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13-1B the Mongol Conquests, 1215–1283 8/15/2019 Print Preview Chapter 13: Mongol Eurasia and Its Aftermath, 1200–1500: 13-1b The Mongol Conquests, 1215–1283 Book Title: The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History AP® Edition Printed By: Shauna D'Agostino ([email protected]) © 2019 Cengage Learning, Cengage Learning 13-1b The Mongol Conquests, 1215–1283 Shortly after his acclamation in 1206, Chinggis initiated two decades of ® AP Exam Tip Mongol aggression. By 1209 he had cowed the Tanggut (TAHNG-gut) rulers Compare the rise of the Mongol empire with of northwest China, and in 1215 he the rise of other empires during this time captured the Jin capital of Yanjing, period. today known as Beijing (bay-jeeng). He turned westward in 1219 with an invasion of Khwarezm (kaw-REZM), a state east of the Caspian Sea that included much of Iran. After 1221, when most of Iran had fallen, Chinggis left the command of most campaigns to subordinate generals. Ögödei (ERG-uh-day), Chinggis’s son, became the Great Khan in 1227 after his father’s death (see Figure 13.1). He completed the destruction of the Tanggut and the Jin and put their territories under Mongol governors. By 1234 he controlled most of northern China and was threatening the Southern Song (see Chapter 12). Two years later Chinggis’s grandson Batu (BAH-too) (d. 1255) attacked Russian territories, took control of the towns along the Volga (VOHL-gah) River, and conquered Kievan Russia, Moscow, Poland, and Hungary in a five-year campaign. Only the death of Ögödei in 1241, which caused a suspension of campaigning, saved Europe from graver damage. With Chinggis’s grandson güyük (gi-yik) installed as the new Great Khan, the conquests resumed. In the Middle East a Mongol army sacked Baghdad in 1258 and executed the last Abbasid caliph (see Chapter 10). Figure 13.1 Mongol Rulers, 1206–1260 The names of the Great Khans are shown in bold type. Those who founded the regional khanates are listed with their dates of rule.Cengage Learning https://ng.cengage.com/static/nb/ui/evo/index.html?dockAppUid=101&eISBN=9781337401760&id=543685864&nbId=1287718&snapshotId=1287718& 1/7 8/15/2019 Print Preview Chronology Mongolia and Central Asia and Russia Korea, Japan, China Middle East and Southeast Asia 1200 1206 Temüjin chosen Chinggis Khan of the Mongols 1219–1223 First 1221–1223 First Mongol attacks in Mongol attacks on Iran Russia 1227 Death of Chinggis Khan 1240 Mongols sack Kiev 1227–1241 Reign of Great Khan Ögödei 1258 Mongols sack 1242 Alexander 1258 Mongols Baghdad and kill Nevskii defeats conquer Koryo the caliph Teutonic Knights rulers in Korea 1234 Mongols conquer northern China https://ng.cengage.com/static/nb/ui/evo/index.html?dockAppUid=101&eISBN=9781337401760&id=543685864&nbId=1287718&snapshotId=1287718& 2/7 8/15/2019 Print Preview Mongolia and Central Asia and Russia Korea, Japan, China Middle East and Southeast Asia 1260 War 1274, 1281 between Il-khans Mongols attack and Golden Horde Japan 1271 Founding of 1260 Mamluks Yuan Empire defeat Il-khans at Ain Jalut 1283 Yuan invades Champa 1279 Mongol 1295 Il-khan Ghazan converts to Islam conquest of Southern Song 1293 Yuan attacks Java 1300 1349 End of Il-khan 1346 Plague 1333–1338 End of rule ca. 1350 Egypt outbreak at Kaffa Kamakura infected by plague Shogunate in Japan, beginning of Ashikaga 1368 Ming 1370–1405 Reign Empire founded of Timur 1392 Founding of Choson dynasty in Korea 1400 1403–1424 Reign 1402 Timur defeats 1462–1505 Ivan of Yongle Ottoman sultan III establishes authority as tsar. Moscow emerges as major political center. https://ng.cengage.com/static/nb/ui/evo/index.html?dockAppUid=101&eISBN=9781337401760&id=543685864&nbId=1287718&snapshotId=1287718& 3/7 8/15/2019 Print Preview Mongolia and Central Asia and Russia Korea, Japan, China Middle East and Southeast Asia 1405–1433 Voyages of Zheng He 1453 Ottomans capture Constantinople 1471–1500 Dai Viet conquers Champa Chinggis Khan’s original objective had probably been collecting tribute, but the success of the Mongol conquests created a new situation. Ögödei unquestionably sought to rule a united empire based at his capital, Karakorum (kah-rah-KOR-um), and until his death he controlled the subordinate Mongol do-mains: the Golden Horde in Russia and the Chagatai (JAH-guh-die) domains in Central Asia (see Map 13.1). After Ögödei’s death, however, family unity began to unravel; when Khubilai (KOO-bih-lie) declared himself Great Khan in 1260, the descendants of Chinggis’s son Chagatai (d. 1242) and other branches of the family refused to accept him. As Karakorum was destroyed in the en-suing fighting, Khubilai transferred his court to the old Jin capital now renamed Bei-jing. In 1271 he declared himself founder of the Yuan Empire (Empire created in China and Siberia by Khubilai Khan.) . Map 13.1 The Mongol Domains in Eurasia in 1300 After the death of Chinggis Khan in 1227, his empire was divided among his sons and grandsons. Son Ögödei succeeded Chinggis as Great Khan. Grandson Khubilai expanded the domain of the Great Khan into southern China by 1279. Grandson Hülegü was the first Il-khan in the Middle East. Grandson Batu founded the Khanate of the Golden Horde in southern Russia. Son Chagatai ruled the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia. Given the enormous expanse of Central Asia, how could a centralized government expect to control distant provinces? https://ng.cengage.com/static/nb/ui/evo/index.html?dockAppUid=101&eISBN=9781337401760&id=543685864&nbId=1287718&snapshotId=1287718& 4/7 8/15/2019 Print Preview Chagatai’s descendants continued to dominate Central Asia and enjoyed close relations with the region’s Turkic-speaking nomads. This, plus a continuing hatred of Khubilai, contributed to Central Asia becoming an independent Mongol center and to the spread of Islam there. After the Yuan destroyed the Southern Song (see Chapter 12) in 1279, Mongol troops attacked Dai Viet—now northern Vietnam—and in 1283 invaded the kingdom of Champa in southern Vietnam. When the initially successful Mongols suffered a defeat, Khubilai was so infuriated that he postponed an invasion of Japan to focus on the Vietnamese kingdoms. In 1287, the Vietnamese troops, under the command of Tran Hung Dao, Vietnam’s most famous military hero, defeated the Mongol forces in a final battle. A plan to invade Java by sea also failed, as did two invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281. The Mongols seldom outnumbered their enemies, but they were extraordinary riders and utilized superior bows. The Central Asian bow, made by laminating layers of wood, leather, and bone, could shoot one-third farther (and was correspondingly more difficult to pull) than the bows used by sedentary enemies. Passport The Mongol Empire facilitated the movement of products, merchants, and diplomats over long distances. Travelers frequently encountered new languages, laws, and customs. The paisa (from a Chinese word for “Card” or “sign”), with its inscription in Mongolian, proclaimed that the traveler had the ruler’s permission to travel through the region. Europeans later adopted the practice, thus making the paisa the ancestor of modern passports. https://ng.cengage.com/static/nb/ui/evo/index.html?dockAppUid=101&eISBN=9781337401760&id=543685864&nbId=1287718&snapshotId=1287718& 5/7 8/15/2019 Print Preview The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Image Source/Art Resource, NY Rarely did an archer expend all of the five dozen arrows in his quiver. As the battle opened, arrows shot from a distance decimated enemy marksmen. Then the Mongols charged the enemy’s infantry to fight with sword, lance, javelin, and mace. The Mongol cavalry met its match only at the Battle of Ain Jalut (ine jah-LOOT), where an under-strength force confronted Turkic-speaking Mamluks whose war techniques mirrored their own (see Chapter 10). The Mongols also fired flaming arrows and hurled enormous projectiles—sometimes flaming —from catapults. The first Mongol catapults, built on Chinese models, transported easily but had short range and poor accuracy. During western campaigns in Central Asia, however, the Mongols encountered a design that again was half as powerful. They used it to hammer the cities of Iran and Iraq. Cities that resisted faced siege and annihilation. Surrender was the only option. The slaughter the Mongols inflicted on Balkh (bahlk) (in present-day northern Afghanistan) and other cities spread terror and caused other cities to surrender. Each conquered area contributed men to the “Mongol” armies. In the Middle East, on the western fringe of their empire, a few Mongol officers commanded armies of recently recruited Turks and Iranians. https://ng.cengage.com/static/nb/ui/evo/index.html?dockAppUid=101&eISBN=9781337401760&id=543685864&nbId=1287718&snapshotId=1287718& 6/7 8/15/2019 Print Preview Chapter 13: Mongol Eurasia and Its Aftermath, 1200–1500: 13-1b The Mongol Conquests, 1215–1283 Book Title: The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History AP® Edition Printed By: Shauna D'Agostino ([email protected]) © 2019 Cengage Learning, Cengage Learning © 2019 Cengage Learning Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this work may by reproduced or used in any form or by any means - graphic, electronic, or mechanical, or in any other manner - without the written permission of the copyright holder. https://ng.cengage.com/static/nb/ui/evo/index.html?dockAppUid=101&eISBN=9781337401760&id=543685864&nbId=1287718&snapshotId=1287718& 7/7.
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