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Japanese Cooking Japanese Cooking By: April Thompson, NCTA Ohio 2017 Subject: Ancient World History Grade: 7th Content Statement: 16 – The ability to understand individual and group perspectives is essential to analyzing historic and contemporary issues. Content Statement: 4 – Mongol influence led to unified states in China and Korea, but the Mongol failure to conquer Japan allowed a feudal system to persist. Content Statement: 8 – Empires in Africa (Ghana, Mali and Songhay) and Asia (Byzantine, Ottoman, Mughal and China) grew as commercial and cultural centers along trade routes. 5. Lesson 1 Japanese Cooking Academic Content Standards: Content Statement: 16 – The ability to understand individual and group perspectives is essential to analyzing historic and contemporary issues. Essential Question: What is the primary agricultural product produced in Japan? How does this impact the diet of Japanese children? What type of snack might a Japanese child eat? Objective: ● Students will link previously learned information about the history of Japanese Feudalism and geography (below). ● Students will learn the importance of Rice to Japanese society. ● Students will prepare a Japanese recipe for Rice Balls. ● Students will compare and contrast a Japanese Rice Ball to an American lunch food-- ham sandwich on white bread. Materials: (prior to this lesson) Printed copies of Climate and Geographical Feature, Japanese Feudalism and The Mongols Try to Invade Japan (attached) Chromebooks (to read from) or printed copies of RICE Printed copies of Onigiri 101: How to Make Japanese Rice Balls Previously prepared Japanese cooked rice (enough for each child to make a ball)**It is important that you use Japanese rice since a certain stickiness is required for the balls to hold together Add-in ingredients such as tuna, cooked chicken, smoked salmon Nori (roasted seaweed. Available on Amazon.) NCTA Ohio 2017 Page 1 Japanese Cooking Activities: Prior to lesson: ● Arrange desks into groups of 4 ● Cover desks with butcher block paper ● Place copy of Onigiri 101: How to make Japanese Rice Balls at each cluster of desks. ● Place small bowl of salt water at each cluster of desks ● Place approximately 1 cup of cooked rice in a bowl at each cluster of desks ● Place add-in ingredients on a table in the front of the room so students have access ● Prepare a large Venn diagram on the board to be used for class discussion During lesson: ● All students must wash hands and place all personal belongings on the floor ● Read Onigiri 101 aloud as a class and discuss the items on the cluster of desks. ● Demonstrate how to make a Japanese Rice Ball for the students ● Allow students to select their add-in ingredient from the table and take it back to their area. ● Allow students to construct their own rice ball and place it in front of them until everyone is finished. ● Allow students to eat their rice ball. ● Engage in class discussion to compare and contrast Japanese Rice Bowls to a ham sandwich. Assessment: Students will be informally assessed based on their ability to follow directions and participate in class discussion. The Mongols try to Invade Japan In 1266, the Mongol ruler Kublai Khan paused in his campaign to subdue all of China, and sent a message to the Emperor of Japan. He addressed the Emperor as "the ruler of a small country," and advised the Japanese to give him money…or else! The Khan's emissaries returned from Japan without an answer. Five times over the next six years, Kublai Khan sent his messengers; the Japanese shogun (military leaders) would not allow them even to land on Honshu, the main island. In 1271, Kublai Khan defeated the Song Dynasty, and declared himself the first emperor of China's Yuan Dynasty. A grandson of Genghis Khan, he ruled over much of China plus Mongolia and Korea; meanwhile, his uncles and cousins controlled an empire that stretched from Hungary in the west to the Pacific coast of Siberia in the east. The great khans of the Mongol Empire did not tolerate impudence from their neighbors. NCTA Ohio 2017 Page 2 Japanese Cooking To attack the Japanese, the Mongols commissioned the construction of 300 to 600 vessels from the shipyards of southern China and Korea, and made an army of some 40,000 men. Many of the officers were Mongolian, but the majority of the soldiers were ethnic Chinese and Korean. Against this mighty force, Japan could muster only about 10,000 fighting men from the ranks of the often-squabbling samurai clans. Japan's warriors were seriously outmatched. The Mongols and their subjects launched an attack on Japan in the autumn of 1274. Hundreds of large ships, and an even larger number of small boats set out into the Sea of Japan. (The exact number of vessels is unknown; estimates range between 500 and 900.) First, the invaders seized the islands of Tsushima and Iki, which lay about halfway between the tip of the Korean peninsula and the main islands of Japan. Quickly overcoming desperate resistance from the islands' approximately 300 Japanese residents, the Mongol troops slaughtered them all and sailed on to the east. On November 18, the Mongol armada reached Hakata Bay in Japan. The Japanese samurai army set out to fight. According to their code of bushido, a warrior would step out, announce his name and lineage, and prepare for one-on-one combat with a foe. Unfortunately for the Japanese, the Mongols were not familiar with the code. When a lone samurai stepped forward to challenge them, the Mongols would simply attack him--much like ants swarming a beetle. To make matters worse for the Japanese, the Yuan forces also used poison-tipped arrows, catapult-launched explosive shells, and a shorter bow that was accurate at twice the range of the samurai's longbows. In addition, the Mongols fought in units, rather than each man for himself. All of this was new to the samurai - often fatally so. Unbeknownst to the Japanese defenders, the Chinese and Korean sailors on board Kublai Khan's ships were busy persuading the Mongolian generals to let them raise anchor and head further out to sea. They worried that the strong wind and high surf would drive their ships aground in Hakata Bay if they docked by the shore. The great armada sailed out into open waters - straight into the arms of an approaching typhoon. Two days later, a third of the Mongolian ships lay on the bottom of the Pacific, and perhaps 13,000 of Kublai Khan's soldiers and sailors had drowned. The battered survivors limped home, and The Great Khan’s attempt to conquer Japan was denied. NCTA Ohio 2017 Page 3 Japanese Cooking After being denied Japan, Kublai Khan established a new government division called the Ministry for Conquering Japan. Kublai Khan was determined to smash Japan. He knew that his defeat had been simple bad luck due more to the weather than to any extraordinary fighting prowess of the samurai. With more forewarning of this second attack, Japan was able to muster 40,000 samurai and other fighting men. They assembled behind the defensive wall at Hakata Bay, their eyes trained to the west. The Mongols sent two separate forces this time; an impressive force of 900 ships containing 40,000 Korean, Chinese, and Mongol troops set out from Masan, while an even larger force of 100,000 sailed from southern China in 3,500 ships. The Ministry for Conquering Japan's plan called for an overwhelming coordinated attack from the combined imperial Yuan fleets. The Chinese fleet docked on the shores of Japan on June 23, 1281. At night, samurai would row out to the Mongol ships in small boats, attack the Chinese and Korean troops, set fire to the ships, and then row back to land. These night-time raids demoralized the Mongol soldiers. On August 12, the Mongols' main fleet landed to the west of Hakata Bay in Japan. Now faced with a force more than three times as large as their own, the samurai were in serious danger of being overrun and slaughtered. With little hope of survival, the Japanese samurai fought on with desperate bravery. Just when it appeared that the samurai would be exterminated and Japan crushed under the Mongol yoke, an incredible, even miraculous event took place. On August 15, 1281, a second typhoon roared ashore at Kyushu. Of the khan's 4,400 ships, only a few hundred rode out the towering waves and vicious winds. Nearly all of the invaders drowned in the storm; those few thousand who made it to shore were hunted and killed without mercy by the samurai. Very few ever returned to China to tell the tale at Dadu. The Japanese believed that their gods had sent the storms to preserve Japan from the Mongols. They called the two storms kamikaze or "divine winds." Kublai Khan seemed to agree that Japan was protected by supernatural forces; he abandoned the idea of ever conquering the island nation. http://asianhistory.about.com/od/japan/a/Mongolinvasion.htm NCTA Ohio 2017 Page 4 Japanese Cooking NCTA Ohio 2017 Page 5 Japanese Cooking Climate and Geographical Features The land area of Japan is 377,954 square kilometers, which is one twenty-fifth that of the United States (a little smaller than California), Japan consists of a long series of islands stretching for 3,000 kilometers from north to south. The four main islands are Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. Japan is surrounded by sea. Warm and cold currents flow through the seas around it, creating an environment that supports a variety of fish species. Most of Japan is in the Northern Temperate Zone of the earth and has a humid monsoon climate, with southeasterly winds blowing from the Pacific Ocean during the summer and northwesterly winds blowing from the Eurasian continent in the winter.
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