DOCSLIB.ORG

Mongol Invasions of India

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mongol Invasions of India Mongol Invasions of India The Mongol Empire carried out several invasions of the Indian subcontinent from 1221 to 1327. Some of these invasions were punitive raids intended for plunder while others were carried out with the intention of occupying key city centres. The Mongols suffered a series of defeats when the Delhi Sultanate undertook military campaigns against them in the mid-1300s. This article will give details about the Mongol Invasions of India within the context of the IAS Exam. Background of Mongol Invasions of India The Mongol were a nomadic tribe that lived on the plains of Central Asia from the Ural Mountains to the Gobi Desert. They were a fractious tribe always at war with each other until a warlord, Temujin united them in 1206. Taking the name Genghis Khan. He set on a path of conquest in which he would forge an empire that would scratch from Korea in the east to the borders of Poland in the west at his height in 1237. To date, the Mongol Empire is the largest contiguous land empire in human history. Genghis Khan made several incursions into the Indian subcontinent when he chased the Jalal al Din, the last ruler of the Khwarezmian Empire, all the way to the Indus river in 1221. The Khwarezmian Empire was destroyed by the Mongols the year before and Genghis Khan had ordered anyone member of the ruling family to be tracked down and killed. In their pursuit of Jalal, the Mongols sacked several cities in the Punjab region but their incursions were limited towards the western banks of the Sindh river at the time. Following Genghis Khan’s death in 1227, the Mongol empire fractured into a civil war between his sons. Large-scale invasions would decrease following this period which gave enough time for the Delhi Sultanate to shore up its defences. Mongol wars against the Delhi Sultanate After civil war broke out in the Mongol Empire in the 1260s, the Chagatai Khanate controlled Central Asia and its leader since the 1280s was Duwa Khan who was second in command of Kaidu Khan. Duwa was active in Afghanistan, and attempted to extend Mongol rule into India. A count of the Mongol commanders named in the sources as participating in the various invasions might give a better indication of the numbers involved, as these commanders probably led tumens, units nominally of 10,000 men. These invasions were led by either various descendants of Genghis Khan or by Mongol divisional commanders; the size of such armies was always between 10,000-30,000 cavalry as per modern estimates The Chagatai Khanate invaded Punjab in 1292, but their advance guard under Ulghu was defeated and taken prisoner by the founder of the Khilji Dynasty, Jalaluddin. Chagatai armies were beaten by the Delhi Sultanate several times in 1296–1297. The most significant defeat occurred during the battle of Kili in 1299. Fought between the Chagatai army led by Qutlug and Delhi sultanate army led by Alauddin Khilji. The incursion by the Chagatai was a major invasion when the previous ones were plundering raids. But this would not be the last of the Mongol invasion of India. Subsequent invasions in 1305 and 1306 would be defeated by Alauddin. In that same year the Mongol Khan, Duwa, died and in the dispute over his succession this spate of Mongol raids into India ended. Taking advantage of this situation, Alauddin's general Malik Tughluq regularly raided the Mongol territories located in present-day Afghanistan. The next major Mongol invasion took place after the Khiljis had been replaced by the Tughlaq dynasty in the Sultanate. In 1327 the Chagatai Mongols under Tarmashirin. Tarmashirin laid siege to Delhi and he only lifted it when he was paid a huge ransom by the Tughlaqs. No major invasions would take place following Tamashirin’s siege of Delhi. Later Mongol Invasions of India The Chagatai Khanate had split by 1338 and an ambitious Turk-Mongol chieftain named Timur had brought Central Asia and the regions beyond under his control. Timur also reinforced the Islamic faith over the Chagatai Khanate and gave primacy to the laws of the Shari'ah over Genghis Khan's shamanist laws. He invaded India in 1398 to wage war and plunder the wealth of the country. Timur's empire broke up and his descendants failed to hold on to Central Asia, which split up into numerous principalities. The descendants of the Mongol Chughtais and the descendants of Timur’s empire lived side by side, occasionally fighting and occasionally inter-marrying. A product of such a union was Babur, founder of the Mughal Empire. His mother belonged to the family of the Mongol Khans of modern-day Uzbekistan. When Babur occupied Kabul and began invading the Indian subcontinent, he was called a Mughal like all the earlier invaders from the Chagatai Khanate. Even the invasion of Timur had been considered a Mongol invasion since they had ruled over Central Asia for so long and had given their name to its people. Aspirants can find complete information about upcoming Government Exams through the linked article. More exam-related preparation materials will be found through the links given below .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Reactions of Emperor Bahādur Shāh Zafar and Laureate Mirzā Ghālib to the Celestial Events During 1857-1858
    Indian Journal of History of Science, 53.3 (2018) 325-340 DOI: 10.16943/ijhs/2018/v53i3/49464 Historical Note Reactions of Emperor Bahādur Shāh Zafar and Laureate Mirzā Ghālib to the Celestial Events during 1857-1858 R C Kapoor* (Received 13 December 2017; revised 05 June 2018) Abstract The revolt against the British broke out at Meerut on 10th May 1857 that soon turned into a Great Uprising and shook the foundations of the colonial power in India. A conjunction of Mars and Saturn took place in July 1857. A solar eclipse occurred on 18th September 1857, two days before the capture of Delhi by the British. There followed a lunar eclipse, on 28th February 1858. Then a comet brightened up in the evening skies only days before the British Crown was about to take India in its fold on 1st November 1858. How Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar (1775-1862), central to the upheaval, and the laureate Mirzā Ghālib (1797-1859), a remote observer, reacted in such a scenario is central to our theme. Z. afar was a superstitious man and had a spiritual incline. What is unique is that he had never mixed up the outcome of the war with the celestial events and left it to Almighty. That he was unaware of these events is difficult to believe. Ghālib was a skeptic and came to believe the celestial events as signals of divine wrath. In the process we discover an unexplored side of Mirzā Ghālib and his grasp of astronomy. Key words: Annular solar eclipse of 1857, Bahadur Shah Zafar, Donati’s Comet, India’s Great Uprising of 1857, Mirzā Ghālib, Mughal India.
    [Show full text]
  • Theocracy Metin M. Coşgel Thomas J. Miceli
    Theocracy Metin M. Coşgel University of Connecticut Thomas J. Miceli University of Connecticut Working Paper 2013-29 November 2013 365 Fairfield Way, Unit 1063 Storrs, CT 06269-1063 Phone: (860) 486-3022 Fax: (860) 486-4463 http://www.econ.uconn.edu/ This working paper is indexed on RePEc, http://repec.org THEOCRACY by Metin Coşgel* and Thomas J. Miceli** Abstract: Throughout history, religious and political authorities have had a mysterious attraction to each other. Rulers have established state religions and adopted laws with religious origins, sometimes even claiming to have divine powers. We propose a political economy approach to theocracy, centered on the legitimizing relationship between religious and political authorities. Making standard assumptions about the motivations of these authorities, we identify the factors favoring the emergence of theocracy, such as the organization of the religion market, monotheism vs. polytheism, and strength of the ruler. We use two sets of data to test the implications of the model. We first use a unique data set that includes information on over three hundred polities that have been observed throughout history. We also use recently available cross-country data on the relationship between religious and political authorities to examine these issues in current societies. The results provide strong empirical support for our arguments about why in some states religious and political authorities have maintained independence, while in others they have integrated into a single entity. JEL codes: H10,
    [Show full text]
  • Zhanat Kundakbayeva the HISTORY of KAZAKHSTAN FROM
    MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN THE AL-FARABI KAZAKH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Zhanat Kundakbayeva THE HISTORY OF KAZAKHSTAN FROM EARLIEST PERIOD TO PRESENT TIME VOLUME I FROM EARLIEST PERIOD TO 1991 Almaty "Кazakh University" 2016 ББК 63.2 (3) К 88 Recommended for publication by Academic Council of the al-Faraby Kazakh National University’s History, Ethnology and Archeology Faculty and the decision of the Editorial-Publishing Council R e v i e w e r s: doctor of historical sciences, professor G.Habizhanova, doctor of historical sciences, B. Zhanguttin, doctor of historical sciences, professor K. Alimgazinov Kundakbayeva Zh. K 88 The History of Kazakhstan from the Earliest Period to Present time. Volume I: from Earliest period to 1991. Textbook. – Almaty: "Кazakh University", 2016. - &&&& p. ISBN 978-601-247-347-6 In first volume of the History of Kazakhstan for the students of non-historical specialties has been provided extensive materials on the history of present-day territory of Kazakhstan from the earliest period to 1991. Here found their reflection both recent developments on Kazakhstan history studies, primary sources evidences, teaching materials, control questions that help students understand better the course. Many of the disputable issues of the times are given in the historiographical view. The textbook is designed for students, teachers, undergraduates, and all, who are interested in the history of the Kazakhstan. ББК 63.3(5Каз)я72 ISBN 978-601-247-347-6 © Kundakbayeva Zhanat, 2016 © al-Faraby KazNU, 2016 INTRODUCTION Данное учебное пособие is intended to be a generally understandable and clearly organized outline of historical processes taken place on the present day territory of Kazakhstan since pre-historic time.
    [Show full text]
  • The Last Mughal: the Fall of Delhi, 1857 Pdf, Epub, Ebook
    THE LAST MUGHAL: THE FALL OF DELHI, 1857 PDF, EPUB, EBOOK William Dalrymple | 608 pages | 07 Sep 2009 | Bloomsbury Publishing PLC | 9781408800928 | English | London, United Kingdom The Last Mughal: The Fall of Delhi, 1857 PDF Book A must read for all Indians. Although all these attacks were beaten off, the besiegers were ground down through exhaustion and disease. At the pivotal moment of his doomed reign, Zafar concentrated not on his role as a leader of men or on the sparing of innocent lives, but rather on his flowers. Three Bengal Native Infantry regiments the 38th, 54th and 74th were stationed in barracks 2 miles 3. When the heir apparent dies of cholera or maybe poisoning? On a dark evening in November , a cheap coffin is buried in eerie silence. Although they had ample warning of disaffection among the Bengal Army after earlier outbreaks of unrest at Berhampur , Barrackpur and Ambala , they had assumed that at Meerut, where the proportion of European to Indian troops was higher than anywhere else in India, the Bengal units would not risk open revolt. View Product. Mughal Empire. Simply put: This is how history should be written. After this, it was accepted that the odds were too great for any assault to be successful until the besiegers were reinforced. I wanted insight into complicated Muslim, Sufi, Hindu, Christian relations and got exac Fast paced, flashing like an epic movie, round about page I was convinced of Dalrymple's brilliant talent, incorporating Urdu texts and British writings from the era to show how a tolerant creative, if excessive Mughal court was torn asunder by violence and racism; how something so small and inconsiderate as to how bullets were manufactured could erupt into such violence, followed by even greater revenge.
    [Show full text]
  • A Narrative of the Siege of Delhi with an Account of the Mutiny at Ferozepore in 1857
    A Narrative Of The Siege Of Delhi With An Account Of The Mutiny At Ferozepore In 1857 Charles John Griffiths The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Narrative Of The Siege Of Delhi by Charles John Griffiths This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: A Narrative Of The Siege Of Delhi With An Account Of The Mutiny At Ferozepore In 1857 Author: Charles John Griffiths Release Date: January 28, 2004 [EBook #10856] Language: English Character set encoding: ASCII *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A NARRATIVE OF THE SIEGE OF DELHI *** Produced by Ted Garvin, jayam and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team A NARRATIVE OF THE SIEGE OF DELHI WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE MUTINY AT FEROZEPORE IN 1857 BY CHARLES JOHN GRIFFITHS LATE CAPTAIN 61ST REGIMENT EDITED BY HENRY JOHN YONGE LATE CAPTAIN 61ST REGIMENT WITH PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS LONDON JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, W. 1910 INTRODUCTION The ever memorable period in the history of our Eastern Empire known as the Great Indian Rebellion or Mutiny of the Bengal army was an epoch fraught with the most momentous consequences, and one which resulted in covering with undying fame those who bore part in its suppression. The passions aroused during the struggle, the fierce hate animating the breasts of the combatants, the deadly incidents of the strife, which without intermission lasted for nearly two years, and deluged with blood the plains and cities of Hindostan, have scarcely a parallel in history.
    [Show full text]
  • An Accessible Vangobook™ That Focuses on the Connections Within and Between Societies
    judge_langdonKIT_press 7/18/08 11:56 AM Page 1 Preview Chapter 15 Inside! An accessible VangoBook™ that focuses on the connections within and between societies. judge_langdonKIT_press 7/15/08 11:34 AM Page 2 Spring 2008 Dear Colleague: We are two professors who love teaching world history. For the past sixteen years, at our middle-sized college, we have team-taught a two-semester world history course that first-year students take to fulfill a college-wide requirement. Our students have very diverse backgrounds and interests. Most take world history only because it is required, and many of them find it very challenging. Helping them understand world history and getting them to share our enthusiasm for it are our main purposes and passions. To help our students prepare better for class and enhance their enjoyment of history, we decided to write a world history text that was tailored specifically to meet their needs. Knowing that they often see history as a bewildering array of details, dates, and developments, we chose a unifying theme— connections—and grouped our chapters to reflect the expansion of connections from regional to global levels. To help make our text more accessible, we wrote concise chapters in a simple yet engaging narrative, divided into short topical subsections, with pronunciations after difficult names and marginal notes highlighting our theme. Having seen many students struggle because they lack a good sense of geography, we included numerous maps—more than twice as many as most other texts—and worked hard to make them clear and consistent, with captions that help the students read the maps and connect them with surrounding text.We also provided compelling vignettes to introduce the themes of each chapter, concise excerpts from relevant primary sources, colorful illustrations,“perspective” summaries and chronologies, reflection questions, and useful lists of key concepts, key people, and additional sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Khanate of the Golden Horde (Kipchak)
    The Mongol Catastrophe For the Muslim east, the sudden eruption of the Mongol hordes was an indescribable calamity. Something of the shock and despair of Muslim reaction can be seen in the history of the contemporary historian Ibn al-Athir (d. 1233). He writes here about the year 1220-1221 when the Mongols (“Tartars”) burst in on the eastern lands. Is this a positive, negative, or neutral description of the Mongols? Why might the Mongols be compared to Alexander rather than, say, the Huns? they eat, [needing] naught else. As for their beasts which they ride, these dig into I say, therefore, that this thing involves the description of the greatest catastrophe the earth with their hoofs and eat the roots of plants, knowing naught of barley. and the most dire calamity (of the like of which days and nights are innocent) And so, when they alight anywhere, they have need of nothing from without. As for which befell all men generally, and the Muslims in particular; so that, should 0e say their religion, the‟ worship the sun when it arises, and regard nothing as unlawful, that the world, since God Almighty created Adam until now, hath not been afflicted for the; eat all beasts, even dogs, pigs, and the like; nor do they recognise the with the like thereof, he would but speak the truth. For indeed history doth not marriage-tie, for several men are in marital relations with one woman, and if a child contain aught which approaches or comes nigh unto it.... is born, it knows not who is its father.
    [Show full text]
  • International
    International SOCIAL SCIENCES STUDIES JOURNAL SSSjournal (ISSN:2587-1587) Economics and Administration, Tourism and Tourism Management, History, Culture, Religion, Psychology, Sociology, Fine Arts, Engineering, Architecture, Language, Literature, Educational Sciences, Pedagogy & Other Disciplines in Social Sciences Vol:5, Issue:49 pp.6169-6173 2019 sssjournal.com ISSN:2587-1587 [email protected] Article Arrival Date (Makale Geliş Tarihi) 13/09/2019 The Published Rel. Date (Makale Yayın Kabul Tarihi) 10/11/2019 Published Date (Makale Yayın Tarihi) 10.11.2019 A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE ERA OF THE CHAGATAI KHAN TARMASHIRIN ÇAĞATAY HANI TARMAŞİRİN DÖNEMİNE KISA BİR BAKIŞ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yunus Emre TANSÜ Faculty Member at Gaziantep University, Faculty of Science and Literature, Gaziantep/TURKEY ORCİD ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6183-5306 Baran GÜVENÇ Researcher Historian, Gaziantep/TURKEY ORCİD ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0169-1344 Article Type : Research Article/ Araştırma Makalesi Doi Number : http://dx.doi.org/10.26449/sssj.1848 Reference : Tansü, Y.E. & Güvenç, B. (2019). “A Brief Overview Of The Era Of The Chagatai Khan Tarmashirin”, International Social Sciences Studies Journal, 5(49): 6169-6173. ABSTRACT With the death of Genghis Khan, the great empire he founded was shared among his sons. Chagatai Khan established dominance in almost all the regions of East and West Turkistan. Chagatai Khanate has a cosmopolitan structure in terms of religious diversity. Chagatai Khan pursued a policy of exploitation in order to consolidate his dominance in these regions. In 1326, Tarmashirin Khan became the ruler of Chagatai Khanate and took the name Alaeddin after converting to Islam.
    [Show full text]
  • BAKHSHISH SINGH NIJJAR M.A., Ph.D
    y Graduate and post-graduate students of Punjab History have always felt greatly handicapped for want of a comprehensive history of Punjab under the British Raj. The present volume is primarily designed to fill that long-standing gap. The period 1849-1947 has been treated systematically in detail. The entire period has been divided in three volumes and every aspect of the period has been ex­ plored documented. The learned historian Dr. Shri Ram Sharma has observed in his forword that it can easily be recommended for refe­ rence and even for study to students of history of the Punjab under the British Rs. 100 Each Vol BY THE SAME AUTHOR 1. Panjab under the Sultans. 1000-1526 2. Panjab under the Great Mughals. 1526-1707 3. Panjab under the Later Mughals. 1707-1759 4. Catalogue of the Rare Paintings etc. 5. A Guide to the Records of the Punjab State Archives 6. The Anglo-Sikh Wars. (In the press) 7. Maharani Jind Kaur. (In the press) PANJAB UNDER THE BRITISH RULE (1849-1947) [Volume III—1932-1947] DR. BAKHSHISH SINGH NIJJAR M.A., Ph.D. (History), M.A., M.O.L. (Persian), M.A. (Punjabi) Director, Punjab State Archives, Patiala Member of the Indian Historical Records Commission K. B. PUBLICATIOx\S NEW DELHI To one reader however it seems that he has made too much of the Hindu-Sikh, Muslim riots in the Pan jab during the year 1924-1932 to which he devotes twenty one pages. Thirty two pages have been devoted to the terrorist Movement (The Babar Akalis) in the twenties.
    [Show full text]
  • The Silk Road in the Mongol Era
    THE SILK ROAD IN THE MONGOL ERA THE SILK ROAD IN THE MONGOL ERA W.J. de Graaf Tilburg University Supervisor: Dr. T.G. Leesen Second reader: Dr. K. Pansters June 2018 THE SILK ROAD IN THE MONGOL ERA 2 Abstract This research aims to explain the causes for the success and decline of trade along the Silk Road in the Mongol Empire by examining to what extent religious freedom and political stability played a role. The success of silver as an intercontinental currency demonstrates that, in the time of the Pax Mongolica, intercontinental trade alongside the Silk Road flourished. This thesis examines to what extent the Mongol Empire promoted religious freedom and provided a stable political climate and to what extent that open climate facilitated the intercontinental trade along the Silk Road. The findings regarding religious freedom and political stability urge Central Asia to take note of this research as they are joining China’s new Silk Road Initiative. Keywords: Religious Freedom, Political Stability, Economy, Silk Road, Central Asia, Pax Mongolica, Yassa (law) THE SILK ROAD IN THE MONGOL ERA 3 Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 2 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 4 Contextualization of the Research .................................................................................. 4 A. What is the Silk Road? .......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Uighur Cultural Orientation
    1 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................. 2 MAP OF XINJIANG PROVINCE, CHINA ............................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 1 PROFILE ................................................................................................................ 6 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................... 6 AREA ............................................................................................................................................... 7 GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS AND TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES ........................................................... 7 NORTHERN HIGHLANDS .................................................................................................................. 7 JUNGGAR (DZUNGARIAN) BASIN ..................................................................................................... 8 TIEN SHAN ....................................................................................................................................... 8 TARIM BASIN ................................................................................................................................... 9 SOUTHERN MOUNTAINS .................................................................................................................. 9 CLIMATE ......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • India & Mongolia in the Middle Ages – More Than Just a Connection
    Ancient History of Asian Countries India & Mongolia in the Middle Ages – More Than Just a Connection By Mohan Gopal Author Mohan Gopal The Taj Mahal area and traced his lineage to a line of Turkic-Mongol warlords who alternately plagued, plundered, ruled and governed in greater or If there is one monument which conjures up an image of India, it lesser components a vast region which roughly spans the areas of is the Taj Mahal. It was constructed c. 1631 at the behest of Emperor present-day Turkey, southern Russia, the northern Middle East, Shah Jahan as the ultimate memorial and place of eternal rest for his central Asia, northern Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and northern India. beloved wife, Mumtaj. The Taj, as it is commonly referred to, is for The most commonly known name in this lineage was Tamerlane, romanticists across the globe, the ultimate architectural poem of love born in 1336 in central Asia, also known as Timur the Lame, Timur etched in white marble with floral motifs inlaid with precious stones; the Great or Timur the Horrible, depending on which perspective one a monument of perfect geometrical balance and symmetry. In this took – that of his huge territorial conquests or the countless and mausoleum lie the tombs of Emperor Shah Jahan and his beloved endless massacres and lootings which formed the basis of them. queen. Babur chose the former perspective and with pride considered It may come as a surprise to many that this widely admired, loved himself a Timurid, a descendant of the mighty Timur. and romanticized world artefact which has come to be known as a Babur’s mother was Qutlugh Nigar Khanum.
    [Show full text]