CA DOCUMENT RESUME ED 067 960 AUTHOR Kaufman, Elaine Marlowe TITLE Ibibio Dictionary. Final Report. INSTITUTION Stanford Univ., Calif. SPONS AGENCY Institute of International Studies (DHEW/OE) Washington, D.C. BUREAU NO BR-9-7727 PUB DATE Jun 72 CONTRACT OEC-0-9-097727-2473 NOTE 635p, EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$23.03 DESCRIPTORS *African Languages; Definitions; *Dictionaries; *English; Form Classes (Languages); Language Classification; *Lexicography; Lexicology; *Vocabulary IDENTIFIERS *Ibibio; Nigeria ABSTRACT More than 4,500 entries are included in this Ibibio dictionary which' is intended for general use by field workers in the Ibibio (Nigeria) area or by professional linguists and anthropologists. Most noun entries include the following subentries: (1) noun phrases in which the head noun is qualified, resulting in a change or clarification of meaning, and (2) adjectives and adverbs derived from the noun. Most demonstrative, adverb, preposition, or conjunction entries include as subentries sentences or phrases illustrating their use. Verb entries have as subentries: (1) sentences illustrating one or more meanings of the verb, especially ones of a peculiar or idiomatic nature, and (2) verbal derivatives including nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. (RL) r",t,t/e107., tUDirA, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION b WELFARE ,CL.6,6.2 MICE OF EDUCATION 49-77;17 THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT.POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY. ' FINAL REPORT O Cr% O Contract No. °EC-0-9-097727-2413 IBIBIO DICTIONARY Elaine Marlowe Kaufman Stanford University Palo Alto, California June 1972 The research reported herein was performed puilsuant to a contract with the Office of Education, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Contractors undertaking such projects under Government sponsorship are encouraged. to express freely their professional judgement in the con- duct of the project. Points of view or opinions stated do not, therefore, necessarily represent official Office of Education position or policy. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE Office of Education Institute of International Studies _ . FILMED FROM BEST AVAILABLE COPY I CONTENTS Page Introduction Corrections xv Ibibio Dictionary 1 Names 467 Addenda 477 Glossary of Nigerian English Words 483 English Index 485 INTRODUCTION Goal This dictionary is intended for general use.Choices of orthography, format and terminology have been made to render the dictionary easily accessible to students of the Ibibio language (whether they be Nigerian or European) and to field workers in the Ibibio area as well as to professional linguists and anthropologists. Earlier studies There exist only two full scale dictionaries of any of the dialects in the Ibibio-Efik cluster; these are both in the Efik dialect. The classic work is the Dictionary of the Efik Language by the Reverend Hugh Goldie, published in Glasgow in 1862. This dictionary is in two parts, Efik- English and English-Efik, and runs close to 700 pages. Although it has flaws, the major one being lack of tone markings, it stands as the major work on the Efik dialect. The other work is the Efik-English Dictionary and English- Efik Dictionary by R.F.G. Adams, published in Liverpool in 1938 (3) It is a much smaller study (279 pages) and although it accurately marks tone it does not approach the Goldie dictionary in scope or usefulness. Beyond a few word lists, there have been no major lexical studies of any of the other Ibibio-Efik dialects. Although Efik is considered the standard and is widely used, other dialects of Ibibio-Efik have larger numbers of native speakers.Ibibio proper, the dialect repre- sented in this dictionary, is numerically the most important of the dialects and is different enough from Efik to warrant a separate lexipal (and grammatical) study. Source of the Data The Ibibio represented here is that spoken in the vicinity of the town of Uyo, South East State, Nigeria. The largest body of data was collected from speakers from Itak a village about eleven miles north:west of Uyo. Itak lies near the 'Anang border and is heavily influenced by that dialect. Other major data are from West Nsit and Ibesikpo. The dictionary began as a file of words collected in the course of preparing an Ibibio grammar (Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 1968) between January 1965 and June 1968 which included a four month field trip to Nigeria in the summer of 1966. The material was expanded through work with Ibibio speakers in the United States and during a six month field trip to Nigeria in ii 1970. The following methods were used to enlarge the corpus: 1) elicitation in particular semantic domains; 2) collection and analysis of texts; 3) elicitation of all canonically possible monosyllabic and disyllabic verb stems and their regularly formed derivatives; this last method yielded a large amount of data but is not complete since the amount of concentration and boredom involved for both informant and linguist in such elicitation some- times leads to fatigue and omission; 4) a perusal of the Goldie dictionary with a view to finding the Ibibio counterpart of words not already in the Ibibio file. Scope and Organization The dictionary contains approximately 4500 entries, most of which have several sub-entries.Most noun entries include the following as sub-entries: 1) noun phrases in which the head noun is qualified, resulting in a change or clarification of meaning, eg. abia a noun meaning 'specialist' or 'practitioner' has as one of its sub-entries abia ibbk 'doctor' literally 'practitioner of medicine;' 2) adjectives and adverbs derived from the noun. Most demonstrative, adverb, preposition or conjunction'entries include as sub- entries sentences or phrases illustrating their use. Verb entries have as sub-entries: 1) sentences illustrat- iii ing one or more meanings of the verb, especially ones of apeculiar or idiomatic nature; 2) verbal derivatives including nouns, adjectives and adverbs. Omitted from verb entries are a few regular deriva- tions which occur with every verb such as the infinitive with the prefixAd -, the verbal noun with the prefix u-, the agentive formed with the verb plus a noun comple- ment and a characteristic tone pattern, reciprocal con- structions, imperatives and other inflected forms. Also omitted are the morphemes which mark tense and aspect of verbs, and inflectional and derivational affixes. The above mentioned are conscious omissions. As for other omissions, as this is a first attempt at a full scale Ibibio dictionary, it is far from complete or definitive. The nouns that appear are for the most part those which occurred in texts and elicitations. The canonical shapes of nouns are so complex that their elicitation by shape (as was done for verbs) would be a staggering task. Certainly only a fraction of the ideo- phones in the language appear. The ones that do appear either occurred in texts or came to light as a by-product of eliciting for verb stems, since they often have the shape CVC as do many verbs. Even the verbs, inspite of systematic elicitation, are incomplete, especially as regards verbal idioms and derivations. iv Classses are identified in the entry and, where not obvious, in the sub-entry. The identification of classes is one of the weak points in the analysis of Ibibio which underlies this dictionary. The analysis of trans- ivity in verbs, of the types of complements verbs take and whether these complements are optional or obligatory needs refinement. The analysis of verb classes in the Ibibio grammar now being revised for publication by the author will supercede the one in the dictionary. At present verbs are marked simply as transitive and/or intransitive, but the terms may not be strictly appropriate for Ibibio. Names of Plants and Animals The source used for botanical terms is J.M. Dalziel, The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa, London, 1937. The identifications are only tentative since Dalziel generally lists only Efik forms and since specimens were not collected and checked with a botanist. Plant names refer to the plant (or tree) and its fruit unless otherwise specified. Eames of animals (especially fish) are often broadly glossed as most speakers had only heard of and never seen most of the animals whose names they offered. loan Words There are a number of loan words identified, with the source given in square brackets [ ]. Most of these r. are loans from English and Pidgin English, and from Efik.A. few loans from other Nigerian and European languages are also identified.Perhaps an equal number are not marked; these are likely to be from Efik and other Ibibio dialects, and from Igbo. In the former case it is difficult to spot loans other than those which are canonically foreign to Ibibio; a full scale dialect study is necessary for such identifications. In the latter case, there has been a lot of borrowing between Igbo and Ibibio and the direction of the borrowing in a case of a shared word is not always clear. Othography The transcription used is a broad phonetic one which is close to that which is standard in Efik publications and to that used by Adams. The inventory of consonants and vowels is as follows: vi 8 f"1.1% Consonants labial alveo-dental palatal velarlabio-velar voiceless kp stops voiced stops voiceless spirants nasals m n fi resonants There are three changes from the standard: ñ replaces w my; replaces raw; g replaces h. Syllabic Nasals m n 13 Vowels e 0 a 0 vii 9 Every syllabic (vowels and syllabic nasals) bears one of five tones: ' high, ' low, lowered high, A fall, lowered fall.