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Lingít Yoo X̱ʼatángi: a Grammar of the Tlingit Language

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Lingít Yoo X̱ʼatángi: a Grammar of the Tlingit Language Lingít Yoo X̱ʼatángi A Grammar of the Tlingit Language James A. Crippen Department of Linguistics, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa [email protected] Dzéiwsh Kaḵáakʼw Hít yeedáx̱, Deisheetaan Naax̱, Shtaxʼhéen Ḵwáan Dra of October . Please do not distribute without permission. e Crippen Press Mōʻiliʻili, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi Copyright © – James A. Crippen. All rights reserved. is book, or parts thereof, may not be duplicated in any form without permission from the author. Exceptions granted for non-commercial educational use. Hypothetical Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data. Crippen, James A. Lingít yoo x̱ʼatángi : a grammar of the Tlingit language / James A. Crippen. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ---- (pbk? : alk. paper?) . Tlingit language—Grammar. Tlingit language—Phonology. Tlingit language—Verb. Tlingit language—Texts. I. Crippen, James A. II. Title. . ′.xx–dc -x Possibly printed in the United States of America. ♾ is book may be printed on paper and thus may meet the minimum requirements of . (Permanence of paper for printed library materials) or : (Paper for doc- uments – Requirements for permanence). Typeset on October at : (−). Composed by the author with XƎLATEX .-.-.. (TeX Live ), Fontspec ., Memoir class .b (pl .), BibLATEX .i, Hyperref .e, PST-ȷTree ., ExPex .(β), Enumitem ., and TEXShop . on Mac OS X ... Set in Linux Libertine .. (glosses con- densed %) with s in Calibri . and the title in Gentium Italic .. Tsu héide shugax̱tutaan, yáa yaaḵoosgé daakéit, haa jéexʼ anáḵ has kawdukʼéetʼ. tsʰu héːte ʃukaχtʰutʰaːn jáː jaːqʰuːské taːkʰéːt cu hé·de šugax̣tuta·n yá· ya·qu·ské da·ké·d tsu héidé shugax̱tutaan yáa yaaḵoosgé daakéit again 3end.1.−,,−handle, knowledge box haː tʃíːxʼ anáq has kʰawtukʼíːtʼ ha· ǯí·xʼ anáɢ has kawdukʼí·tʼ haa jínxʼ anáḵ haskaÿudukʼéetʼ 1. hand it 33.,,leave ‘again hither we.will.open.it, this knowledge box, our hands.in without.it they.le’ “We will open it again, this box of wisdom, which was le in our hands.” — Kichnáalx̱, George Davis is page will contain acknowledgements. Contents overview Contents overview i Table of contents v List of tables xxiii List of figures xxv Chapter . Introduction . e name ···························· . Organization of the grammar ·················· . Typological summary ······················ . Literature review ························ Chapter . e Tlingit people . Location ····························· . Traditional culture ······················· . Regional ḵwáan organization · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Language status ························· Chapter . Sounds . Consonants ··························· . Vowels ······························ . Word structure ························· . Phonotactics and phonological processes · · · · · · · · · · · . Dialectology ··························· . Borrowing and adaptive phonology · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Prosody and intonation ····················· . Writing ····························· i Contents overview Chapter . Nouns . Basic phonological structure · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Possession and alienability ··················· . Diminutive -kʼ(w) ························ . Plural ······························ . Cases and postpositions ····················· . Relational nouns ························ . Demonstratives ························· . Compounding ·························· . Noun derivation ························· . Pronominals and pronouns ··················· . Demonstratives ························· . antifiers ··························· . Directionals ··························· . Kinship ····························· . Names ······························ Chapter . Adjectives . Adjectives and degree words · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Aributional and predicational adjectives · · · · · · · · · · · . Prenominal adjectives ······················ . Postnominal adjectives ····················· . Deverbal adjectives and the aributive · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Numerals ···························· . Colors ······························ Chapter . Adverbs . Noun-derived ·························· . Directional-derived ······················· . Verb-derived ·························· Chapter . Particles . Focus particles ·························· . Sentence-initial evidentials ··················· . Phrasal particles · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · Chapter . Verb structure . Macrostructure of the verb · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ii Contents overview . Lexical specification: e verb theme · · · · · · · · · · · · · . e root ····························· . Prefixes and proclitics · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Suffixes ····························· Chapter . Verb function . Tense-mood-aspect system · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Dependent clauses · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Transitivity · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Incorporation · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Lexical classes · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Classificatory verbs and noun classes · · · · · · · · · · · · · Chapter . Syntax . Word order · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Transitivity · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Sentence types · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Focus ······························ . Topic ······························· . Pronouns and anaphora · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Relativization · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Phrase structure · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Conjunction and coordination · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Ellipsis ······························ Chapter . Discourse phenomena . Code-switching · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Reference tracking · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Point of view · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Functions of relatives · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Tense/aspect/mood in narratives · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Topic shi ···························· . Word order · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Ellipsis ······························ Chapter . Language contact . Russian ····························· . Chinook Jargon · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · iii Contents overview . English ····························· . Effects on other languages · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · Chapter . Genealogy . Pre-Tlingit ···························· . Leer’s endohybrid hypothesis · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Proto-Na-Dene · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Dene-Yeniseic hypothesis · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · Appendices Appendix A. Sample texts . Other sources for wrien Tlingit · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Other sources for spoken Tlingit · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Conversational text · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Oral history text · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · Appendix B. Dictionary . Verb themes · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Nouns ······························ . Others ······························ Appendix C. Phoneme illustrations . Consonants · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . Vowels ······························ Appendix D. Verb paradigms . S cook O O-S-[−, s]-ʔee · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . S eat O O-S-[−, s]-x̱aa · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · Appendix E. Abbreviations Appendix F. Symbols Appendix G. Glossary Bibliography iv Table of contents Contents overview i Table of contents v List of tables xxiii List of figures xxv Chapter . Introduction . e name ···························· . Organization of the grammar ·················· .. Citations ························ .. Transcription conventions ··············· .. Glossing ························· .. Personal names ····················· . Typological summary ······················ .. Sounds ························· .. Nouns ·························· .. Demonstratives ····················· .. Adjectives ························ .. Numerals ························ .. Adverbs ························· .. Verbs ·························· .. Evidentiality ······················ .. Word order ······················· . Literature review ························ .. Early explorers ····················· ... Chirikov, · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · v Table of contents ... La Pérouse, · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .. Russian America ···················· ... Veniaminov, s · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ... German philologists, s–s · · · · · · .. Early U.S. period ···················· .. Kelly and Willard ···················· .. Swanton ························· .. Boas and Shotridge ··················· ... Other Boasian authors · · · · · · · · · · · · .. J.P. Harrington ····················· .. Twentieth century anthropologists · · · · · · · · · · · .. Naish and Story ····················· .. e present ······················· ... Krauss ···················· ... Dauenhauers · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ... Leer ······················ ... Cable ····················· ... Crippen ···················· Chapter . e Tlingit people . Location ····························· .. Coastal
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