An Accessible Vangobook™ That Focuses on the Connections Within and Between Societies
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Zhanat Kundakbayeva the HISTORY of KAZAKHSTAN FROM
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN THE AL-FARABI KAZAKH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Zhanat Kundakbayeva THE HISTORY OF KAZAKHSTAN FROM EARLIEST PERIOD TO PRESENT TIME VOLUME I FROM EARLIEST PERIOD TO 1991 Almaty "Кazakh University" 2016 ББК 63.2 (3) К 88 Recommended for publication by Academic Council of the al-Faraby Kazakh National University’s History, Ethnology and Archeology Faculty and the decision of the Editorial-Publishing Council R e v i e w e r s: doctor of historical sciences, professor G.Habizhanova, doctor of historical sciences, B. Zhanguttin, doctor of historical sciences, professor K. Alimgazinov Kundakbayeva Zh. K 88 The History of Kazakhstan from the Earliest Period to Present time. Volume I: from Earliest period to 1991. Textbook. – Almaty: "Кazakh University", 2016. - &&&& p. ISBN 978-601-247-347-6 In first volume of the History of Kazakhstan for the students of non-historical specialties has been provided extensive materials on the history of present-day territory of Kazakhstan from the earliest period to 1991. Here found their reflection both recent developments on Kazakhstan history studies, primary sources evidences, teaching materials, control questions that help students understand better the course. Many of the disputable issues of the times are given in the historiographical view. The textbook is designed for students, teachers, undergraduates, and all, who are interested in the history of the Kazakhstan. ББК 63.3(5Каз)я72 ISBN 978-601-247-347-6 © Kundakbayeva Zhanat, 2016 © al-Faraby KazNU, 2016 INTRODUCTION Данное учебное пособие is intended to be a generally understandable and clearly organized outline of historical processes taken place on the present day territory of Kazakhstan since pre-historic time. -
Mongol Invasions of Northeast Asia Korea and Japan
Eurasian Maritime History Case Study: Northeast Asia Thirteenth Century Mongol Invasions of Northeast Asia Korea and Japan Dr. Grant Rhode Boston University Mongol Invasions of Northeast Asia: Korea and Japan | 2 Maritime History Case Study: Northeast Asia Thirteenth Century Mongol Invasions of Northeast Asia Korea and Japan Contents Front piece: The Defeat of the Mongol Invasion Fleet Kamikaze, the ‘Divine Wind’ The Mongol Continental Vision Turns Maritime Mongol Naval Successes Against the Southern Song Korea’s Historic Place in Asian Geopolitics Ancient Pattern: The Korean Three Kingdoms Period Mongol Subjugation of Korea Mongol Invasions of Japan First Mongol Invasion of Japan, 1274 Second Mongol Invasion of Japan, 1281 Mongol Support for Maritime Commerce Reflections on the Mongol Maritime Experience Maritime Strategic and Tactical Lessons Limits on Mongol Expansion at Sea Text and Visual Source Evidence Texts T 1: Marco Polo on Kublai’s Decision to Invade Japan with Storm Description T 2: Japanese Traditional Song: The Mongol Invasion of Japan Visual Sources VS 1: Mongol Scroll: 1274 Invasion Battle Scene VS 2: Mongol bomb shells: earliest examples of explosive weapons from an archaeological site Selected Reading for Further Study Notes Maps Map 1: The Mongol Empire by 1279 Showing Attempted Mongol Conquests by Sea Map 2: Three Kingdoms Korea, Battle of Baekgang, 663 Map 3: Mongol Invasions of Japan, 1274 and 1281 Map 4: Hakata Bay Battles 1274 and 1281 Map 5: Takashima Bay Battle 1281 Mongol Invasions of Northeast Asia: Korea and -
Mongol Invasion of Japan Time to Complete: Two 45-Minute Class Sessions
Barbara Huntwork TIP April 4, 2013 Lesson Title: Mongol Invasion of Japan Time to Complete: Two 45-minute class sessions Lesson Objectives: Students will learn that: Samurai and shoguns took over Japan as emperors lost influence. Samurai warriors lived honorably. Order broke down when the power of the shoguns was challenged by invaders and rebellions. Strong leaders took over and reunified Japan. Academic Content Standards: 7th-Grade Social Studies Mongol influence led to unified states in China and Korea, but the Mongol failure to conquer Japan allowed a feudal system to persist. Maps and other geographic representations can be used to trace the development of human settlement over time. Geographic factors promote or impede the movement of people, products, and ideas. The ability to understand individual and group perspectives is essential to analyzing historic and contemporary issues. Literacy in History/Social Studies Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of primary and secondary sources. Determine the central ideas or information of a primary or secondary source. Integrate visual information (e.g., in charts, graphs, photographs, videos, or maps) with other information in print and digital texts. Procedures 1. Section Preview – Read and ask students for response – You are a Japanese warrior, proud of your fighting skills. For many years you’ve been honored by most of society, but you face an awful dilemma. When you became a warrior, you swore to protect and fight for both your lord and your emperor. Now your lord has gone to war against the emperor, and both sides have called for you to join them. -
Khanate of the Golden Horde (Kipchak)
The Mongol Catastrophe For the Muslim east, the sudden eruption of the Mongol hordes was an indescribable calamity. Something of the shock and despair of Muslim reaction can be seen in the history of the contemporary historian Ibn al-Athir (d. 1233). He writes here about the year 1220-1221 when the Mongols (“Tartars”) burst in on the eastern lands. Is this a positive, negative, or neutral description of the Mongols? Why might the Mongols be compared to Alexander rather than, say, the Huns? they eat, [needing] naught else. As for their beasts which they ride, these dig into I say, therefore, that this thing involves the description of the greatest catastrophe the earth with their hoofs and eat the roots of plants, knowing naught of barley. and the most dire calamity (of the like of which days and nights are innocent) And so, when they alight anywhere, they have need of nothing from without. As for which befell all men generally, and the Muslims in particular; so that, should 0e say their religion, the‟ worship the sun when it arises, and regard nothing as unlawful, that the world, since God Almighty created Adam until now, hath not been afflicted for the; eat all beasts, even dogs, pigs, and the like; nor do they recognise the with the like thereof, he would but speak the truth. For indeed history doth not marriage-tie, for several men are in marital relations with one woman, and if a child contain aught which approaches or comes nigh unto it.... is born, it knows not who is its father. -
Uighur Cultural Orientation
1 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................. 2 MAP OF XINJIANG PROVINCE, CHINA ............................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 1 PROFILE ................................................................................................................ 6 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................... 6 AREA ............................................................................................................................................... 7 GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS AND TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES ........................................................... 7 NORTHERN HIGHLANDS .................................................................................................................. 7 JUNGGAR (DZUNGARIAN) BASIN ..................................................................................................... 8 TIEN SHAN ....................................................................................................................................... 8 TARIM BASIN ................................................................................................................................... 9 SOUTHERN MOUNTAINS .................................................................................................................. 9 CLIMATE ...................................................................................................................................... -
7Western Europe and Byzantium
Western Europe and Byzantium circa 500 - 1000 CE 7Andrew Reeves 7.1 CHRONOLOGY 410 CE Roman army abandons Britain 476 CE The general Odavacar deposes last Western Roman Emperor 496 CE The Frankish king Clovis converts to Christianity 500s CE Anglo-Saxons gradually take over Britain 533 CE Byzantine Empire conquers the Vandal kingdom in North Africa 535 – 554 CE Byzantine Empire conquers the Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy 560s CE Lombard invasions of Italy begin 580s CE The Franks cease keeping tax registers 597 CE Christian missionaries dispatched from Rome arrive in Britain 610 – 641 CE Heraclius is Byzantine emperor 636 CE Arab Muslims defeat the Byzantine army at the Battle of Yarmouk 670s CE Byzantine Empire begins to lose control of the Balkans to Avars, Bulgars, and Slavs 674 – 678 CE Arabs lay siege to Constantinople but are unsuccessful 711 CE Muslims from North Africa conquer Spain, end of the Visigothic kingdom 717 – 718 CE Arabs lay siege to Constantinople but are unsuccessful 717 CE Leo III becomes Byzantine emperor. Under his rule, the Iconoclast Controversy begins. 732 CE King Charles Martel of the Franks defeats a Muslim invasion of the kingdom at the Battle of Tours 751 CE The Byzantine city of Ravenna falls to the Lombards; Pepin the Short of the Franks deposes the last Merovingian king and becomes king of the Franks; King Pepin will later conquer Central Italy and donate it to the pope 750s CE Duke of Naples ceases to acknowledge the authority of the Byzantine emperor 770s CE Effective control of the city of Rome passes from Byzantium to the papacy c. -
Japan and Its East Asian Neighbors: Japan’S Perception of China and Korea and the Making of Foreign Policy from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century
JAPAN AND ITS EAST ASIAN NEIGHBORS: JAPAN’S PERCEPTION OF CHINA AND KOREA AND THE MAKING OF FOREIGN POLICY FROM THE SEVENTEENTH TO THE NINETEENTH CENTURY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Norihito Mizuno, M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2004 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor James R. Bartholomew, Adviser Professor Philip C. Brown Adviser Professor Peter L. Hahn Graduate Program in History Copyright by Norihito Mizuno 2004 ABSTRACT This dissertation is a study of Japanese perceptions of its East Asian neighbors – China and Korea – and the making of foreign policy from the early seventeenth century to the late nineteenth century. Previous studies have overwhelmingly argued that after the Meiji Restoration of 1868, Japan started to modernize itself by learning from the West and changed its attitudes toward those neighboring countries. It supposedly abandoned its traditional friendship and reverence toward its neighbors and adopted aggressive and contemptuous attitudes. I have no intention of arguing here that the perspective of change and discontinuity in Japan’s attitudes toward its neighbors has no validity at all; Japan did adopt Western-style diplomacy toward its neighbors, paralleling the abandonment of traditional culture which had owed much to other East Asian civilizations since antiquity. In this dissertation, through examination primarily of official and private documents, I maintain that change and discontinuity cannot fully explain the Japanese policy toward its East Asian neighbors from the early seventeenth to the late nineteenth century. The Japanese perceptions and attitudes toward China and ii Korea had some aspects of continuity. -
2. Myth, Memory, and the Scrolls of the Mongol Invasions of Japan
ArchAism And AntiquAriAnism 2. Myth, Memory, and the Scrolls of the Mongol Invasions of Japan Thomas D. Conlan A set of two illustrated handscrolls commissioned by the warrior Takezaki Suenaga 竹崎季長 (1246–ca. 1324), who fought in defense against the two attempted Mongol invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281, provides insight into how picture scrolls were viewed and abused. Created sometime between the invasions and Suenaga’s death in the 1320s, his scrolls, called as the Scrolls of the Mongol Invasions of Japan (Mōko shūrai ekotoba 蒙古襲来絵詞), were known to only a few warrior families from northern Kyushu for five centuries before they became widely disseminated and appreciated in Japan.1 These scrolls were valued enough not to be discarded, but not thought precious enough to merit special care or conservation, and the images that survive have been badly damaged, with a number of pages and scenes missing.2 Some accidents contributed to alterations in the Mongol Scrolls—which changed hands several times and were copied repeatedly from the late eighteenth century—but others were intentional. Names of characters and images of figures and objects were added to scenes, as too were criticisms of artistic inaccuracies. The Ōyano大矢野, who owned the scrolls late in the sixteenth century, even scratched out Takezaki Suenaga’s name in one scene so as to emphasize the valor of their an- cestors.3 Other changes emphasize Suenaga’s role in the narrative at the expense of his brother-in-law Mii Saburō Sukenaga 三井三郎資長.4 Suenaga’s face has been redrawn repeatedly, with his complexion whitened considerably, and his name was inserted next to some figures at a much later date.5 Finally, what has been thought to be the oldest representation of an exploding shell (teppō 鉄砲) was in fact added to the scrolls during the mid-eighteenth century. -
Lesson Organizer
Name _____________________________________ Handout (3 pages) Lesson Organizer Central Question: Did typhoons save Japan from the Mongols? Complete the organizer for each source read or examined during this lesson. Focus on information that will help you answer the central question. Source Type of Source Main Points/Key Information How Does the Source or Details Answer the Central Question? H. Paul Varley. “Medieval Japan: The Mongol Invasions: Primary 1274 and 1281.” Video from Asia for Educators at Columbia Secondary University. Your Textbook Primary Secondary T. Walter Wallbank and Arnold Schrier. Living World Primary History, 2nd edition. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman and Secondary Company, 1964, p. 243. © 2014 Program for Teaching East Asia, University of Colorado History and Memory T. Walter Wallbank et al. History and Life, 4th edition. Glenview, IL: Primary Scott, Foresman and Company, 1990, p. 317. Secondary Marvin Perry et al. A History of the World. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Primary Company, 1985, pp. 264-265. Secondary Jerry H. Bentley and Herbert F. Ziegler. Traditions and Encounters: Primary A Global Perspective on the Past, 4th edition. Columbus, OH: McGraw Secondary Hill, 2008, p. 471. Iftikhar Ahmad et al. World Cultures: A Global Mosaic. Upper Primary Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001, 388-389. Secondary Albert M. Craig et al. The Heritage of World Civilization, Combined Primary edition, 4th edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1997, p. Secondary 269. Elizabeth Gaynor Ellis and Anthony Esler. World History Primary Connections to Today. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, Secondary 2005, p. 321. © 2014 Program for Teaching East Asia, University of Colorado History and Memory Martin Colcutt. -
Mongol Invasions of India
Mongol Invasions of India The Mongol Empire carried out several invasions of the Indian subcontinent from 1221 to 1327. Some of these invasions were punitive raids intended for plunder while others were carried out with the intention of occupying key city centres. The Mongols suffered a series of defeats when the Delhi Sultanate undertook military campaigns against them in the mid-1300s. This article will give details about the Mongol Invasions of India within the context of the IAS Exam. Background of Mongol Invasions of India The Mongol were a nomadic tribe that lived on the plains of Central Asia from the Ural Mountains to the Gobi Desert. They were a fractious tribe always at war with each other until a warlord, Temujin united them in 1206. Taking the name Genghis Khan. He set on a path of conquest in which he would forge an empire that would scratch from Korea in the east to the borders of Poland in the west at his height in 1237. To date, the Mongol Empire is the largest contiguous land empire in human history. Genghis Khan made several incursions into the Indian subcontinent when he chased the Jalal al Din, the last ruler of the Khwarezmian Empire, all the way to the Indus river in 1221. The Khwarezmian Empire was destroyed by the Mongols the year before and Genghis Khan had ordered anyone member of the ruling family to be tracked down and killed. In their pursuit of Jalal, the Mongols sacked several cities in the Punjab region but their incursions were limited towards the western banks of the Sindh river at the time. -
Anadolu'da Moğol Boyları - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi/ International Journal of Historical Researches, Yıl/Vol
Anadolu Moğolları: Anadolu'da Moğol Boyları - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi/ International Journal of Historical Researches, Yıl/Vol. 1, Sayı/No. 1 Bahar/Spring 2018 Anadolu Moğolları: Anadolu'da Moğol Boyları Ekizceliler.com* Marco Polo* Sadun Köprülü* Anadolu Moğolları* Özet Moğolcalı, Moğolcalu, Moğulcalı, Moğulcalu, Muğalcalı, Muğalcalu, Muğulcalı, Muğulcalu, Muscalı, Muscalu, Musacalı, Musacalu, Müscalı, Müscalu, Müsacalı, Müsacalu, Musulcalı, Musulculu, Musulcalu, Muslucalı, Muslucu, Muslucalu aşireti – diye Irak’ın Musul, TELAFER Türk-Moğolları. Türkleşmiş Moğol aşiretidir. Bugün (Emirdağ’ında “Nevahi-i Barçın Kazası”) Ekizce köyünde yaşarlar. Ve Jırgın (Cırgın) aşiretide bugün (Emirdağ’ında “Nevahi-i Barçın Kazası”) yaşarlar. Ve Diğer Moğol boyları: Tatarlar, Kireyitler, Naymanlar, Sünit, Bisüvüt, Suganut, Mangıt, Kurulas, Kongırat, Dürben, Kıyat, Bayaut (Bayat), Barın, Barlas, İlhanlı, Uyrat aşireti, Suldus aşireti, Celayir aşireti, Sutay (Sutai) aşireti, Tatar aşireti, Mugal Tatarları cemaati, Moğultay cemaati (İçel Yörükleri), Çalış ("Tataran-ı Gayiban" Arsa Yüzü Bölüğü) aşireti, Çavurcu cemaati, Garb Yüzü Bölüğü (Tataran-ı Mugal), Gayiban Tatarları, Haymene-i Tataran-ı Mugal cemaati, Hamis Ağıl (Ulu Azman "Tataran-ı Mugal" Garb Yüzü Bölüğü), Hindüler cemaati ("Baybal Özü Bölüğü" Baybal Özü Bölüğü), İletmiş Bölüğü cemaati (Tataran Cemaati), Karataylu cemaati ("Moğol Tatarları cemaati" Arsa Yüzü Bölüğü), Kayabalu Bölüğü cemaati (Tataran-ı Mugal), Konbaklar cemaati (Tataran-ı Mugal), Nureddin cemaati ("Moğol Tatarları -
The TRAVELS of MARCO POLO
The TRAVELS of MARCO POLO INTRODUCTION AFTER AN ABSENCE OF twenty-six years, Marco Polo and his father Nicolo and his uncle Maffeo returned from the spectacular court of Kublai Khan to their old home in Venice. Their clothes were coarse and tattered; the bun dles that they carried were bound in Eastern cloths and their bronzed faces bore evi dence of great hardships, long endurance, and suffering. They had almost forgotten their native tongue. Their aspect seemed foreign and their ac Copyright 1926 by Boni & Liveright, Inc. cent and entire manner bore the strange stamp of the Tartar. Copyright renewed 1953 by Manuel Komroff During these twenty-six years Venice, too, had changed and Copyright 1930 by Horace Liveright, Inc. the travellers had difficulty in finding their old residence. But here at last as they entered the courtyard they were All rights reserved back home. Back from the Deserts of Persia, back from Printed in the United States of America Manufacturing by the Maple-Vail Book Manufacturing Group the lofty steeps of Pamir, from mysterious Tibet, from the dazzling court of Kublai Khan, from China, Mongolia, Burma, Siam, Sumatra, Java; back from Ceylon, where For information about permission to reproduce selections from this book, write Adam has his tomb, and back from India, the land of myth to Permissions, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY and marvels. But the dogs of Venice barked as the travellers 10110 knocked on the door of their old home. The Polos had long been thought dead, and the distant Hardcover ISBN 0-87140-657-8 relatives who occupied the house refused admittance to the Paperback ISBN 0-393-97968-7 three shabby and suspicious looking gentlemen.