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The Mongol Invasions of Japan 1274 and 1281 (Campaign) CAM217Cover.qxd:Layout 1 2/10/09 11:05 Page 1 Campaign • 217 accounts of history’s greatest conflicts, detailing the command strategies, tactics and battle experiences of the opposing forces throughout the crucial stages of each campaign Campaign • 217 THE MONGOL INVASIONS OF JAPAN THE MONGOL INVASIONS OF JAPAN 1274 AND 1281 1274 AND 1281 THE MONGOL INVASIONS OF JAPAN 1274 AND 1281 1. 24 May: Eastern Route Army leaves Korea and attacks Tsushima. 2. 14 June: Eastern Route Army attacks Iki. 3. 23 June: disobeying orders to wait, the Eastern Route Army From his seat in Xanadu, the great mongol emperor of China, khubilai divides. One wing attacks Nagato province on Honshu. 4. 23 June: the other wing attacks Hakata Bay, but is unable to land because of the resistance mounted from behind the defensive wall. The Mongols occupy Shiga and Noki islands, where they are subjected to attacks from the Japanese. ‘Little ship’ raids occur in the bay. 5. 30 June: the Eastern Route Army withdraws to Iki. 6. Late July/early August: the Southern Route Army arrives from khan, had long plotted an invasion of Japan. however, it was only China and combines with the Eastern Route Army in the vicinity of Hirado. 7. 12 August: Battle of Takashima takes place. 1 8. 13/14 August: the kamikaze ‘divine wind’ destroys the Mongol Geoje Island fleet in Imari Bay. with the acquisition of korea that the khan gained the naval resources Tsushima necessary for such a major amphibious operation. the invasion of 1274 NAGATO saw the great warriors of the steppes achieve initial successes before 2 3 HONSHU their invasion fleet was scattered by a storm. they returned to mount Iki 4 5 a second invasion in 1281, having spent the intervening years building JAPAN Hakata 6 Takashima KYUSHU 7 up their forces, but they were unable to consolidate a landing and 8 Hirado MATSUURA 0 10 20 30 miles 0 10 20 30 40km as much as 90 per cent of the force was destroyed by a typhoon, the famous kamikaze. this account charts the successes and failures of both campaigns, and is illustrated throughout with maps and original artwork. Full colour battlescenes illustrations 3-dimensional‘bird’s-eye-views’ maps US$19.95 UK£14.99 CAN $22.95 I S B N 978-1-84603-456-5 OSPREY 51995 s turnbull PUBLISHING 9 781846 034565 O SPREY WWW.OSPREYPUBLISHING.COM STEPHENTURNBULL illustrated by riChard hook © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com CAM217titlepage.qxd:Layout 1 2/10/09 11:03 Page 1 CAMPAIGN • 217 THE MONGOL INVASIONS OF JAPAN 1274 AND 1281 STEPHENTURNBULL ILLUSTRATED BY RICHARD HOOK Series editors Marcus Cowper and Nikolai Bogdanovic © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com CAM217_Mongol_correx_24Sept.qxd:Layout 1 2/10/09 11:33 Page 2 First published in 2010 by Osprey Publishing DEDICATION Midland House, West Way, Botley, Oxford OX2 0PH, UK 44-02 23rd St, Suite 219, Long Island City, NY 11101, USA To my grandson Daniel Richard Robinson, born 24 February 2009. E-mail: [email protected] EDITOR’S NOTE © 2010 Osprey Publishing Limited Unless otherwise indicated, all images in this book are the property of the author. All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, AUTHOR’S NOTE Designs and Patents Act, 1988, no part of this publication may be The account which follows of the invasions of 1274 and 1281 is drawn from reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form sources that are historical, literary and archaeological. It has also involved or by any means, electronic, electrical, chemical, mechanical, optical, a great deal of personal travel and fieldwork. In 2005 I retraced the course photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Mongol invasions from Korea via the islands of Tsushima and Iki of the copyright owner. Enquiries should be addressed to the Publishers. to the site of the first landfall in Hakata Bay in Fukuoka prefecture, and in 2008 I visited for the first time the island of Takashima, the place where the kamikaze struck with its greatest intensity. There I had the privilege of ISBN: 978 1 84603 456 5 being shown items undergoing conservation that had been painstakingly E-book ISBN: 978 1 84908 250 1 retrieved from the undersea wrecks of the Mongol fleet. For this I thank Randall Sasaki and his team, whose pioneering work in underwater archaeology has added so much to our knowledge of the Mongol Editorial by Ilios Publishing Ltd, Oxford, UK (www.iliospublishing.com) invasions. I also thank Chris Barnes of the British Library, the Japanese Page layout by The Black Spot Gallery in Islington, the staff of the National Military Museum in Beijing, the Index by Margaret Vaudrey National Museum of Japanese History at Sakura, Kyushu National Museum, Typeset in Myriad Pro and Sabon the Hakozaki Shrine and the Museum of the Mongol Invasions in Hakata for Maps by Bounford.com their kind cooperation. 3D bird’s-eye views by The Black Spot Battlescene illustrations by Richard Hook Originated by PPS Grasmere Ltd ARTIST’S NOTE Printed in China through Worldprint Ltd. Readers may care to note that the original paintings from which the colour plates in this book were prepared are available for private sale. 10111213 14 10987654321 The Publishers retain all reproduction copyright whatsoever. All enquiries should be addressed to: Scorpio Gallery, PO Box 475, Hailsham, East Sussex BN27 2SL, UK The Publishers regret that they can enter into no correspondence upon this matter. THE WOODLAND TRUST Osprey Publishing are supporting the Woodland Trust, the UK’s leading woodland conservation charity, by funding the dedication of trees. FOR A CATALOGUE OF ALL BOOKS PUBLISHED BY OSPREY MILITARY AND AVIATION PLEASE CONTACT: Osprey Direct, c/o Random House Distribution Center, 400 Hahn Road, Westminster, MD 21157 Email: [email protected] Osprey Direct, The Book Service Ltd, Distribution Centre, Colchester Road, Frating Green, Colchester, Essex, CO7 7DW E-mail: [email protected] www.ospreypublishing.com Key to military symbols Army Group Army Corps Division Brigade Regiment Battalion Key to unit identification Company/Battery Infantry Artillery Cavalry Unit Parent identifier unit Commander (+) with added elements (–) less elements © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com CAM217_Mongol_correx_24Sept.qxd:Layout 1 2/10/09 11:33 Page 3 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 5 Japan and the Mongol Empire The Mongol conquest of China The land of gold Threats and preparation CHRONOLOGY 17 OPPOSING COMMANDERS 19 Khubilai Khan and the Mongol leaders Hojo Tokimune The shugo and the jito OPPOSING ARMIES 24 Sources for the invasion Tactical differences Samurai arms and armour Mongol arms and armour THE FIRST MONGOL INVASION OF JAPAN, 1274 32 Opposing plans Orders of battle The invasion of Tsushima The invasion of Iki Landfall at Hakata BETWEEN THE INVASIONS, 1275–81 51 THE SECOND MONGOL INVASION OF JAPAN, 1281 55 Opposing plans Orders of battle The Eastern Route Army The battle of Hakata Bay The battle of Takashima The kamikaze AFTERMATH 80 Rewards, religion and retribution Japan’s revenge The fall of Kamakura The myth of the Mongol invasions THE BATTLEFIELDS TODAY 91 FURTHER READING 94 GLOSSARY 94 INDEX 95 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com CAM217_Mongol_correx_24Sept.qxd:Layout 1 2/10/09 11:33 Page 4 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com CAM217_Mongol_correx_24Sept.qxd:Layout 1 2/10/09 11:33 Page 5 INTRODUCTION The vast Mongol Empire, established during the early part of the 13th century by Genghis Khan and then enlarged and consolidated by his descendants, is one of the greatest success stories in world military history. This book, however, is concerned with one of its few failures. Impressive though the Mongol conquests may have been when they were carried out from horseback across the sweeping land mass of Central Asia, these achievements were to be challenged robustly on the fringes of their great empire, and among these military reverses no expedition was to be so dramatically curtailed as the attempts by Genghis Khan’s grandson Khubilai Khan to conquer Japan. After an initial invasion in 1274 (which may have been intended solely as a brief reconnaissance in force), two massive Mongol armadas united for a serious attempt at conquest in 1281. Prevented from landing by the bravery of the samurai – the knights of Japan – the invaders became sitting targets for a devastating typhoon that destroyed their ambitions as thoroughly as it destroyed their ships. So decisive was this intervention that the belief grew that the storm had been sent by the kami (gods) of Japan as an answer to prayer. It was therefore dubbed the kamikaze – the ‘divine wind’. In the centuries that followed the myth of the kamikaze grew to dominate the narrative of the Mongol invasions of Japan. The result was that the exploits of the human warriors whose actions had made its effects possible became overshadowed both by the knockout blow that the storm had provided and by an anachronistic belief that the samurai were displaying an unselfish and nationalistic consciousness in the face of a foreign enemy. This myth was to reach a climax during the final months of World War II, when the Japanese, faced with an invasion of their homeland by a foreign enemy for the first time since the Mongol invasions, turned in desperation to suicide attacks and adopted the name of ‘kamikaze’ for the pilots who were to carry them out. JAPAN AND THE MONGOL EMPIRE LEFT During the 13th century the main driving force in East Asia was provided by The Mongol invaders attack the nomadic tribes of the north who became united under the leadership of Iki Island in 1274.
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