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Wealth and Power in Yayoi Period Northern Kyushu

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Wealth and Power in Yayoi Period Northern Kyushu WEALTH AND POWER IN YAYOI PERIOD NORTHERN KYUSHU by KEN STARK A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Anthropology) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 18 July 1989 © Ken Stark, 1989 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date Au*jJ*i-£J1<Uft DE-6 (2/88) ABSTRACT This thesis is concerned with the analysis of grave goods, from Yayoi period cemetery sites in northern Kyushu, to test for the presence of status rivalry and competition between leaders of different . communities. The study consists of a test of two major hypotheses that were derived from a model that links economic and political success of chiefs with wealth display and the mortuary ritual. Hypothesis 1 stated that status rivalry was present in the development of social ranking within communities in northern Kyushu. The key pattern in this case is that change in political authority is indicated by change in patterns of wealth distribution and display. Since there was a trend toward a lack of change in the number of separate wealth rank levels among burials, meaning a lack of change in patterns of wealth distribution, the analysis results disproved Hypothesis 1. Hypothesis 2 stated that status rivalry and competition ensured short-term political success and fluctuations in patterns of wealth distribution between sites in a regional exchange hierarchy. As a result, major structural changes occurred in the organization of the existing wealth exchange network. Since the analysis revealed that regions with the most developed hierarchy experienced the greatest upheaval and change in organizational structure, Hypothesis 2 was not disproven. Overall, the results show that structural change in wealth exchange systems occurred on a regional scale more than change in internal rank ordering and wealth control within sites. If wealth possession was an indicator of power, political control in Yayoi period northern Kyushu was of a very precarious nature. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii Chapter I. INTRODUCTION 1 Chapter II. THE YAYOI PERIOD IN NORTHERN KYUSHU 10 1. Northern Kyushu: The Environment 10 2. The Archaeology of Yayoi Period Japan 14 Chapter III. STATUS RIVALRY AND THE STRUGGLE FOR POWER 31 1. Political Control in Complex Societies 32 2. The Base of Political Power in Ranked Societies 33 3. The Display of Chiefly Power 36 4. Wealth Display and the Mortuary Ritual 37 5. Elite Interaction and the Display of Power 40 6. Prestige Good Systems and Social Evolution 43 7. A Model of Status Rivalry and Change in Regional Power Structure 51 8. Major Hypotheses to be Tested 57 Chapter IV. ANALYSIS OF INTRA-SITE RANKING AND REGIONAL WEALTH HIERARCHY 59 1. Introduction 59 2. Analysis of Intra-Site Ranking 59 3. Results of Test For Intra-Site Ranking 81 4. Conclusions 85 5. Analysis of Change in Regional Wealth Hierarchies 90 6. Wealth Hierarchy During the Early Yayoi Phase 97 7. Wealth Hierarchy During the Middle Yayoi Phase 101 8. Wealth Hierarchy During the Late Yayoi Phase 104 9. Change in Regional Wealth Hierarchy 108 10. Analysis Results Ill 11. Conclusions 115 Chapter V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 120 REFERENCES CITED 129 iii List of Tables Table 1. Summary of Percentage Values for Burials with 66 Grave Goods out of Total Sample for Sites used in Analysis of Intra-Site Ranking. Table 2. Kanenokuma Site Grave Good Tabulations. 69 Table 3« Yoshitake Oishi Site Grave Good Tabulations. 71 Table 4. Yoshitake Takaki Site Grave Good Tabulations. 72 Table 5. Toshitake Hiwatashi Site Grave Good 74- Tabulations. Table 6. Tate'iwa Site Grave Good Tabulations. 76 Table 7. Mikumo Site Grave Good ^Tabulations. • 79 Table 8. Suku Okamoto (Sugu Yamanokuchi) Site Grave 80 Good Tabulations. Table 9- Summary of Test Results for the Degree of 82 Ranking at the Intra-Site Level Within Seven Yayoi Period Cemetery Sites. Table 10. Summary Table of Bronze Index of Accumulation 98 Values for each of the Five Regional Samples During the Early Yayoi Period. Table 11. Summary Table of Bronze Index of Accumulation 102 Values for each of the Five Regional Samples During the Middle Yayoi Period. Table 12. Summary Table of Bronze Index of Accumulation 105 Values for each of the Five Regional Samples During the Late Yayoi period. Table 13- Number of Sites Possessing Each Wealth Rank 109 Type for Five Regional Samples During the Yayoi Period. Table 14-. Summary of Test Results for Inter-Site -112 Ranking Within the Five Regional Samples During ?• the Yayoi period in Northern Kyushu. iv List of Figures Figure 1. The Location of Northern Kyushu Within Japan. ' 3 Figure 2. Hap of Basic Physiographic Features in 11 Northern Kyushu. Figure 3. The Fukuoka Plain in Northern Kyushu. 12 Figure 4-. Diagram of a Model of Status Rivalry and 52 Change in Regional Power Structure. Figure 5. Locationssof the seven Sites used in Analysis. 67 of Intra-Site Ranking. Figure 6. The Five River Drainage Basins in Northern 92 Kyushu. Figure 7» Map Showing the Locations of Sites Containing 99 Wealth Ranks 1, 2 and 3 During the Early Yayoi Period. Figure 8. Map Showing the Locations of Sites Containing 103 Wealth Ranks 1, 2 and 3 During the Middle Yayoi Period. Figure 9. Map Showing the Locations of Sites Containing 106 Wealth Ranks 1, 2 and 3 During the Late Yayoi Period. Figure 10. Diagram Showing Change in Regional Wealth 110 Hierarchy Structure Between the Five Regions in Northern Kyushu. V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My greatest thanks go to Professor Richard Pearson, my thesis advisor, who suggested the topic of my thesis after initially sparking my interest in Japanese archaeology at the undergraduate level. Dr. Pearson was a constant source of information and support throughout the initial designing, writing and production of the thesis. I am most grateful to Dr. Pearson for his many contributions to my development as an undergraduate and graduate student in archaeology and as a person. The other members of my committee also played major roles in the completion of the thesis. Dr. Michael Blake was a constant source of new and interesting theoretical insights on the subject of complex societies and cultural evolution through graduate seminars and discussions. Dr. Blake was also kind enough to assist me in determining the appropriate methods of visual display for the data presented in this thesis. Dr. David Pokotylo was a constant source of support and was instrumental in assisting me in selecting the appropriate methods of analysis to use. This was a long and complicated task and Dr. Pokotylo's many valuable insights and suggestions were very much appreciated. This project was also initiated through the interest I developed during a two month stay in Japan during the summer of 1987. After Professor Pearson arranged for the trip, I was taken care of by many people in Tokyo, Fukuoka and Ogori City that all contributed to making my stay in Japan a very pleasant and rewarding experience. In particular, Professor Kobayashi Tatsuo of Kokugakuin University and Professor Nishitani Tadashi were very generous and helpful in taking me to see many archaeological sites and museums. I deeply appreciate the hospitality and assistance provided by the the archaeologists and staff at the Ogori City Center for Buried Cultural Relics. In particular, Mr. Kataoka Koji was very gracious in sponsoring me while I excavated in Ogori for several weeks. I also greatly appreciate the assistance of Dr. Brian Chisholm who met me at Narita Airport in Tokyo and helped me get over the initial shock that lasted for the first few days. Special thanks go to Kazue Pearson for translating all 244 Japanese site names in the data set used in this thesis. Without her kind assistance, I would probably still be translating today! A large number of the tables presented in this thesis were done by Andrew Mason. Without his assistance the thesis production work, especially in Chapter 4, would have been extremely difficult and time consuming. Many friends and colleagues provided support throughout the writing of this thesis, for which I am very grateful. I deeply appreciate all the help and vi support I have received from my mom, dad and brother over the past five years while I have been at UBC. Together, they housed me, fed me, drove me, put up with my bizarre schedules and basically kept me alive so I could come out on campus to work another day. They deserve just as much credit as I do for the completion of this thesis. vii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION This thesis is concerned with political power and the material rewards that come to those who possess it. In particular, this study looks at the role of competition or status rivalry between chiefs in the development of complex society in prehistoric Japan during the Yayoi period. I have developed this topic through research on Yayoi period archaeology and fieldwork in the Fukuoka Plain of northern Kyushu in Japan. Through research work on the Jomon and Yayoi cultures of ancient Japan, I became aware of the vast number of works that dealt with prehistoric subsistence and paleoenvironmental reconstruction in the Japanese archipelago.
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