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INSIDE: the SEARCH for KUBLAI KHAN's FLEET in JAPAN ~R~~~~~ Volume 18, Number 1 Spring 1991

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INSIDE: the SEARCH for KUBLAI KHAN's FLEET in JAPAN ~R~~~~~ Volume 18, Number 1 Spring 1991 INSIDE: THE SEARCH FOR KUBLAI KHAN'S FLEET IN JAPAN ~r~~~~~ Volume 18, Number 1 Spring 1991 CONTENTS 3 The Search for Kublai Khan's Fleet Takilhiko Inoue 7 A Tour of a Port Royal House Diana Thornton 10 INA Inspires American Students in Turkey John Taylor 12 Profile: Robin C.M. Piercy Robert K. Vincent, Jr. 14 News and Notes On the Cover: A view of Takashima Bay, Japan, where Kublai Khan invaded in AD 1281 and where archaeologists believe remains of his fleet may be found. Institute of Nautical Archaeology MEMBERSIDP PO DrawerHG College Station, TX 77841-S137 Hear finthaod of our latest discoveries in nautical archaeology. Memben receive the INA Newsletter, scientific reports, and book discounts. o Regular $1S D Life o Contributor $SO D Benefactor $1000 D Supporter $100 D Student/Retired SIS The INA Newsletter is published quarterly. Checks should be made payable to INA. Editors: Cheryl Haldane Margaret Lynch CONTRIBUTIONS FROM MEMBERS ARE WELCOME. Do you have an experience you would like 10 share with INA members? A trip? A photograph? A museum or site you have visited? A news item or book review? A conference you have a11ended? A suggestion? We are interested in what you have lo say. Send submissions and inquiries 10: &1/Jor, INA Ntwslttttr, P.O. Drawer HG, Co/Ugt Sku/on, TX 77841-5137. Wri1ten submissions should be limited 10 1,000 words and are subjec110 approval and editing. Pltast clt4rly mark t'ftrythillg wiJh your Mmt ond tuldrtss so we can rerum i110 you. We cannot be responsible for items lost by the postal system, so please de nor send original illustrations or photographs. Derailed formal information availoble upon nquesl. A Chinese warship of the Ming Dynasty, thought to be J similar to a Yuan Dynasty (Kublai Khan) warship, from the manuscript Ch'ou hai tu pien. The Search for Kublai Khan's Fleet by Takahiko Inoue In AD 1274 the Mongol Emperor Kublai Khan sent a better prepared. fleet of 900 ships and nearly 40,000 Mongol, Chinese Seven years later, in 1281, the Great Khan arrived in and Korean troops to Hakata Bay, Kyushu, Japan. His Takashima Bay, Kyushu, with a mighty invasion fleet of purpose was to conquer Japan. After a day's successful as many as 4,400 ships and 140,000 troops. The fighting on land at Hakata, the Mongolian troops re­ Japanese shogun, Tokimune Hojho, had prepared coastal turned to their ships for the night. During that night a defenses consisting of a stone rampart 2.5 m high and 20 fierce storm arose and the Khan lost 200 or more ships, km long along the coast of Hakata Bay during the 13,500 troops and, as a result, was forced to halt the interlude between invasions. Kublai Khan's fleet, campaign and withdraw. He vowed to return when preferring to avoid these defenses, chose instead to land 3 INA Nswslsttsr, Vol. 18, No. 1 at Takashima Island about 50 km to the southwest. The transports and water carriers, but little is known about Japanese could mount only a token defense in opposition their size, propulsion, internal construction, or even to the vast army of the mighty Khan. After a violent whether they were Chinese- or Korean-built ships. battle only a few Takashima residents were left alive. In an attempt to answer these and other questions, But before all of the troops landed, a monstrous historians and archaeologists have sought since 1980 the typhoon, or Kamikaze, known as the "divine wind," remains of the sunken fleet that lie on the bottom of destroyed the Khan's vast fleet. Estimates of the losses Takashima Bay. of men and ships suffered by the Mongolian fleet vary From 1980 to 1982, Professor Torao Mozai of Tokai in different reports. Perhaps 4,000 ships were wrecked University mounted three underwater archaeological and 100,000 troops were lost. Kublai Khan was again surveys of Takashima Bay, but no direct evidence of the forced to cancel his invasion plans and never mounted ships sunk by the Kamikaze was found. These surveys another attempt. Japan might have become a part of did register 72 anomalies, or places where abnormal China had it not been for this timely and fortuitous reflections from the sea bottom were detected by sonar. intervention by nature; thus the Kamikaze assumed its Testing of several of these anomalies did not reveal any position as an incident of major significance in Japanese ships, but others may be ships or artifact deposits from history. the Mongolian fleet. Archaeological discoveries of two Chinese ships from Although several surveys have been conducted since the period indicate that such ships were the most ad­ 1982, the ships remain elusive. To date a number of vanced seagoing vessels in the world at the end of the artifacts, thought to represent the remains of Kublai 13th century, but we have few precise details of Kublai Khan's fleet, have been found in several areas both in Khan's fleet. Historical sources and artistic representa­ the sea and on land; these include a bronze statue, tions related to the fleet point to the existence of differ­ Mongolian metal helmets, a sword, a bronze seal, an ent types of vessels such as war ships, troop and horse iron ingot, iron stirrups, iron and copper nails, earthen- JAPAN 0 CHINA KYUSHU IS. Kyushu Island, Japan, was the site of Kublai Khan 's second invasion in 1281. Surveys conducted at Kyushu 's Takashima Bay have revealed Chinese artifacts of the 13th century, and archaeologists hope to discover the remains of the invaders' fleet there. A triangle points to Takashima Bay. Map: T. Inoue INA Newsletter, Vol. 18, No. 1 4 ware jars, stone anchors, stone bowls, stone mortars and other objects. Similar artifacts were discovered during the 1984 construction of a breakwater at Tokonami Harbor at Takashima. An emergency salvage excavation team led by Shinsuke Araki, an instructor at Saitama University, catalogued animal bones, porcelain, earthenware jars and two small pieces of wood bearing tool marks and nail holes. The ceramics date from the late 13th century, suggesting that they may relate to the Great Khan's fleet. By March of 1990, the Japanese Ministry of Educa­ tion Foundation initiated a study of Cultural Resources Management areas containing Mongolian sites. Takashima Bay was a primary focus of interest in the study, and researchers intensified their underwater research efforts. A team led by Professor Tadashi Nishitani at Kyushu University recorded 12 to 13 meters Japanese archaeologists established survey lanes at of sediments on the sea bottom at Takashima Bay and Urashimo-ura Harbor, Takashima Bay, last year. The anomalies at Funatotsu and Tononoura harbors. survey and exploration of the bay will continue in the When the Takashima survey continued in August, I summer of 1991. Photo: T. Inoue 5 INA Newsletter, Vol. 18, No. 1 participated in the exploration of the Urashimo-ura harbor where sediment accumulation was found to be 15 FOR ADDmONAL READING meters deep. The survey also revealed a number of anomalies in the Cultural Resources Management area Green, J. offshore of Urashimo-ura 10 to 12 meters beneath the 1983 The Song Dynasty shipwreck at Quanzhou, Fujian seabed. province, People's Republic or China. The The sediment depth suggests that a tightly controlled lnternatiorud Jourrud of Nautical Archaeology 12.3: survey using a sub-bottom penetrating, high-resolution, 253-261. density-differentiating sonar probe is the best tool to use Keith, D.H. and C. Buys in the search for ships destroyed by the great Kamikaze. 1981 New light on Medieval Chinese seagoing ship The first step in conducting a complete survey of construction. The lnternatiorud Journal of Nautical Takashima Bay will be to divide it into manageable Archaeology 10: 119-132. units. The overall search area is approximately 16 square kilometers. This area probably will have to be Keith, D.H. divided into five or more smaller survey zones. 1979 A 14th-century Cargo Makes Port at Last. My thesis for the Nautical Archaeology Program at Natiorud Geographic 156.2: 232-243. Texas A&M University focuses on the analysis of historic documents that refer to Kublai Khan's fleet and Mozai, T. its destruction. By integrating this information with that 1982 The lost fleet or Kublai Khan. Natiorud Geographic from underwater survey, I can rank survey areas accord­ 162.5: 634-648. ing to their potential for containing Mongol ships. I plan to participate in the survey project again this summer and to continue my association with the search for the Great Khan's ships for many years. Artifacts associated with the invasions of Kublai Khan have been found in Takashima Bay. This black glazed jar (approx. height 22.5 em) found in Tokonami Harbor in Takashima Bay was probably brought by the Mongolian Fleet. (Drawing by Wataru Ishihara from Takashima Education Committee 1984:25) Mongolian invaders probably wore leather and iron helmets like this one (left). (Drawing from Saito, Study of Armor and Weapons 1988:27.) INA NBwsiBttBr, Vol. 18, No. 1 6 A Tour of a Port Royal House by Diana Thornton Imagine a room-by-room tour of a late seventeenth­ common use in the late seventeenth century, but most century Port Royal house--being shown everything from homes included a Chamber, a Hall, Storage and Cook the furniture to clothing to cookware and jewelry. That Rooms, in addition to Parlors, office- or den-type is precisely what probate inventories from the Jamaican rooms, and Shops. Names that specified an activity, Archives provide: a guided tour of English colonial such as His Lodging Chamber, and The Billiard Room daily life.
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