŋ --- ɔ̀-yâm ɛ̀-yɛ̂ m/bì- ɔ̀-yâm~- ò-yám ə́/à- ɛ̀-ya ̍ m/à- ɛ̀-ya ̍ /a̍ - ɔ̀-yaa ̍ /à- ɔ̀-yám/à- ù-yám/à- ù-yám/à- ɛ̍ -ya ̍ m/a̍ - ɛ̍ -ya ̍ m/a̍ - sickness 102 yám

91 1. The form given in Nkum sub-group f-h is ‘archaic’. 2. The compound construction currently used as the word for ‘moon’ in Nkum sub-group f-h below which means approximately ‘animal of the heavens’. ɲ̀-ɲàm ɔ́-sɔ̂ ɲ̀-ɲàm ɔ́-sɔ̂ ɲ̀-ɲàm ɔ́-sɔ̂ 92 N Etung also has the form ɛ́-βúɣɛ́~-βúɣé/ḿ-[b]. 93 1. In Efutop the word for ‘mother’ can only be used in possessive constructions and could not be cited in isolation. 2. There is another form in languages n-p which is only used in a construction with personal pronouns. n̍ -nâ/ba̍ n- n̍ -nâ/ba̍ n- n̍ -nâ/ba̍ n- 94 These forms are used especially in the sense ‘mould pots’. 95 These forms refer to fingernails, toenails, or the claws or talons of animals and birds. 96 The second form in N Etung means ‘protruding navel’. 97 of the two plural prefixes in Ebanyom, the first is appropriate for use with ‘humans’ and the second with ‘animals’. 98 There is no singular/plural alternation for this form in Nselle. 99 As this word shows concord by changing its initial consonant, it is not very useful for comparative wordlists. See Ejagham for the full range of possible forms 100 N Etung r ̂βî~d β̀ î~d βɛ̀ ̂ ~d βɛ̀ ̂ . 101 ‘Order’ here does not mean ‘command’, but rather ‘place an order for something (most often palm wine) in advance’. 102 The forms in Ekparabong, Bendeghe, N Etung and Efutop mean ‘pain’ while the others (n-u) mean ‘sickness’. 18 Roger Blench Ekoid overview Circulation Draft Gloss PoS Mbe Ejagham Ekparabong Balep Bendeghe N Etung S Etung Efutop Nde Nselle Nta Abanyom Nkim Nkum Nnam Ekajuk palm bud n (ŋ̀-kɔ́ŋkɔ́m/bɔ̀-) (ɲ̀-ʃǒ n/bà-) m̀ -búm/à-[β] ì-βúm,m̀ - ì-βúm,m̀ - m̀ -bɷ́ m/à- m̀ -bo ̍ m/à- m̀ -bo ̍ m/à- m̀ -boo ̍ m/à- m̀ -bóm/à- ì-bbóm/ḿ ̀ - ì-bbóḿ ɔ́/m̀ - ɛ̍ b- ɛ̍ l-bu ̍ m/a̍ - [b]/à- [b]/à- bo ̍ m~m̍ - /a̍ - palm civet n m̀ -pà/bɔ̀- m̀ -pà/bɔ̀- m̀ -bà ɛ/ɔ̀-[β] m̀ -bà ɛ/ɔ̀- m̀ -bà ɛ/ɔ̀- m̀ -bàn/a̍ - m̀ -bàn/à- m̀ -bàr/ɛ̀- m̍ -bàn/a̍ - m̀ -bàr/ɔ̀- m̀ -bàr/à- m̀ -bàrà/à- m̀ -bàr/ɛ̀- m̀ -bàr ɛ̀/à- (Nandinia [β] [β] binotata ) palm n m̀ mà, m̀ -bà ŋ ḿ-pǎŋ ḿ-pǎŋ m̀ -bǎŋ m̀ -bǎŋ m̀ -bǎŋ ḿ-bə̌ ŋ~-bʌ̂ ŋ m̍ -bǎŋ ~-bʌ̂ ŋ m̍ -bə̌ ŋ ḿ-bə̌ ŋ ḿ-bǎŋ ḿ-bǎŋ m̀ -bǎŋ m̀ -bɛˋ aŋ m̀ -bɛˋ aŋ 103 kernel m̀ mà ŋ palm tree n ò-bór ò-βî/à- bɔ̀-bɔ́/m̀ - bɔ̀-bɔ́/m̀ - ò-βî/à- ò-βî/à- ò-βî/à- ò-yíì/à-, m̀ - è-bı ̍ ì/à- ɛ̀-bî/à- ò-bı ̍ ì/à- ɔ̀-bî/m̀ - ù-b̂r/m̀ - ù-b̂r/m̀ - ɛ̍ -bo ̍ ŋ/m̍ - ɛ̍ -bɔ̍ ŋ/m̍ - bə́nn ə́/à- palm wine n mɔ̀m àm ə̀m (bà-ròg/ ǹ-[d]) (bà-ròg/ ǹ-[d]) à-̌ m à-m̌ m~- à-m̌ m ɲ̀-sí/ò- à-mə̌ m à-mə̌ m à-mə̌ m ǎm,à-m̌ m~- à-mìmí à-mə̌ m à-mʌ̀m à-mə̀m ̌ m mǔm pare, v kpár kpám kɔ́i kɔ́lɔ́g kpâm kpâm kpâm ku ɔ́nə́~ku ə́nə̀ kɔ̍ nɔ̀ kɔ̍ nɔ̀ kɔ̍ nɔ̀ kɔ́lɛ̂ kɔ̂ l kɔ́lɔ̀ kɔ́lɔ́ kɔ́lɔ́ peel 104 parrot n bè-wè è-gùt/à- ŋ̀-kùràkâ ŋ/bò- ŋ̀-kòròkâ ŋ/bà- è-gùd/à- è-gùd/à- è-gùd/à- ó-kpùkpu ɔ̂ /á- ɛ̍ -grò ̍ kôkò/á- ɛ̍ - e̍ -gb ə̀ro̍ kǒ/ó- ɛ́-gôr~- ì-dígòr/à- ì-gòr/à- ɛ́-gôr/á- ɛ́-gûr/á- gb rò ̍ kɔ̂ kǒ/a̍ - gǒrkókò/á- 105 part n èb ɔ́ ǹkìrì ɛ̀-bǎd/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-bǎr/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-βǎ d/à- ɛ̀-βǎ d/à- ɛ̀-βǎ d/à- è-záà/à- ɛ̀-ja ̍ à/à- ɛ̀-jâ/à- ɛ̀-ja ̍ à/à- ɛ̀-jâ/à- ì-jâr/à- ì-jâr/à- ɛ̍ -jɛˈ aŋ/a̍ - ɛ̍ -jɛˈ aŋ/a̍ - 106 pass v lwè cé ŋ kí ŋ kə́ŋ ʧîŋ ʧîŋ ʧîŋ sí ŋ sî ŋ sî ŋ sî ŋ sê ŋ ʃêŋ ʃêŋ sə́ŋ ʃə́ŋ pay v.i. gál gòm kǎi kǎl gɔ̌ m gɔ̌ m gɔ̌ m gàn gàn gàn gàn gàl gàlî gàâl gâl gâl peer, v kɛ́l fè (kɛ́dí) fɛ̌ fɛ̀ɛ̂ ,fɛ̌ d fɛ̌ ,fɛ̌ d fɛ̌ ,fɛ̌ d fi ɛ̂ ~fíɛ̀ fɛ̀ɛ̂ fɛ̀ fɛɛ̀ fɛ̀r fɛ̀rî fɛ̀ɛ̂ r fʌ̂ ŋ fə̂ ŋ stare 107 108 peg v tə̀p tə̌ b kóm,lə̌ b kûm,ť b kûm,t ǐb kûm,ť b,ǰ m zə́mm ə̀ jɛ̀mɛ̂ jə̀mm ɛ̀ jɛ̀mm ɛ̀ jùmî jmî,kôm̀ jòâm,kôm jʌˊ mm ɛ̀ jəˊ mm ɛ̀ 109 penis n ǹtə̀né ɲ̀-sěb/bò- ǹ-dɛ̌ b/bɔ̀-[r] ǹ-tǹ ɛ́/ɔ̀- ǹ-tǹ ɛ́/ɔ̀- ǹ-tní/̀ ɔ̀- ò-sì/à- <1.> <1.> ò-sì/à- ɔ̀-rì/à- ù-rì/à- ù-rì/a̍ - ɛ̀-rì/à- ɛ̀-rì/à- ~ò- person n mòm pl. ǹ-nè/à- mì-nɛ̀/bà- ǹ-nɛ̀/bà- ǹ-nɛ̀/à- ǹ-nɛ̀/à- ǹ-nɛ̀/à- ǹ-ni ɛ̀/à- ǹ-nɛ̀/à- ǹ-nɛ̀/à- ǹ-nɛ̀/à- ǹ-nɛ̀/à- ǹ-nɛ̀/à- ǹ-nɛ̀/à- ǹ-nɛ̀/à- ǹ-nɛ̀/à- bɔ̀m pestle n èsè ǹ-ʧôk/à- mì ɲ-jɔ̂ g/bà- ɲ̀-jɔ̂ g/bà- ɲ̀-ʧɔ̂ g/à- ɲ̀-ʧɔ̂ g/à- ɲ̀-ʧɔ̂ g/à- ɲ̀-su ɔ̂ g/à- ɲ̀-sɔ̂ g/à- ɲ̀-sɔ̂ g/à- ɲ̀-sɔ̂ g/à- ɲ̀-sɔ̂ g/à- ɲ̀-ʃɔ̂ g/à- ɲ̀-ʃɔ̂ g/à- n̍ -səˈɔ g/a̍ - n̍ -ʃɛˈɔ g/a̍ - 110 pick up v dzà ŋ jáp, βúp, kún kún k̂n,tâm k̂n,tâm ku ̇̂ n sə́ŋ,tùn tòn tòn tòn tâb têr têr táb táb yú ŋ pig(bush) n bèkw ɛ̀ló ŋ̀-gùmé/ò- ŋ̀-kòyôg/bò- ŋ̀-kòlóg/bò- ŋ̀-gùm ɛ́/ò- ŋ̀-gùm ɛ́/ò- ŋ̀-gùmì/ò- ŋ̀-gùm ə́/ò- ŋ̀-gòmo ̍ /ɛ̀- ŋ̀-gòmo ̍ /ɛ̀- ŋ̀-gòmo ̍ /ò- ŋ̀-gòm ə́/ɔ̀- ŋ̀-gǒm/ù- ŋ̀-gòm ɔ́/ù- ŋ̀- ŋ̀- 111 112 go ˋomò/ɛ̀- gu ˋumù/ɛ̀- place n è-jì/ bè- è-jì pl. ɱ̀ -fóm/bò-, ɛ̀- ɱ̀ -fóm/bò-, ɛ̀- è-jǐ/ŋ̀-gûm è-jǐ/ŋ̀-gûm è-hǐ/ŋ̀-gûm ɱ̀ -fûm/à- ɱ̀ -fôm/à- ɱ̀ -fô/à- ɱ̀ -fô/ò- ɱ̀ -fôm/à- ì-dǐ/à- ì-dǐ/à- ɛ̀-jì/à- ɛ̀-dì/à- ŋgwêm kp ɛ́n/bɛ̀- kp ɛ́n/bɛ̀- 113 plantain n kù ŋkwàm è-gòmé/bì- ɛ́-kɔ̀mî/bɛ́- ɛ́-kɔ̀mɔ̂ ŋ/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-gɔ̀mɛ́/bì- ɛ̀- ɛ̀-gɔ̀mɛ́/à- é-gu ɔ̀mə̂ /á- ɛ̍ -gɔ̀mɔ̍ /ŋ̍ - ɛ̍ -gɔ̀mɔ̍ /ŋ̍ - ɛ̍ -gɔ̍ gɔ̀mɔ̍ /ŋ̍ - ɛ́-jɔ̂ gâ/ɲ̍ - í-jìj ɔ̌ g á- í-jìj ɔ̀gɔ́/á- ɛ́- ɛ́- /è- gɔ̀mɛ́/bì- tâ ŋ/ɲ́- gb j́ ə́ɔ̀ɣɔ̍ /á gbáj ɛ́ɔ̀ɣɔ̍ /á 114 plate n kárá ŋm̀ - ŋm̀ - ɛ̀- ɛ̀- ɛ̀- ŋm̀ - ŋm̀ - ŋm̀ - ŋm̀ - ŋm̀ - í-kpé ŋ/á í-kpéŋɛ́/á- ŋm̀ - ŋm̀ - gbà ŋmgbàŋ/bà- gbà ŋmgbàŋ/bà- gbà ŋmgbàŋ/à- ŋ́ mgbá ŋ/à ŋ́ mgbá ŋ/à- gb ə̍ ŋmgb ə̀ŋ/à- gbà ŋmgbàŋ/à- gbà ŋmgbàŋ/à- gb ʌ̀ŋmgb ʌ̀ŋ/à- gbà ŋmgbàŋ/à- gb ɛˋ aŋmg gb ɛˋ aŋmg ~ɛ́- - ~ɛ́-kpé ŋ/á- bɛˋ aŋ/à- bɛˋ aŋ/à- gbá ŋmgbá ŋ/á- ~ɛ́- gbá ŋmgbá ŋ/á- play v dùm ʧàɣé ------ʧàɣɛ̂ ghà ɣɛ̂ ʧàɣâ sə́ɣə̀ s̀ɣâ sə̀gà sə̀ɣà sàgâ ʃàgî ʃàgâ --- ʃɛˊ aɣɛ̀ Pound n pâ ŋ pâ ŋ/bà- pâ ŋ/à- pâ ŋ/à- pɔ̂ n~pâ ŋ pu ɔ̂ n~pâ ŋ~m̀ - m̀ -pâ ŋ m̀ -pʌ̂ ŋ m̀ -pʌ̂ ŋ~m̀ -pɔ̂ n m̀ -pɔ̂ n/à-~m̀ - í-pâ ŋ/ḿ-~í- í-pâ ŋ/ḿ- m̍ -pɔ̍ n/a̍ - m̍ - (£) 115 pâ ŋ pâ ŋ/à- pɔ̂ n pɛˈ aŋ/a̍ - ~m̍ -pa ̍ -

103 a mass noun with no singular/plural alternations. 104 These forms are used especially to refer to the paring (or ‘peeling’) of yams. 105 These forms refer to parts (e.g. parts of a yam) which result from cuts made lengthwise so that the ‘parts’ are long and ‘flat’ rather than cross-sections. 106 These forms exhibit the same root as that of ‘profit’ (q.v.) and are almost identical with ‘surpass’ (q.v.). 107 1. The first form listed in the languages of Nkum sub-group f-h mean ‘peep’ and the second mean ‘peer inside’. 2. The form given for Balep is ‘rare’. 3. the form in Ekparabong may well be cognate with the forms in the other languages. 108 These forms have the special meaning of ‘fix sticks in the ground’. 109 Nde and Nselle è-sì~ma ̍ ǹsì/à-b ̀ra ̍ ǹsì. 110 The second form in Bendeghe and N Etung is used with ‘big, heavy things’. 111 Probably the Giant Forest hog 112 Type of pig unknown 113 general name for both plantains and bananas. 114 1. The first form in Ebanyom means ‘pan’. 2. The form in Ekajuk means ‘big basin’. 115 The inflected forms are rarely used, especially in counting 19 Roger Blench Ekoid overview Circulation Draft Gloss PoS Mbe Ejagham Ekparabong Balep Bendeghe N Etung S Etung Efutop Nde Nselle Nta Abanyom Nkim Nkum Nnam Ekajuk 116 powder n m̀ -pùg m̀ -pùg ɱ̀ -fg̀ ɱ̀ -fg̀ ɱ̀ -fg̀ à-fìfi ɛ̀ à-fìf ɔ̀g ɛ̀-ff̀ ɔ̀g /à- ɛ̀-fɔ̀fɔ̀g /à- l-fùg̀ ì-fùfùg /à- ì-fòfòg /à- à-f̀fɔ̀ɣɔ̀ à-f̀fɔ̀ɣɔ̀ print, n è-jàré/à- bà-sǎ ɛ̀-kpàdàg/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-jǎd/à- ɛ̀-jàr ɛ́/à- ɛ̀-jàr]á\m é-zǎ/á- nɛ̀-jǎ/à- nɛ̀-jǎ/à- nə̀-jǎ~nà-/à- l'-j́ ǎ/à- ì-jàri~j ǎr/à- ì-jǎr/à- ɛ̍ -ta ̍ /a̍ - ɛ̀-kpàd ɛ̀/à- spoor, track 117 profit n ǹtsó ŋ òrùré ɲ̀-ʧîŋ ɲ̀-sə̀ŋ ɲ̀-ʧîŋ ɲ̀-ʧîŋ,(ò- ɲ̀-ʧîŋ,(ò- ɲ̀-sî ŋ ɲ̀-sî ŋ ɲ̀-sî ŋ ɲ̀-sî ŋ ɲ̀-sê ŋ ɲ́-ʃèlí~ ʃě l ɲ́-ʃèl ɛ́ ɲ̍ -sə̍ ŋ ɲ̍ ʃə̍ ŋ rùrí) rùrí.ŋ̀-kùní) pumpkin n m̀ bw ɔ̀ní ɛ́-kâmb ɛ̀/ŋ́- lɛ́-kâmb ɛ̀/ŋ́- ŋ́-kâmb ɛ̀ ɛ́- ŋ́-kâmb ɛ̀ <1.> nɛ̍ -kâmb ɛ̀/ŋ̍ - nə̍ -kâmb ɛ̀/ŋ̍ - nə̍ -kâmb ɛ̀/ŋ̍ - l-kámb́ ɛ̀/ŋ́- ŋ́-kâmb ɛ̀ ŋ́-kâmb ɛ̀ ŋ́-kmb́ ɛ̀ ŋ́-kámb ɛ̂ 118 kâmb ɛ̀/á- ~ŋ́- 119 purge v sàm sám sám rám sâm --- sâm fə́ wùrû wùrù wùrù wùr,râm tôb tóbálà wə̂ ŋ wɔ̇̂ ŋ 121 put v swèd sʉ́é s̀bí rìbí ʃü̂ i ʃü̂ i~sü̂ i su ̇̂ i sə́nə̀ s̍ nɛ̀ sə̍ nɛ̀ sɛ̍ nɛ̀ rúdî ru ̇̂ d ródd ɔ̀ rʌ́dd ɛ́ rə́dt ɛ́ down 120 122 put up v kùné ʧórí rígí kùn ɛ̂ kùn ɛ̂ ~kùn kùnî kɷ́ nə̀ knồ kònò kònò kònê kònî kònô kónò kúnù î put(in) v wɔ́mô, kǎk (lá ŋ) (lá ŋ) kǎg kǎg kǎg kə̀g kàg kàg kàg kàg kàgî kàâg kə́àg kɛ́àg wɔ́mú rain v né nǎ nǎ nǎ nǎ nǎ nǎ nà nà nà nà nà nàâ nàâ nâ nâ rainy n èp ɔ̀ŋ ènàè ɔ̀-bâkói ɔ̀-bâkól ɛ̀nà ɛ ɛ̀nà ɛ ɛ̀nà ɛ ǹ-nànà ǹ-nànà ǹ-nànà ǹ-nànà ń-nál ɛ̀ ǹ-nàl ǹ-nàlà ń-nál ɛ̀ ń-nál ɛ̀ season 123 rat n bèwór m̀ bè m̀ -pɛ̀b/bɔ̀- m̀ -pɛ̀b/bɔ̀- --- m̀ -bɛ̀/ɔ̀- m̀ -bɛ̀/ɔ̀-[β] m̀ -bi ɛ̀/ò- m̀ -bɛ̀/ɛ̀- m̀ -bɛ̀/ɛ̀- m̀ -bɛ̀/ɔ̀- m̀ -bɛ̀/ɔ̀- m̀ -bɛ̀/ù- m̀ -bɛ̀/ù- --- m̀ -bɛ̀/ɛ̀- [β] receive v yw ɔ́r tà βé rèní ràmá ŋ tà β tà βɛ̂ tà βɛ̂ taá βə̀ tà βâ tàbà tà βà tàb ɛ̂ tàbî tàrâ ta ˊar ɛ̀ ta ˊar ɛ̀ recognize v ts ɔ́ní rì ŋé rèní rè ŋén rì ŋî rì ŋî rì ŋî dií ŋʌ̀ rè ŋê rè ŋè rè ŋè re ŋê rè ŋî rèŋɛ̂ le ˊeŋè li ˊiŋì [know] 124 redness n èp ɛ̀n, βé [be red] é-béá/bé- é-bélé/bé- é-βíí/á é-βí/à- é-βíá/á- é-biíná/á- m̍ -blnı ̍ /a̍ - m̍ -blnı ̍ /a̍ m̍ -bı ̍ nı ̍ /à- ḿ-bélá/á- í-bébél/á- ì-bêbêl/à- ḿ-béle ̍ /á- ḿ-bílı ̍ /á- èpén [be red] reject v tw ɛ́n tén refuse, (kéb) rɛ́n tɛ̂ n tɛ̂ n tɛ̂ n ti ɛ́n tɛ̂ n tɛ̂ n tɛ̂ n tɛ̂ n tɛ̂ n tɛ̂ n tɛ́n tɛ́n [refuse] forbid remain v rwàb ká, kə̌ t ʧá ʃá ʧâ, k̂d k̂d k̂d fi ɛ́n sa ̍ à sâ sa ̍ à sâ ʃâ ʃágà sá ʃá repeat v βàβé lóní tòróg βàβɛ̂ βàβɛ̂ βàβɛ̂ baá βə̀ bànâ bànà bànà bàl ɛ̂ jòrî jòr ɔ̂ ba ˊal ɛ̀ ba ˊal ɛ̀ resemble v ʃɪe,́ ʃáró fó ŋé bédí guédá ŋ fɔ́ŋɛ̀ fɔ́ŋɛ̀ fɔ́ŋà fu ɔ́ŋə̀ fɔ̍ ŋɔ̀ fɔ̍ ŋɔ̀ fɔ̍ ŋɔ̀ fɔ́ŋâ fɔ̂ ŋ fɔ́ŋɔ̀ fəˊɔŋɔ́ fɛˊɔŋɔ́ 125 return v.i. ʃɛ́n kʉ́ré búg búg kǘrì kǘrì ku ̇ ́rì kɷ́ rà ku ̍ rù kɷ́ rù ku ̍ rù kúrî ku ̇̂ r ko ̇ ́rɔ̀ kə́rɛ́ kŋɛ́ ́ rice n áráshì érésì é-rísì/bé- ɛ́-rísì/bɛ́- é-rêsì ɛ́-rêsì~é- é-résì~á- é-rîsì à-ra ̍ sì à-ra ̍ sì à-ra ̍ sì á-rásî á-râ ʃì á-râ ʃì á-rásì á-rá ʃî rinse v ɲúnî ja ɣé jàdí jàgár jà ɣɛ̂ jà ɣɛ̂ jà ɣɛ̂ faá ɣə̀ fa ̍ ɣà fa ̍ ɣà fɔ̍ ɣɔ̀ fár ɛ̂ fâr fárà fa ˊar ɛ́ fa ˊar ɛ́ river n ɪ-púòm/̀ à-yà bà-yà bà-yà à-yà à-yà à-yà à-yà à-yà à-yà à-yà à-yà à-yà à-yà à-yà à-yà bɛ̀ɪ-, mpuóm (P) 126 roof n àfàl [= è-βwì/à- è-bú ɲ̀-jù/bè- lɛ̀-bòlè/m̀ - è-βùɛ/à-~bì- è-βùi/à- è-βùi/à- è-bùn/à- nɛ̀-bnò/m̀ ̀ - nə̀-bnò/m̀ ̀ - nò-bònò/m̀ - l-bòlè/m̀ ̀ - ì-bòl/á- ì-bòl ɔ̀/à- ɛ̀b- ɛ̀l-bùlù/m̀ - ‘sky’] ~bè- bòlò/m̀ - root n è-lì/ bè- ìr ʉ̀k mìn-dǔg/bà-[r] ǹ-dǔg/bà-[r] bì-yì ŋì/à- ì-yŋ̀ ì/à- ɛ̀-ỳŋà/à- ǹ-du ɔ̌ g/à- ǹ-dɔ̌ g/à-[r] ǹ-dǔg/à-[r] ǹ-dǒg/à-[r] ǹ-dǔg/à-[r] ǹ-dǔg/à-[r] ǹ-do ̇̌ g/à-[r] ǹ-lɔ̀g/à- ǹ-lɔ̀g/à- rope n bù-lw ɔ̀/ ǹ-dék /à- mìn-dígí/bà-[l] ǹ-nígí/bà-[l] ǹ-dígí/à-[r] ǹ-dígí~- ǹ-dg/à-[r]́ ǹ-lí ɣá/à- ǹ-nı ̍ gı ̍ /à- ǹ-ne ̍ ge ̍ /à- ǹ-nı ̍ ɣı̍ /à- ǹ-ngí/à-[l]́ ǹ- ǹ-nə́gɛ́/à-[l] n̍ -lə̍ ɣɛ̍ /a̍ - n̍ -lə̍ ɣɛ̍ /a̍ - bè- dgí~d̀ ́gí/ ng~ń ə́g/à- à-[r] [l] rotten, be v pwàl éʧáe (n.) fɔ̌ l fɔ̌ l βɔ̀ɛ̂ βɔ̀ɛ̂ βɔ̀ɛ̂ bu ɔ̀n bɔ̀n bɔ̀n bɔ̀n bɔ̀lɛ̂ ,bɔ̀l bɔ̀lî bɔ̀ɔ̂ l bɔ̂ l bɔ̂ l 127 rub v ʃɪ ́ jéghé, kók, sàmí tàmá ŋ~tàbá ŋ jɔ̀mɛ̂ jɔ̀mɛ̂ jɔ̀mâ,tàmâ taámà tàmâ tàmà tàmà tàm ɛ̂ tàmî tàmâ ta ˊam ɛ̀ ta ˊam ɛ̀

116 refers to the ‘powder made by insects’. 117 These forms exhibit the same root as that of ‘pass’ (q.v.). 118 Efutop ‘pumpkin fruit’ è-də́ mámbi ɛ̀ , ‘pumpkin leaf’ è-ɲuɔ̌ mbi ɛ̀ /à-. 119 1. These forms are used in the sense ‘discharge bowels’. 2. The second member of the construction in Nkum means ‘intestines’ 120 These forms are used particularly in the sense ‘put down from head’. 121 ‘put into’ 122 These forms are used in the sense of ‘put on top of’. 123 The forms in N Etung and Abanyom are ‘archaic’. 124 Nkim also has the variant ì-bêbêl/à-. 125 These forms are used in the sense ‘come home’. 126 The form in Efutop is usually the first member of the construction è-bùn á ń-zù/à-bùn ó ó-zù (‘covering of the house’) with the same meaning. 20 Roger Blench Ekoid overview Circulation Draft Gloss PoS Mbe Ejagham Ekparabong Balep Bendeghe N Etung S Etung Efutop Nde Nselle Nta Abanyom Nkim Nkum Nnam Ekajuk ny ʉ̀k, ʧómè run v gbál βéné gb dí̀ mùrí tá ɣɛ̀ tá ɣɛ̀ βɛ́nâ bi ɛ́ bɛ̂ bɛ̂ bɛ̂ bɛ́nâ tòbî tòb ɔ̂ bɛ́ bɛ́ salt n kɛ̀-myá ŋ àkâ ŋ mì ŋ-ká ŋ ŋ̀-ká ŋ à-kâ ŋ à-kâ ŋ à-kâ ŋ à-kə̂ ŋ à-kʌ̂ ŋ à-kʌ̂ ŋ à-kʌ̂ ŋ à-kâ ŋ à-kâ ŋ à-kâ ŋ a̍ -kəˈ aŋ a̍ -kɛˈ aŋ /kè- scorpion n ká ŋkámó ènyà ŋkìŋ ǹ-ná ŋ/bɔ̀- ń-nântâ/bá------ì-nǎ/ǹ- ǹ-nə́ŋ/à- n̍ -nà ŋtâ/a̍ - n̍ -nʌ̀ŋ/a̍ - ɛ̍ -nʌ̀ŋ/bə̍ - ń-nâ ŋtâ/á- ǹ-nâ ŋ/ù- ǹ-nâ ŋ/ù- n̍ -nɛˈ aŋ/ɛ̍ - n̍ -nɛˈ aŋ/a̍ - scrape v gbòr, fét, wú ɣé (kɔ́m, fɛ́d) (kɔ́m, fɛ́r) kpâm kpâm kpâm kpám kpâm kpâ kpâ kpâm kpâm kpâm kpám kpám fw ɔ́r scratch v yyá wó ŋé wɔ́n wɔ́n wɔ́ŋɛ̀ wɔ́ŋɛ̀ u̍ ɔ́ŋà, kp ǔd wu ɔ́ŋə̀ wɔ̍ ŋɔ̀ wɔ̍ ŋɔ̀ wɔ̍ ŋɔ̀ wɔ̍ ŋâ wɔ̂ ŋ wɔ́ŋɔ̀ wɛˊɔŋɔ́ wɛˊɔŋɔ́ see v kɛ́l yén (rɔ̌ ) (rɔ̌ ) yɛ̂ n yɛ̂ n yɛ̂ n ɲə́ŋ yɛ̍ ɛ̀ yɛ̂ yɛ̍ ɛ̀ yɛ̂ n yêd ɲɛ̂ ñ ɲn~́ ɲɛ́n ɲń seed n ìpòm/ bɛ̀- m̀ mə̀ɣè m̀ -mùní/m̀ - m̀ -mǔŋ /m̀ -bǔŋ m̀ -m̀ɣɛ̀/à- m̀ -m̀ɣɛ̀/à- m̀ -m̀ɣà/à- m̀ -mu ɔ̀g/à- m̀ -mɔ̀g/à- m̀ -mɔ̀g/à- m̀ -mòg/à- m̀ -mùg/à- m̀ -mɷ̀ g/à- m̀ -mɔ̀gɔ̀/à- m̀ -mɔ̀g/à- m̀ -mɔ̀g/à- bùní 128 sell v ʃîe gùré ʧɔ́ kòré gùr ɛ̂ gùr ɛ̂ ~gùrî gùrî gúr ə̀ gòrô gòrò gòrò gòr ɛ̂ gòrî gòr ɔ̂ gəˊ oŋò gɨˊ uŋù set fire to v.t dzwòm fé ɣé, ré ɣé --- jə̌ m ǰ m... ǰ m... ǰ m... zə̀m~zə́mm ə̀ jɛ̀mɛ̂ jə̀mm ɛ̀ jɛ̀mm ɛ̀ jùm ǰ m... jo ̇̌ m... jʌ̂ m jə̂ m 129 seven nu -táne + - ǹnégisá <---> <---> <---> <---> <---> í-zá à-sɩ̂ mma ̍ à-sɩ̍ m̀ ma ̍ à-sɩ̍ m̀ ma ̍ à-ŕm̀ má à-ŕmínî ì-rímínî ɛ̀-smmầ ɛ̀b-ʃmầ m puál 130 sew v ǰ m jə̌ m ǰ m ǰ m dz ̌ m zə̀m jʌ̀m jə̀m jə̀m jùm (kôr) j'o̍ âm jʌ̂ m jêm 131 shake v.t. ɲɩŋ̀ í ɲŋ̀ ń ɲìŋî ɲŋ̀ î ɲɛ̀ŋɛ̂ ɲiɛ́ŋə̀ ɲɛ̀ŋɛ̂ ɲɛ̀ŋɛ̀ ɲɛ̀ŋɛ̀ ɲɛ̀ŋɛ̂ nɛ̀ŋî~ɲɛ̀ŋî nɛ̀ŋɛ̂ ɲɛˊɛŋɛ̀ ɲɛˊɛŋɛ̀ shame n ɲ̀-sɔ̂ n ǹ-dɔ̂ n ɲ̀-sɔ̂ n ɲ̀-sɔ̂ n ɲ̀-sɔ̂ n ɲ̀-su ɔ̂ n ɲ̀-sɔ̂ n ɲ̀-sɔ̂ n ɲ̀-sɔ̂ n ǹ-dɔ̂ n ǹ-dɔ̂ n ǹ-dɔ̂ n/à-[r] n̍ -dɔ̍ n/a̍ - n̍ -dɔ̍ n [r] 132 share v kéní kéná ŋ kìrî kìrî kìrî baá ŋə̀ bà ŋâ bà ŋà bà ŋà bà ŋâ bàgî bàâg bɛˊ aŋɛ̀ bɛˊ aŋɛ̀ 133 sharpen v sái,ʧóbí rál βáŋɛ̀ βáŋɛ̀ βáŋɛ̀ sán b̍ ŋà bə̍ ŋà bə̍ ŋà báŋɛ̂ bâ ŋ bá ŋ bɛˊ aŋɛ̍ bɛˊ aŋɛ̍ shine v bád bár yâ yâ yâ yá yâ yâ yâ yâ yâ yâ yá yá shoulder n ɛ̀-pɛ̀pɛ́g/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-pɛ̀g/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-fâ ŋ/à- ɛ̀-fâ ŋ/à- ɛ̀-fâ ŋ/à- è-fə̂ ŋ/à- ɛ̀-fʌ̂ ŋ/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-fə̂ ŋ/bə̀- ɛ̀-fə̂ ŋ/bə̀- ɛ̀-bɛ̀g/à- ì-bɛ̀g/à- ì-bɛ̀g/à- ɛ̍ -bʌ̍ g/á- ɛ̍ -bə̍ g/a̍ - shove v.tr. ɲɔ̌ ŋ tə́m rɔ́mɛ̀~dɔ́mɛ̀,ŋɔ̌ ŋ rɔ́mɛ̀~dɔ́ rɔ́mɛ̀, ɲɔ̌ ŋ tə́m tɛ̍ mm ɛ̀ gbôn,tə̍ mm ɛ̀ tɛ̍ mm ɛ̀ gbôl ʃ̂m ʃə̂ m gból gbúl mɛ̀,ɲɔ̌ ŋ 134 show v tɔ́ŋí tɔ́ŋɛ́ tɔ́ŋɛ̀ tɔ́ŋɛ̀ tɔ́ŋɛ̀ tú ŋə̀ tɨŋɔ̀ tɔ̍ ŋɔ̀ tɔ̍ ŋɔ̀ tɔ́ŋɛ̂ ,têb tɔ̂ ŋ,têb têb tə́ɔ̀ŋ,téb tɛ́ɔ̀ŋ,tíb shut 135 v.tr. bám bám βâm βâm βâm (gbáà) bâm,(gba ̍ ŋà) bâ --- bâm bâm bâm bám bám side n ŋ̀-kà ŋkàŋ/bɔ̀- ŋ̀-kà ŋkàŋ/bà- ɛ̀-gbàŋɛ̀/à- ɛ̀-gbàŋɛ̀/à- ɛ̀-gbàŋɛ̀/à- ŋm̀ -gbà ŋə̀/à- ŋm̀ -gbà ŋà/à- ŋm̀ -gbà ŋà/à- ŋm̀ -gbà ŋà/à- ŋm̀ -gbà ŋà/à- ì-gbà ŋ~ŋm̀ - ì-gbà ŋà/ŋm̀ - ŋm̀ - ŋm̀ - /à- gb ɛˋ aŋɛ̀/à gb ɛˋ aŋɛ̀/à- - silk-cotton n mbwóm, ok ə́m bɔ̀-km/bà-́ bɔ̀-kə́m/ŋ̀- ɔ̀-ḱm/à- ɔ̀-ḱm/à- ɔ̀-ḱm/à- ò-kə́m/à- ɛ̀-kʌ̍ m/à- ɛ̀-kə̍ m/à- ɔ̀-kʌ̍ m/à- ɔ̀-kúm/ŋ̀- ù-km/à-́ ù-ko ̇ ́m/à- ɛ̍ -kʌ̍ m/a̍ - ɛ̍ -kə̍ m/a̍ - tree 136 , bú-bòm Ceiba /bɛ́- pentandra sing v kɔ́n kɔ́n kɔ̂ n kɔ̂ n kɔ̂ n ku ɔ́n (yɩ́m) (yî) (yı ̍ ì) (tòm) kɔ̂ n (tòôm) (yém) (yím) sink v.i. tɛ̌ d tɛ̌ r tɛ̌ d tɛ̌ d tɛ̌ d ti ɛ̀r tɛ̀r tɛ̀r tɛ̀r tɛ̀r ------tɛ̂ r tɛ̂ r 137 sit v kmí̀ bǹ ə́ŋ kùm ɛ̂ kùm ɛ̂ kùmâ,jɔ̀ɛ̂ zu ɔ̀n jɔ̀n jɔ̀n jɔ̀ jɔ̀l b̂m bḿ ɛ̀ jíá jí 138 skin n ŋ̀-kòb ŋ̀-kòb ŋ̀-gù/ò- ŋ̀-gù/ò- ŋ̀-gù/ò- ŋ̀-gùgù/à- ŋ̀-gù/a̍ - ŋ̀-gù/a̍ - ŋ̀-gù/à- ŋ̀-gò/à- ŋ̀-gòbjì/à- ŋ̀-gòbjì/à- ŋ̀-gò/à- ŋ̀-gù/à- kpâ ŋgù kpâ ŋgù slave n mì ɲ-sǒb/bà- ǹ-dǒb/bà-[r] ɲ̀-sǘŋ/à- ɲ̀-sǘŋ/à- ɲ̀-su ̇ ́ŋ/à- ɲ̀-zú/ò- ɲ̀-jo ̍ /à- ɲ̀-jo ̍ /à- ɲ̀-ju ̍ /à- ɲ̀-jǒ/à- ɲ̀-jǒ/à- ɲ̀-jǒ/à- ɲ̀-jò/à- ɲ̀-jù/à- sleep v lái lál yâ ɛ yâ ɛ yâ ɛ lán nân nân nân lâl lâl lâl lál lál slip v.i. sɔ̀rí rɔ̀lɔ́g sɔ́βɛ̀ sɔ́βɛ̀ sɔ́βɛ̂ ,sìrî su ɔ́βà sɔ̍ βɔ̀,sìrî sɔ̍ bɔ̀,sìrì sɔ̍ βɔ̀,sìrì rɔ́bɛ̂ rɔ̂ b rɔ́bɔ̀ rəˊɔŋɔ́ rɛˊɔŋɔ́ smallpox n à-kpá ɲáŋ à-k̀rì à-kpá ɲáŋ à-kpá ɲáŋ à-kpá ɲáŋ ŋ̀-kìr~ò-~à- à-k̀rì à-k̀rì à-k̀rì à-k̀rì à-k̀r à-k̀rɛ̀ à-k̀rɛ̀ à-k̀rɛ̀ smell v.t. wúní wúná ŋ yǘnì yǘnì yúnà ɲiɛ́nə̀ yu ̍ nù yu ̍ nù yu ̍ nù ɲúnâ yû ŋ yɷ́ ŋɔ̀ wń ɔ́ wɩ́nɛ́

127 The second form in S Etung is ‘archaic’. 128 These forms are to be compared with ‘buy’. 129 Sub-groups a-b and f-h have constructions involving ‘four and three’. 130 1. Nkim j ̀mî means ‘stab’. 2. this verb generally also has the meaning of ‘pierce’ or ‘jab’. 131 The form in Efutop means ‘bend sideways’. 132 These forms are to be compared with ‘divide’. 133 The first form in Ekparabong means ‘sharpen a blade or a knife’ and the second means ‘sharpen a point’. 134 The first forms in Nnam and Ekajuk mean ‘tell’. 135 1. The divergent forms in Efutop and Nde above are cognates of forms glossed as ‘lock’ (q.v.). 2. The first form in Nde is ‘archaic’. 136 This is the ‘cotton tree’ ( Ceiba pentandra ) Efik ukim, ukum . 137 The form in Ebanyom also means ‘be present, on the spot’. 138 These forms are more usually used in constructions in the following languages; ŋ̀-kòb bè-kè ŋ̀-kòb bè-kì ŋ̀-gòb jì ŋ/à-gòb jì ŋ ŋ̀-gùb jì ŋ/à-gùb jì ŋ 21 Roger Blench Ekoid overview Circulation Draft Gloss PoS Mbe Ejagham Ekparabong Balep Bendeghe N Etung S Etung Efutop Nde Nselle Nta Abanyom Nkim Nkum Nnam Ekajuk smoke n è-lîlî bà-ɲîn á-tǘg á-ǘg à-ʧü̂ g é-tìtì ɣə́/á- a̍ -tìtı ̍ g e̍ -ttı̀ ̍ g/a̍ - a̍ -tìtı ̍ ɣı̍ à-tûg à-tu ̇ ́tu ̇̂ g à-to ̇ ́to ̇̂ g a̍ -t̍ tɔ̍ g a̍ -t̍ tɔ̍ g 139 smooth v sàmí kɔ́gɔ́r kôg, ʧɔ́mɛ̀ kɔ̂ g,gɔ̌ g,ʧ kɔ̂ g,ʧɔ́mà gu ɔ̍ ɣə̀ gb ɔ̍ ɣɔ̀ gb ɔ̍ gɔ̀ gb ɔ̍ gɔ̀ gb ɔ́gɛ̂ rɔ̂ b rɔ́bɔ̀ gb əˊɔ gɔ́ gb ɛˊɔɣɔ́ ɔ́mɛ̀ snail n ŋ̀-kɔ́/bɔ̀- ŋ̀-kɔ̀/bɔ̀- ŋ̀-kɔ́/ɔ̀- ŋ̀-kɔ́/ɔ̀- ŋ̀-kɔ́/ɔ̀- ŋ̀-ku ɔ́/ò- ŋ̀-kɔɔ̍ /ɛ̀- ŋ̀-kɔ̍ /ɛ̀- ŋ̀-kɔɔ̍ /ɔ̀- ŋ̀-kɔ́r/ɔ̀- ŋ̀-kɔ́r/ù- ŋ̀-kɔ́r/ù- ŋ̍ -kəˈɔŋ /ɛ̍ - ŋ̍ -kɛˈɔŋ /ɛ̍ - snake n ɲ̀-ɲɔ́/bɔ̀- ɲ̀-ɲɔ́/bɔ̀- ɲ̀-ɲɔ̂ /ɔ̀- ɲ̀-ɲɔ̂ /ɔ̀- ɲ̀-ɲɔ̂ /ɔ̀- ɲ́-ɲuɔ̂ /ó- ɲ̍ -ɲɔ̀ɔ̂ /ɛ̍ - ɲ̍ -ɲɔ̀ɔ̂ /ɛ̍ - ɲ̀-ɲɔ̀ɔ̂ /ɔ̀- ɲ̀-ɲɔ̂ /ɔ̀- ɲ̀-ɲɔ̂ /ù- ɲ̀-ɲɔ́/ù ɲ̍ -ɲɔ̍ /ɛ̍ - ɲ̍ -ɲɔ̍ /ɛ̍ - soup n bè-sǒ/mìɲ- bɛ̀-rǒ/ǹ-[d] ɔ̀-sɛ̌ b/à- ì-sú/ɲ̀- ì-sú/ɲ̀- é-kìki ɛ̌ /á- bɛ-sǒ/ɲ̀- b-s̀ ǒ/ɲ̀- à-sǒ b-r̀ ǒr/ ǹ-[d] ù-rɛ̀n/à- ù-rɛ̀nɛ̀/à- á-b́nɛ̀ á-bɩ́nɛ̀ speak v ʧɔ̌ d ʃɔ̌ d ʧɔ̌ d ʧɔ̌ d ʧɔ̌ d də́g râg râg râg bô ŋ bô ŋ bô ŋ bəˊ oŋ bɨˊ uŋ spear n ɛ́-dɔ̂ b/bɛ́- ɛ́-dɔ̂ b/bɛ́- ɛ́-rɔ̂ b/bí- ɛ́-rɔ̂ b/bí- ɛ́-rɔ̂ b/á- è-kɷ̌ ŋ/à- nɛ̀-kɔ̌ ŋ/ŋ̀- nə̍ -kɔ̌ ŋ/ŋ̍ - nɔ̀-kɔ̌ ŋ/ŋ̀- l-ḱ ɔ̌ ŋ/ŋ́- í-kɔ̌ ŋ/á- í-kɔ̌ ŋ/ŋ́- ɛ̀k- ɛ̀l-kɛˋɔŋ /ŋ̀- kəˋɔŋ /ŋ̀- 140 spine n ɛ̀-kɔ̀ŋ/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-kɔ̀ŋ/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-kɔ̀ŋ/à- ɛ̀-kɔ̀ŋ/à- ɛ̀-kɔ̀ŋ/à- è-kɷ̀ ŋ á ɲ̍ - ɛ̀-kɔ̀ŋ/à- ɛ̀-kɔ̀ŋ/à- ɛ̀-kɔ̀ŋ/à- ɛ̀-kɔ̀ŋ/à- ì-kɔ̀ŋ á í-kɔ̀ŋɔ̍ ɲ́- ɛ̀-kəˋɔŋ ɲ̀- ɛ̀-kɛˋɔŋ ɲ̀- zə̀m/à- ɲm/à-̀ jə̀m jʌ̀m/à- jə̀m/à- 141 spirit n mì-ńm/bà-[l] ǹ-nm/bà-ĺ ə́m ǹ-dm/à-[r]́ ǹ-dm/à-́ ǹ-dm/à-[r]́ (ǹ-zi ɛ̂ /à-) bɛ̀-nʌ̍ m/ ǹ- ǹ-nɩ̍ m/à- à-dı ̍ nd ɩ̍ m ǹ-nm/à-[l]́ ǹ-nm/ù-[l]́ ǹ-nə́m/ù-[l] n̍ -lə̍ m/a̍ - n̍ -n̍ m/ɛ̍ b- [r] [l] spit,spray v.i. púm pə́m f̂m f̂m f̂m fɷ́ m fûm fâɷ̀ m fɔ̂ m f̂m f̂m f̂m fʌ́m fə́m 142 squat v ɲúdú kúdúm kb́ ɛ̀ kb́ ɛ̀ kábà kə́mə̀ ku ̍ ù kû ku ̍ ù kúmâ kə̂ m ko ̇ ́mɔ̀ kə́mɛ́ kḿ ɛ́ 143 squeeze v kám,kə̌ b kám,kə̌ b kâm kâm kâm kám ka ̍ mà ka ̍ mà ka ̍ mà kâm kâm kámà ka ˊam ɛ́ ka ˊam ɛ́ stand v.i. lámí lámá ŋ yímì yímì yímâ yiím ə̀ yı ̍ mì ye ̍ mè yı ̍ mì yémâ yêm yém ɛ̀ ye ˊemé yi ˊimí steal v jb́ jə́b jü̂ jü̂ jü̂ yú yû yû yû yû yû yû wú ɷ́ stir v bùdí bùrúg,kpégéd β̌ ŋ,kpígì β̌ ŋ,sìgî β̌ ŋ,š g,ʧβ̀ î kpií ɣə̀ kpe ̍ ɣè,bùrû kpe ̍ ɣè,bùrù kpe ̍ ɣè,bùrù bùrî búr ̂~b'rî br̀ ɔ̂ bu ˊurù bŕ ɛ̀~bɔ̍ ˊŋ ŋɔ̀ stop(1) v gɔ̌ gɔ̌ dɛ̀ɛ̂ dɛ̀ɛ̂ dɛ̀ɛ̂ gu ɔ̂ gɔ̀ɔ̂ gɔ̀ gɔɔ̀ dɛ̀,lɔ̀ ǩ m ko ̇ ̀mm ɔ́ rʌ́ɣɛ́ rə́ɣɛ́ ŋɔ̂ ~ǩ mm ɔ̂ 144 stop(2) v sóbí róbé kímì kímì kímì yúr ə̀ yòrô yòrò,kə̍ bɛ̀ yòrò yòr,kémê yòrî,kêm kém ɛ̀ kémé kímí suck v yáb gáb yâb yâb yâb yáb yâb yâb yâb yâb yâb yâb yáb yáb 145 surpass v kí ŋ kə́ŋ ʧíŋì ʧíŋì ʧíŋì (gà) (gà) (gà) (gà) sâ ŋ.(gà) ʃêŋ ʃêŋ sə́ŋ ʃə́ŋ swallow v mɛ̌ i mɛ̀lɛ́g mɛ̌ ~mɛ̀ɛ̂ mɛ̌ mɛ̌ mi ɛ́nʌ̀ mɛ̀nɛ̂ mɛ̀nɛ̀ mɛ̀nɛ̀ mɛ̀lɛ̂ mɛ̀lî mɛ̀lɛ̂ mɛ́lɛ̀ mɛ́lɛ̀ 146 sway v.i. fág fág fâg fâg fâg fə́ɣɣ à fa ̍ gà fe ̍ ggà fʌ̍ ggà fágâ fàgî fàâg fɛˊ ag ɛ́ fɛˊ ak ɛ́ sweat n bɛ̀-sɔ́ŋsɔ̀ŋ lɛ̀-yóbè ɲ̀-yú βɛ́ ɲ̀-yúbí ɲ̀-yú βí è-yuú βə́ nɛ̀-yo ̍ bò nò-yo ̍ bò nò-yo ̍ bò/ɲ̀- l-yóbé̀ ì-jjóĺ ì-jjóĺ ɔ́ ŋˈɱ - ŋ̍ -wu ˈuru ̍ wo ˈoro ̍ sweep v pág pág fâg fâg fâg yu ə̀n fɛɛ̍ ŋɛ̀ fɛ̍ ŋɛ̀ fɛɛ̍ ŋɛ̀ fé ŋê,wólê fôl fôl fɛˊɛŋɛ́ fɛˊɛŋɛ́ swim v wɔ́g wɔ́g yɔ̂ g yɔ̂ g wɔ̂ g yu ɔ́g yɔ̂ g yɔ̂ g yɔ̂ g ɲɔ̂ g ɲɔ̂ g ɲɔ̂ g ɲəˊɔ g ɲɛˊɔ g tail n mì ŋ-kí/bà- ɲ̀-kél/bà- bì-kî/à- ì-kî/ŋ̀- ì-kî/ŋ̀- ɲ̀-sîn/ò- nè-sîn~sı ̍ ìn/ɲ̀- nɛ̀-sɩ̂n/ɲ̀- nì-sîn/ɲ̀- l-kêl/̀ ŋ̀- ŋ̀-kɛ̂ l/à- ì-kêl/ŋ̀- ɛ̍ s-se ̍ l/a̍ ɛ̍ l-ʃı̍ l/ɲ̍ - take v lɔ̌ b lɔ́b yìgî yìgî yìgî yí ɣà yì ɣî yìgì yì ɣì yègê yègî yèg ɛ̂ yégè yɣɛ́ ̀ away 147 148 take v kɔ́ kɔ́ kɔ́ kɔ́ kɔ́, kɔ̂ ku ɔ́ kɔ̍ , kɔ̍ ɔ̀ kɔ̍ , kɔ̂ kɔ̍ , kɔ̍ ɔ̀ kɔ́ kɔ̍ , kɔ̂ kɔ̍ , kɔ̂ kɔ́ kɔ́ tap wine n (fái) (fál) kɛ̌ m kɛ̌ m~ki ɛ̌ m ki ɛ̌ m si ɛ̀m sɛ̀m sɛ̀ sɛ̀ kɛ̀m ʃɛ̀mî ʃɛ̀ɛ̂ m sɛ̂ m ʃɛ̂ m tear up v jág yáb ʧáɣɛ̀ ʧáɣɛ̀ ʧáɣɛ̀ sá ɣà sá ɣà sá ɣà sá ɣà jâg jâg jâg jɛˊ ag ɛ́ jɛˊ ag tears n bà-bdàǵ bà-mrà́ ŋ ɔ̀-βb́ βɛ̀ ɔ̀-ββ́ ì à-ββ́ ì é-mií βə̀/á- a̍ -mì βî a̍ -mì β̂ m̍ ìβı̍ á-bîbî á-bìbí á-bìbí á-bɔ̍ ˊŋŋɔ̍ á-bɔ̍ ˊŋŋɔ̍ ten n ɔ́-fɔ́ jóbá bɔ́-fɔ́ ɔ́-fɔ́ ɔ́-fɔ́ wú βə́ wo ̍ bo ̍ wo ̍ bo ̍ wo ̍ bo ̍ wóbá í-gôl í-gôl ɛ́-wóbò ɛ́b-wúbù termite n ŋ̀-kɛ̀kɛ̀/bɔ̀- ɛ̀-gbá/bɛ̀- ŋ̀-ki ɛ́ɛ́/ɔ̀- ŋ̀-ki ɛ́/ɔ̀- ŋ̀-ki ɛ́/ɔ̀- ŋ̀-kùku ɔ̀/à- ŋ̀-kìk ɔ̀/à- ŋ̍ -kɔ̀kɔ̀/a̍ - ŋ̀-kɔ̀kɔ̀/à- ŋ̀-kɛ̀kɛ̀/à- ŋ̀-kk̀ ɛ̀/à- ŋ̀-kk̀ ɛ̀/á- ŋ̀-kk̀ ɔ̌ /à- ŋ̀-kk̀ ɔ̌ /à- 149 testicle n b ɔ-p̌ n (ǹ-dǎɛ/ɔ̀-[r]) (ǹ-dǎɛ/ɔ̀- (ǹ-dǎ/ɔ̀-[r]) ɱ̀ -fə̌ n/à- ɱ̀ -gʌ̂ n/à- ɱ̀ -fə̌ n/à- ɱ̀ -fʌ̂ n/à- --- ɱ́ -f̌ n/á- ɱ́ -fə̌ n/á- ɱ̀ -fʌ̀n/à- ɛ̀l-fə̀n/ɱ̀ - [r]) 150 theft n ɛ̀-jb/b́ ɛ̀- ɛ̀-jb/b́ ɛ̀- è-jü̂ /bì- è-jü̂ /bì- ɛ̀-ju ̇̂ à-zû ɛ̀-jû/à- ɛ̀-jû/à- ò-jû/à- ɛ̀-jû/b̀- ù-jû/à- ù-jû/à- ɛ̍ -ju ̍ /a̍ - ɛ̍ -jɷ́ /a̍ - 151 thigh n ɛ̀-tàtáb/bɛ̀- ɛ̀- ɔ̀-tâ/à- ɔ̀-tâ/à- ɔ̀-tâ/à- ò-tâ/à- ɛ̀-nɛ̀mɛ̍ /bɛ̀- ɛ̀-nə̀mɛ̀/bə̀- ɛ̀-nɛ̀mɛ̍ /bɛ̀- ɛ̀-ǹmí/à- ù-tâ/à- ù-tá/à- ɛ̀nəˋ mm ɛ̀/ ɛ̍ -yɔ̍ /a̍ - nàmànámág/bɛ̀- à-

139 1. These forms are used especially referring to smoothing plaster. 2. The form in Ekajuk means to ‘whet a knife’. 140 The second member of the constructions above is the form meaning ‘back’ (q.v.). 141 1. These forms were elicited with the gloss ‘fairy’. 2. There is no singular/plural alternation possible in the form given in Nta. 3. the form in Efutop is the same as the one given for the gloss ‘witch~wizard’ (q.v.). 142 These forms are to be compared with ‘arch’, with ‘bow’ (v.), and with ‘duck’ (v.). 143 1. The second form in Ekparabong means ‘squeeze someone’s hand’. 2. The first form in Balep refers to ‘squeezing leaves’, and the second to ‘squeezing cloth’. 144 These forms refer specifically to the rain. 145 These forms exhibit almost identical roots with ‘pass’ (q.v.) and ‘profit’ (q.v.). 146 These forms are used in the sense of ‘turn, swing, shake from side to side’ except the form in Ekparabong which means ‘turn sideways’. 147 These forms are used in the sense ‘remove’. 148 1. In languages Nde, Nselle, Nta, Nkim, and Nkum the first form is a complete utterance meaning ‘take it from me.’ and the second form is another complete utterance meaning ‘take it from over there.’ 2. The second form in S Etung means ‘get it’. 149 There is only a descriptive compound in Ebanyom, the meaning of which is ‘seed of the scrotum’. 150 The forms in languages S Etung and Efutop have no singular/plural alternation. 151 These forms refer to the ˈupper leg (above the knee)’. 22 Roger Blench Ekoid overview Circulation Draft Gloss PoS Mbe Ejagham Ekparabong Balep Bendeghe N Etung S Etung Efutop Nde Nselle Nta Abanyom Nkim Nkum Nnam Ekajuk thing n ɲ̀-kúm/ŋ̀-góm ɲ̀-jóm/ŋ̀-góm è-jûm/è-yîm è-jûm/è- ɲ̀-dzûm/m̀ - ɲ̀-zûm/à-ɲîm è-jôm/ɲ̀-sɔ̍ n ɛ̀-jô/ɲ̀-sɔ̍ n è-jô/m̀ -bê ɛ̀-jôm/ɲ̀-sɔ́l ì-jôm/à- ì-jôm/à- ɛ̍ -jo ̍ m/ɲ̍ - ɛ̍ -ju ̍ m/ɲ̍ - yîm~ì- bîm sɔ̍ l ʃɔ̍ l thorn n ɲ̀-sɛ́n/bà- ǹ-dɛ́n/bà-[r] ɛ̀jɔ̀ŋɛ̀/à- ɛ̀jɔ̀ŋɛ̀/à- ɛ̀jɔ̀ŋɛ̀/à- ɲ̀-sə́ŋ/à- ɛ̍ -jɔ̀ŋɔ̍ ~- ɛ̍ -j̍ jɔ̀ŋɔ̍ /a̍ -jɔ̀ŋɔ̍ ɛ̍ -jɔ̍ jɔ̀ŋɔ̍ /a̍ - ɛ̀-jɔ̀ŋà/à- ì-jɔ̀ŋjɔ́ŋ/à- ì-jɔ̀jɔ̀/à- ɛ̀- ɛ̀-jɛˋɔŋɔ̀/à- jı ̍ jɔ̀ŋɔ̍ /a̍ - jəˋɔŋɔ̀/à- three n bɛ́-rá bɛ́-rá ɛ́-sá ɛ́-sá ɛ́-sá á-saá bɛ̍ -saa ̍ b̍ -sa ̍ bə̍ -saa ̍ bɛ́-rá í-rá í-rá ɛ́r-râ~ɛ́-râ ɛ́b-râ three- n ɛ̀-rḿ ɛ̀-rm/b́ ɛ̀- ɛ̀-rm/bì-́ ɛ̀-rm/bì-́ ɛ̀-rḿ è-d́mə́/à- ɛ̀-rɩ̍ mɛ̍ /bɛ̀- ɛ̀-r̍ mɛ̍ /bə̀- ɛ̀-r̍ mɛ̍ /bɛ̀- ɛ̀-rmí/b́ ̀- ì-rm/à-́ ì-rə́m/à- ɛ̍ -lʌ̍ mɛ̍ /n̍ - ɛ̍ -lə̍ mɛ̍ /ɛ̍ b- leafed [l] yam, Dioscorea dumetoru m 152 throat n mì ŋ-kú ŋ/bà- ŋ̀-kú ŋ/bà- ǹ-tɷ̌ ŋ/ò- ǹ-tɷ̌ ŋ/ò- ǹ-tɷ̌ ŋ/ò- ɲ̀-kâɷ̀ ŋ/ò- ɲ̀-kɔ̂ ŋ/à- ɲ̀-kɔ̂ ŋ/à- ɲ̀-kɔ̂ ŋ/à- ɲ̀-kû ŋ/à-,ǹ- ì-bá ŋkǒd/à- ì-rá ŋkǒd/à- ŋ̍ -kʌ̍ ŋ/a̍ - ŋ̍ -kʌ̍ ŋ/a̍ - tǒŋ /à- thunder n ɲ̀-sân/bɔ̀- ǹ-dân/bà-[r] ɲ̀-sân/à- ɲ̀-sân/à- ɲ̀-sân/à- ɲ̀-sân/à- ɲ̀-sân/à- ɲ̀-sân/à- ɲ̀-sân/à- ǹ-dân/à-[r] ǹ-dân/à-[r] ǹ-dân/à-[r] n̍ -da ̍ n/a̍ - n̍ -da ̍ n/a̍ -[r] [r] 153 tie v bɔ́bí bɔ́bɔ́g βɔ́mɛ̀ βɔ́mɛ̀ βɔ́mà kə̀n bɔ̍ ɔ̀ bɔ̂ bɔ̍ ɔ̀ bɔ́mâ bɔ̂ m bɔ́mɔ̀ bɔ́bɔ́ bɔ́bɔ́ toad n ɛ́- ɛ́- ɛ́-kpájírí/á- ɛ́- ɛ́-kpá ɲjírá/- é-li ěli ɛ̌ /á- ɛ̀-jɩnầ ŋkàn/à- ɛ̍ -jìnâ ŋkʌ̀n/a̍ - o̍ -nôn ǒ/a̍ - ɛ́-kpájôlâ/á- í-kpájòlí/á- í-kpájòl ɔ́/á- ɛ́- ɛ́- gu ɛ́rá ŋgu ɛ́/bɛ́- guédá ŋgué/bɛ́- kpájírí/á- kp j́ ʌ̍ mɛ̍ /á kpáj ə̍ mɛ̍ /á - - 154 today n ɛ́-lɛ́i ɛ́-lɛ́l ɛ́-yɛ́ ɛ́-yɛ́~é-yé é-yé é-li ɛ́n ɛ̍ -nɛɛ̍ ɛ̍ -nɛ̍ ,ɛ̍ -nɛ̍ jı ̍ ɛ̍ -nɛɛ̍ ,ɛ̍ -nɛ̍ jı ̍ ɛ́-lɛ́l í-lɛ́la ̍ í-lɛ́lá lɛ̂ l lɛ́lâ tomorrow n ŋ̀-ku ɔ̌ ŋ̀-ku ɔ̌ ɔ́-jɔ̂ ~ó-jôfú ɔ́-jɔ̂ ~ó- ɔ́-jɔ̂ ó-wu ɔ̂ ɛ̍ -wʌ̍ ǹna ̍ ɛ̍ -wə̍ ǹna ̍ ɛ̍ -wə̍ nə̀ ɛ́-gɔ̂ ú-gɔ́ ú-bɔ́ná bnà́ bnấ jɔ̂ fú tongue n è-lébì/bè- lè-légèb/ ǹ-[l] ɛ̀-rb́ βɛ̀/bì- ɛ̀-rβɛ́ ̀/bì ɛ̀-rβ́ ì/à- é-lií βə̀/á- nɛ̍ -nìbî/n̍ - ne ̍ -nìbî/n̍ - nı ̍ -nì βı̍ /n̍ - l-rêbê/́ ń-[d] í-rěb~- í-lèb ɛ́/á- ɛ́l-lígí/ ń- ɛ́b-líkí/ ń- ~bɛ̀- rèbí/á- `n~ tooth n è-lí ŋ/m̀ -mŋ́ lɛ̀-mə́ŋ/m̀ - è-yî ŋ/à-m̂ŋ è-yî ŋ/à- è-yî ŋ/à-m̂ŋ è-mə̂ n/à- nɛ̀-mʌ̂ n/à- nè-mɩ̂ n/à- nʌ̀-mʌ̂ n/à- l-m̀ ̂n~ɛ̀-/à- (ì-lôl/à-) (ì-lôl/à-) ɛ̍ m- ɛ̍ l-mə̍ n/a̍ - m̂ŋ mə̍ n/a̍ - tortoise n ŋ̀-kuí/bò- ŋ̀-kúl/bò- ŋ̀-kǘi/ò- ŋ̀-kǘi/ò- ŋ̀-ku ̇ ́i/ɔ̀------ŋ̀-kúl/ɔ̀- ŋ̀-ku ̇ ́l/ù- ŋ̀-ko ̇ ́l/ù --- ŋ̍ -kɔ̍ l/ɛ̍ - tree n è-réré/mìn-[d] bò-ré/ ǹ-déré é-tí/à- é-tí/à- é-tí/à- è-tí/ ǹ- è-te ̍ /ǹ- ɛ̀-te ̍ /ǹ- è-te ̍ /ǹ- ɔ̀-té/ ǹ- ì-té~ù-/à- ì-té/à- ɛ̍ -te ̍ /n̍ - ɛ̍ -tı ̍ /n̍ - trunk(bod n è-kùk ǔ/bè- ɛ̀-kùkù/bɛ̀- è-kǜ/bì- è-kǜ/à- ɛ́-ku ̇ ́kù/á- è-kùkù/à- ɛ̀-kùkù/à- ɛ̀-kùkù/à- è-kùkù/à- ɛ̀-kùkù/à- í-kpó ŋ́- í-kpó ŋ́- ɛ̀-kùkù/à- ɛ̀-kúk ɷ̀ /à- y) 155 gòbjì/á- gòbjì/á- 156 tuck v sɔ̌ g rɔ̌ g sɔ̌ g sɔ̌ g sɔ̌ g kə̀g kàg kàg kàg màd ɛ̂ mànî, màdâ kp ə́dɛ̀ kp ə́tɛ̀ turn over v.t. kpédí kpégéd kpígì kpígì kpígì kpií ɣə̀ kpègê kpègè kpè ɣè kpédê kpêd kpéd ɛ̀ kpe ˊedé kpi ˊidí~kp iˊití 157 twenty n ɛ̀-rm/b́ ɛ̀-~ɛ̀- ɛ̀-rḿ ɛ̀-sǎm/ɲ̀- ɛ̀-sǎm/ɲ̀- ɛ̀-sǎm/ɲ̀- mè-tə̂ n/à- nɛ̀-tʌ̂ n/à- nə̀-tə̂ n/à- nə̀-tə̂ n/à- l-t̀ ̂l/à- í-t̂l/à- í-tə̂ l/à- ɛ́t-tʌ̂ l/á- ɛ́l-tə̂ l/á- twist v kə̌ b kə̌ b ʧ̌ b ʧ̌ b ʧ̌ b baá ɣə̀ ba ̍ ɣà ba ̍ ɣà ba ̍ ɣà bág ɛ̂ jrî̀ jr̀ ɛ̂ bɛˊ ag ɛ́ bɛˊ aɣɛ́ two nu ɛ́-gɔ̀d/bɛ́- ɛ́-gɔ̀d/bɛ́- ɛ́-gɔ̀d/bí- ɛ́-gɔ̀d/bí- ɛ́-gɔ̀d/á- é-gu ɔ̌ r ɛ̍ -gɔ̀r ɛ̍ -gɔ̀r ɛ̍ -gɔ̀r ɛ́-gɔ̂ r/á------ɛ̀-gɔ̀r --- hundred 158 m two n bɛ́-fál bɛ́-fál ɛ́-βâɛ ɛ́-βâɛ ɛ́-βâɛ á-βân bı ̍ -bâ b̍ -bâ bə̍ -bâ b-bâĺ í-bâl í-bâl ɛ́b-bál ɛ́b-bál understand n mǎĩ màɛ́ ̃ ------gbi ɛ́rə̀ gb ɛ̀rɛ̂ gb ɛ̀rɛ̀ gb ɛ̀rɛ̀ gb ɛ̀râ yôg yôg gb ɛ́rɛ̀ gb ɛ́rɛ̀ 159 undress v jóg,nɔ́d lɔ́d jûg jûg jûg zu ɔ́g jɔ̂ g jɔ̂ g jûg yègê,kpôd yègî yg̀ ɛ̂ yégè,kpód yɣɛ́ ̀,kpúd untie v wàdí gàrág fŋɛ̀ ̂ fŋɛ̀ ̂ fŋ̀ î kp ə́rr ə̀ fɔ̀ŋŋɔ̂ fɔ̀ŋŋɔ̀ fɔ̀ŋŋɔ̀ fù ŋî fŋ̀ î fo ̇ ̀ŋɔ̂ fʌˊŋŋɛ̀ fəˊŋŋɛ̀ 160 uproot v ǰ b (m ǔ) yə̌ b yə̌ b y̌ b yə̀b,(mə́rə̀) yʌ̀b,(mɛ̀nn ɛ̂ ) yə̀b,(mɛ̀nn ɛ̀) yʌ̀b,(mɛ̀nn ɛ̀) (mlî)̀ ybî̀ yo ̇ ̀ȯ̂ b (mə́ll ɛ̀) (mlĺ ɛ̀) urinate v pábí fábág fǵ ɛ̀ fǵ ɛ̀ fgì́ fuú βə̀ fu ̍ ɣù fu ̍ gù fu ̍ ɣù fúgî f̂r fŕ ɔ̀ fɔˊŋŋɔ́ fɔˊŋŋɔ́ urine n m̀ -pábì/bà- bà-fábàg~- à-f́gɛ̀ à-f́gɛ̀ à-f́ɣì à-fuú βə̀ à-fu ̍ ɣù à-fu ̍ ɣù à-fu ̍ ɣù à-fúgî à-fîr à-fə́rɔ̀ á-fɔˊŋŋɔ̍ á-fɔˊŋŋɔ̍ fə́bàg vagina n (m̀ -bòd/bò-) (m̀ -bòd/bò-) ǹ-tǘd/ò- ǹ-tǘd/ò- ɲ̀-ʧu̇ ́d/ɔ̀- è-têm/à- ǹ-tʌ̍ r/à- ǹ-tə̍ r/à- ǹ-tə̍ r/à- (ɛ̀-kɔ̀b/b-)̀ (ì-kɔ̀b/à-) (ì-kɔ̀b/à-) n̍ -tʌ̍ r/ɛ̍ - n̍ -tə̍ r/ɛ̍ - ~ɛ̍ b-

152 1. The plural form in languages Nde and Nselle is uaually à-tò ŋa̍ ŋ̍ -kɔ̀ ŋ. 2. another form with the same meaning in Nkim is ŋm̀ -kpàrìk ǒd. 153 1. These forms are used in the sense of ‘tie on a garment’. 2. compare ‘cloth’. 154 The second entries in languages Nselle and Nta are demonstrative constructions. 155 1. These forms refer to the part of the body exclusive of the limbs. 2. The second member of the construction in minor sub-group r-s means ‘skin’ or ‘body’. 156 The second form in Nkim means ‘press in on one side’. 157 1. The plural forms are used for multiples of twenty. 2. Balep does not have any singular/plural alternation for such multiples. 158 1. where singular/plural alternations are given above, the plural forms are used for multiples of two hundred. 2. The forms in languages Bendeghe and N Etung are said to be ‘archaic’. 159 The form in Ekajuk is ‘dialectal’. 160 The first form in Nde, Nselle and Nta refers especially to uprooting ‘small sticks’ (‘stalks’). 23 Roger Blench Ekoid overview Circulation Draft Gloss PoS Mbe Ejagham Ekparabong Balep Bendeghe N Etung S Etung Efutop Nde Nselle Nta Abanyom Nkim Nkum Nnam Ekajuk vein n mì ŋ-ǩ b/bà- ɲ̀-kə̌ b/bà- bì-jə̌ b/à- ì-jə̌ b/à- ì-ǰ b/à-~ɲ̀- ɲ̀-zə̌ b/à- ɲ̀-jʌ̂ b/à- ɲ̀-jə̌ b/à- ɲ̀-jʌ̂ b/à- ɲ̀-ǰ b/à- ɲ̀-ǰ b/à- ɲ̀-jə̌ b/à- ɲ̀-jʌ̀b/à- ɲ̀-jə̀b/à- ~ɲ̀- village n ɱ̀ -fâm ɱ̀ -fâm ɱ̀ -fâm ɱ̀ -fâm ɱ̀ -fâm ɱ̀ -fâm ɱ̀ -fâm ɱ̀ -fâm ɱ̀ -fâm --- ɱ̀ -fâm ------god village(1) n m̀ -pámb/bɔ̀- m̀ -pámb/bà- ɛ̀-te ˊɛg/ ǹ- ɛ̀-tɛ́g/ǹ- ɛ̀-tɛ́g/ ǹ- è-lâ/à- ɛ̀-jβɛ̀ ̍ /bɛ̀,ɛ̀- nɩ-sì/̀ ɲ̀- ɛ̀-jɛ̀βɛ̍ /bɛ̀,nì- ɛ̀-jbá/b̀ -,̀ ɛ́- ɱ̀ -fâm,ì-ʃí í- ì-b'o̍ gɔ̀,ì-ʃí ɛ̀-jʌ̀bɛ̀/ɛ̀b- ɛ̀-jə̀bɛ̀/à- ~ɛ̀- sı ̍ sɔ̍ g/à- sì/ɲ̀- kpágb ɛ̂ /à- b'u̍ g í-bo ̇ ̀gɔ̀ ,ɱ̍ -fa ̍ m ,ɱ̍ -fa ̍ m/a̍ - te ˊɛg/ ǹ- village(2) n m̀ -pám/bɔ̀- m̀ -pám/bà------ɱ̀ -fâm/ɔ̀- ɱ̀ -fâm/à- ɱ̀ -fâm ɱ̀ -fâ ɱ̀ -fâ ɱ̀ -fâm ɱ̀ -fâm ɱ̀ -fâm ɱ̍ -fa ̍ m ɱ̍ -fa ̍ m 161 162 voice n è-lěm/bà- lɛ̀-lěm/bà- è-yǔm/bì- è-yǔm/ɲ̀- è-yǔm/ɲ̀- è-lǔm/à- (ǹ-tɔ̌ ŋ/à-) (ǹ-tɔ̌ ŋ/à-) (ǹ-tɔ̌ ŋ/à-) l-l̀ ǒm/à- ì-lǒm/à- ì-lǒm/à- (ǹ- ɛ̀b- təˋɔŋ /à-) lùm~ɛ̀l-/à- vomit v kɔ̌ kɔ̌ kǚ kǚ ku ̇̌ kə́nnà kù kù kù kùlî kùû kùû kʌˊ ll ɛ̀~kʌ́l kəˊ ll ɛ̀~kə́l ɛ̀ ɛ̀ vulture n ɔ̀-tɛ̀rɛ̀/bà- ɔ̀-tɛ̀rɛ̀/bà- ɔ̀-tɛ̀rɛ̀/à- ɔ̀-tɛ̀rɛ̀/à- ù-tɛ̀rɛ̀/à- ó-tr̀ ə̀/á- ɛ̀-tɛ̀rɛ̀~ù-/à- ɛ̀-tɛ̀rɛ̀/à- ɔ̀-tɛ̀rɛ̀/à- ɔ̀-tɛ̀rɛ̀/à- ù-pù/à- ù-pù/à- ɛ̀t-tɛ̀rɛ̀/ǹ- ɛ̀-tɛ̀rɛ̀/à- waist n (mì ɲ-sín/bà-) (ǹ-də́n/bà-[r]) è-βûn/bì-~m̀ - è-βûn/bì- è-βûn/à- è-bâɷ̀ n/à- ɛ̀-bôn/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-bôn/bə̀- è-bôn/bò- ɛ̀-bôn/b-̀ ì-bôn/à- ì-bôn/à- ɛ̍ -bo ̍ n/a̍ - ɛ̍ -bu ̍ n/a̍ - [b] ~m̀ -[b] ~m̀ [b] wake v.i. ɲmí̀ gùmú ŋ ɲm̀ ɛ̂ ɲm̀ ɛ̂ ɲmî̀ ɲím ə̀~ɲɩḿ ə̀ ɲɩmî̀ ɲɩmì̀ ɲɩmì̀ ɲ̂mî ɲmî̀ ɲə̀mɛ̂ ɲə́mɛ̀ ɲə́mɛ̀ 163 walk v kɛ̌ n kɛ̌ n jɛ̌ n jɛ̌ n jɛ̌ n zi ɛ̀n jɛ̀n jɛ̀n jɛ̀n jɛ̀n jɛ̀nî jɛ̀ɛ̂ n jɛ̂ n jɛ̂ n war n bɛ̀-rá bɛ̀-rá bì-tá ì-tá/ǹ-, ɛ̀- bì-tá, ɛ̀-nɔ̀g è-tá/ ǹ- bɛ̀-ta ̍ /ǹ- b-tà ̍ /ǹ- bə̀-ta ̍ /ǹ- b-tá/̀ ǹ- í-tá/ ń- ì-tá/ ǹ- ɛ̍ t-ta ̍ /n̍ - ɛ̍ b-ta ̍ /n̍ - nɔ̀g water n màmài~m̀ -mài m̀ -màl à-yíb à-yə́b à-ýb à-lə́b à-nʌ̍ b à-lə̍ b à-nʌ̍ b à-lb́ à-lb́ à-lə́b a̍ -lʌ̍ b a̍ -lə̍ b weed v kǒd kǒr kǔd kǔd kǔd (yə́ββə̀) kòr, (yàb) kòr, (yàb) kòrò, (yàb) kòr kòrî kòôr (wɔ̂ b) (wɔ̂ b) whistle v férí fébá ŋ fíbì fíbì gì βî --- fèê fè feèr fòl fòlî fòl ɔ̂ fôl fúlù whitewash n (ǹ-tò) (ǹ-tò) ɔ̀-fɛ́m ɔ̀-fɛ́m/à- ɔ̀-fɛ́m (ò-kpân/à-) ɛ̀-fɛ̀m/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-fɛ̍ m/bɛ̀- ɔ̀-fɛ̍ m/à- ɔ̀-fɛ́m/à- ù-fɛ́m ú-fɛ́m/á- ɛ̍ -fɛ̍ m/a̍ - ɛ̍ -fɛ̍ m/a̍ - wife n mì ŋ-kái/bà- ŋ̀-kál/bà- ŋ̀-ká ɛ/à- ŋ̀-ká ɛ/à- ŋ̀-ká ɛ/à- ŋ̀-kán/à- ŋ̀-kaa ̍ /-~àbà- ŋ̀-ka ̍ /à- ŋ̀-kaa ̍ /à- ŋ̀-kál/à- ŋ̀-kál/à- ŋ̀-kál/à- ŋ̍ -ka ̍ l/a̍ - ŋ̍ -ka ̍ l/a̍ - wind n m̀ -pɛ́b m̀ -pɛ́b ɱ̀ -fɛ̂ b ɱ̀ -fɛ̂ b ɱ̀ -fɛ̂ b ɱ̀ -fi ɛ̂ b ɱ̀ -fi ɛ̂ b ɱ̀ -fi ɛ̂ b ɱ̀ -fɛ̂ b ɱ̀ -fɛ̂ b (ì-f̀fɛ̀) (ì-f̀fɛ̀) ɱ̍ -fɛ̍ b ɱ̍ -fɛ̍ b wing n ɛ̀-pàbì/bɛ̀- ɛ̀- ɛ̀-fà βɛ̀/à- ɛ̀-fà βɛ̀/à- ɛ̀-fà βɛ̀/à- é-kp ɷ́ ŋ/á- ɛ̀- ɛ̀- ɛ̀- ɛ̀- ì- ì- ɛ̀- ɛ̀- kpò ŋmkpòŋ/bɛ̀- kp ɔ̀ŋmkp ɔ̀ŋ/à- kp ɔ̀ŋmkp ɔ̀ŋ/à- kp ɔ̀ŋmkp ɔ̀ŋ/à- kp ɔ̀ŋmkpòŋ/à- kpò ŋmkpòŋ/ kpògkpòg/à- kp əˋ oŋmk kɨˋ uŋmkp ɨ à- pəˋ oŋ/à- ˋuŋ/à- 164 wipe v sèrí, bóg nǔg, bóg fɔ̂ n fɔ̂ n fɔ̂ n fɷ́ n,nɷ́ g sɛ̀nɛ̂ sə̀nn ɛ̀ sɛ̀nn ɛ̀ fôl,rn,dùg̀ fôl fôl fól,rəˊ nn ɛ̀ fu ˊut ɷ́ witch~wiz n mì ɲ-ʧɛ́/bà- ɲ̀-ʃɛ́/bà- ɲ̀-jɛ̂ /à- ɲ̀-jɛ̂ /à- ɲ̀-jɛ̂ /à- ɲ̀-zi ɛ̂ /à- ɲ̀-jɛ̂ /à- ɲ̀-jɛ̂ /à- ɲ̀-jɛ̂ /à- ɲ̀-jɛ̂ /à- ɲ̀-jɛ̂ /à- ɲ̀-jɛ̂ /à- ɲ̍ -jɛ̍ /a̍ - ɲ̍ -jɛ̍ /a̍ - ard witchcraft n bɔ̀-ʧɛ́ bɔ̀-ʧɛ́ ɔ̀-jɛ̂ ɔ̀-jɛ̂ ɔ̀-jɛ̂ ò-zi ɛ̂ ɛ̀-jɛ̂ ɛ̀-jɛ̂ ɔ̀-jɛ̂ ɔ̀-jɛ̂ ù-jɛ̂ ù-jɛ̂ ɛ̍ -jɛ̍ ɛ̍ -jɛ̍ with pre yì lɛ̀ nà nà nà mà kà kà nà nà nɛ̀ nɛ̀ bɔ̍ nà~nà bɔ̍ la ̍ ~a̍ p woman n mì ŋ-kánì/bà- ŋ̀-kánà ŋ/bà- nɛ̀ŋ-kɛ́/ànà- nɛ̀ŋ- nɛ̀ŋ-kɛ́/ànà- ni ɛ̀ŋ-kán/à βà- mà ŋ-kaa ̍ /àbà- mə̀ŋ-ka ̍ /àb ʌ̀- mʌ̀ŋ-kaa ̍ /àbà- nɛ̀ŋ-kál/àbà- nɛ̀ŋ-kál/àbà- nɛ̀ŋ- ŋ̍ l̍ - nɛ̍ ŋ- kɛ́/ànà- kál/àn ɛ̀b- ka ̍ l/a̍ b̍ - ka ̍ l/a̍ nʌ̍ b- 165 work n butwó ŋ è-tûm/ ǹ- è-róm/bè- lɛ̀-róm/ ń-[d] è-tûm/ ǹ- è-tûm/ ǹ- è-tûm/ ǹ- è-tûm/à- nɛ̀-tôm/ ǹ- nò-tô/ ǹ- nò-tô/ ǹ- l-tôm/̀ ǹ- (í-fá ŋ/ɱ́ -) (í-fá ŋá/ɱ́ -) ɛ̍ t-to ̍ m/n̍ - ɛ̍ l-tu ̍ m/n̍ - (hard work, overwork ), lé ʃání /í- (work) worm n ɔ́-sɔ́nàg/bá- ń-dɔ̀ŋɔ̂ n/bá-[r] ɲ́-sɔ̀ŋɛ̂ /ɔ́- ɛ́-sɔ̀ŋɛ̂ /ɲ́- ɛ́-sɔ̀ŋɛ̀/ɲ́- ɲ́-su ɔ́ŋə̀/á- ɲ̍ -sɔ̀ŋɔ̂ /a̍ - ɲ̍ -sɔ̀ŋɔ̍ /a̍ - ɲ̍ -sɔ̀ŋɔ̍ /a̍ - ń-dɔ̂ ŋɛ̂ /á-[r] ń-dɔ̀ŋí/á-[r] ń- ń- ń- dɔ̀ŋdɔ́ŋɔ́/á- dəˊɔŋɔ̍ /á- rɛˊɔŋɔ̍ /á- [r] [r] worship v.t. sɔ̌ m rɔ̌ m jɔ̌ m jɔ̌ m jɔ̌ m zu ɔ̀m jɔ̀m jɔ̀ jɔ̀ jɔ̀m jɔ̀mî jɔ̀ɔ̂ m jɔ̂ m jɔ̂ m write v sé ŋ rɛ́ŋ sɛ̂ ŋ sɛ̂ ŋ sɛ̂ ŋ mi ɛ́mə̀ yɛ̍ nɛ̀ yɛ̍ nɛ̀ yɛ̍ nɛ̀ yɛ́lɛ̂ ɲɔ̂ n ɲɔ̂ n yɛˊɛ lɛ́ yɛˊɛ lɛ́,ɲɔ́n 166 yam n è-lò/bè- ɛ̀-lò/bɛ̀- è-yù/bì- è-yù/bì è-yù/à- è-lù/à- è-nò/bè- ɛ̀-nò/bə̀- è-nò/bò- ɛ̀-lò/b̀- (ì-yɛ̂ l) (ì-yɛ̂ l) ɛ̀-lò/ɛ̀b- ɛ̀-lù/ɛ̀b- yawn n ɛ̀-wárì ɛ̀-gáràm/bɛ̀- ɛ̀-yá βɛ̀ ɛ̀-yá βɛ̀ ɛ̀-yá βɛ̀/à- è-yaá βə̀/à- è-ya ̍ βà/à- ɛ̀-ya ̍ bà/à- ɛ̀-ya ̍ βà/bə̀- ɛ̀-yáb ɛ̂ /à- ì-yâb/à- ì-yábà/à- ɛ́- ɛ́- ya ˊab ɛ̍ /á- ya ˊab ɛ̍ /á-

161 in general, these forms mean ‘community’ or ‘town’ or ‘settlement’. The form in Efutop is specifically restricted to ‘farm plantation’, that is, the living quarters in the fields rather than in the town, but the idea of ‘community’ is otherwise dominant even to the extent of the forms in Nkim and Nkum including not only the meaning of ‘town’ but also ‘the whole world’. 162 1. The forms Nta nò-nǒ/à- and Nnam ɛ̀ l-lòm/à- mean ‘word’. 2. The form in Ekajuk means both ‘voice’ and ‘word’. 163 These forms are identical with the roots in ‘journey’ (q.v.) 164 These forms are to be compared with ‘brush’ (v.) and with ‘erase’. 165 ì-tôm/ ǹ- in Nkim and Nkum means ‘farm’(q.v.) 166 The forms in minor sub-group r-s have no singular/plural alternation. 24 Roger Blench Ekoid overview Circulation Draft Gloss PoS Mbe Ejagham Ekparabong Balep Bendeghe N Etung S Etung Efutop Nde Nselle Nta Abanyom Nkim Nkum Nnam Ekajuk yawn v wárí gárám yá βɛ̀ yá βɛ̀ yá βɛ̀ yaá βə̀ ya ̍ βà ya ̍ bà ya ̍ bà yáb ɛ̂ yâb yábà ya ˊab ɛ́ ya ˊab ɛ́ 167 year n ɛ̀-yá/ɲ̀- ɲ̀-yá/bà- ɛ̀-yâ/ɲ̀- ɛ̀-yâ/ɲ̀- ɛ̀-yâ/ɲ̀- ǹ-lâ/à- ɲ̀-ɲâ ɲ̀-ɲâ/à- ɲ̀-ɲâ/à- l-yâ/̀ ɲ̀-ɲâ ì-rá/ ǹ-dá ì-rá/ ǹ-dá ɛ̍ y-ya ̍ /ɲ̍ - ɛ̍ l-ya ̍ /ɲ̍ - 168 yellow n bɔ̀-kɔ̀g bɔ̀-kɔ̀g ɔ̀-gɔ̀gɔ́gɔ̂ g ɔ̀-gɔ̀gɔ́gɔ̂ g ɔ̀-gɔ̀gɔ́gɔ̂ g ò-gu ɔ̀ɣógu ɔ̀g nɛ̍ -gɔ̀gn ɛ̍ gɔ̀g nə̍ -gɔ̀gn ə̍ gɔ̀g nɔ̍ -gɔ̀gn ɔ̍ gɔ̀g l-ǵ ɔ̂ g/ɲ́- ù-gɔ̀ŋúg ɔ̀ŋ ì-gɔ̀ŋíg ɔ̀ŋ ɛ́g- ɛ́l-gɛ́ɔ̀/ŋ̀- gəˊɔ gɛ́gəˋ ɔg yesterday n ɛ́-yô ŋkòi ɛ́-jɔ̂ n ɛ́-ɲàn ɛ́ ɛ́-ɲàn ɛ́ ɛ́-ɲàn ɛ́ é-ɲǎ ɛ̍ -ɲǎ ɛ̍ -ɲǎ ɛ̍ -ɲǎ ɛ́-ɲân ɛ́ í-ɲàní~-ɲǎ n í-ɲàná ɲaˊan ɛ̀ ɲaˊɛŋɛ̍

167 The form in Nde has no singular/plural alternation. 168 These forms refer to ‘yellow pigment’ or ‘ochre’ as well as to ‘yellowness’. 25