Protocols of Zion
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The Monita Secreta Or, As It Was Also Known As, The
James Bernauer, S.J. Boston College From European Anti-Jesuitism to German Anti-Jewishness: A Tale of Two Texts “Jews and Jesuits will move heaven and hell against you.” --Kurt Lüdecke, in conversation with Adolf Hitleri A Presentation at the Conference “Honoring Stanislaw Musial” Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (March 5, 2009) The current intense debate about the significance of “political religion” as a mode of analyzing fascism leads us to the core of the crisis in understanding the Holocaust.ii Saul Friedländer has written of an “historian‟s paralysis” that “arises from the simultaneity and the interaction of entirely heterogeneous phenomena: messianic fanaticism and bureaucratic structures, pathological impulses and administrative decrees, archaic attitudes within an advanced industrial society.”iii Despite the conflicting voices in the discussion of political religion, the debate does acknowledge two relevant facts: the obvious intermingling in Nazism of religious and secular phenomena; secondly, the underestimated role exercised by Munich Catholicism in the early life of the Nazi party.iv My essay is an effort to illumine one thread in this complex territory of political religion and Nazism and my title conveys its hypotheses. First, that the centuries long polemic against the Roman Catholic religious order the Jesuits, namely, its fabrication of the Jesuit image as cynical corrupter of Christianity and European culture, provided an important template for the Nazi imagining of Jewry after its emancipation.v This claim will be exhibited in a consideration of two historically influential texts: the Monita 1 secreta which demonized the Jesuits and the Protocols of the Sages of Zion which diabolized the Jews.vi In the light of this examination, I shall claim that an intermingled rhetoric of Jesuit and Jewish wills to power operated in the imagination of some within the Nazi leadership, the most important of whom was Adolf Hitler himself. -
E Conspiracy Eory to Rule Em
8/23/2020 The Conspiracy Theory to Rule Them All - The Atlantic Give a Gift e Conspiracy eory to Rule em All What explains the strange, long life of e Protocols of the Elders of Zion? Tereza Zelenkova Story by Steven J. Zipperstein NONE SHADOWLAND Like The Atlantic? Subscribe to The Atlantic Daily, our free weekday email newsletter. Enter your email Sign up Photography by Tereza Zelenkova https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/1857/11/conspiracy-theory-rule-them-all/615550/?preview=TcuaT5ZaZmqDeMMyDONAXVilKqE 1/8 8/23/2020 The Conspiracy Theory to Rule Them All - The Atlantic is article is part of “Shadowland,” a project about conspiracy thinking in America. ’ most consequential conspiracy text entered the world barely noticed, when it appeared in a little-read Russian newspaper in T 1903. The message of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is straightforward, and terrifying: The rise of liberalism had provided Jews with the tools to destroy institutions—the nobility, the church, the sanctity of marriage—whole. Soon, they would take control of the world, as part of a revenge plot dating back to the ascendancy of Christendom. The text, ostensibly narrated by a Jewish leader, describes this plan in detail, relying on centuries-old anti-Jewish tropes, and including lengthy expositions on monetary, media, and electoral manipulation. It announces Jewry’s triumph as imminent: The world order will fall into the hands of a cunning elite, who have schemed forever and are now fated to rule until the end of time. It was a fabrication, and a clumsy one, largely copied from the obscure, French- language political satire Dialogue aux enfers entre Machiavel et Montesquieu, or The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu, by Maurice Joly. -
Abstract in the First Years of the Twentieth Century, an Anti-Semitic Document Appeared in Russia That Profoundly Shaped The
Abstract In the first years of the twentieth century, an anti-Semitic document appeared in Russia that profoundly shaped the course of the entire century. Despite being quickly discredited as a plagiarized forgery, The Protocols of the Elders of Zion spread across the world, being translated into dozens of languages and utilized as hateful rhetoric by leaders of many religions and nationalities. While the effects of the document were felt internationally, the Protocols also helped to reshape centuries old prejudices about Jews in a country still in its infancy, Germany. This “hoax of the twentieth century” helped to redefine age-old anti- Semitic values firmly ingrained within German society, and helped Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party justify committing the landmark genocide of world history, the Holocaust. Utilizing a variety of sources, particularly the actual text of the Protocols and the writings of Adolf Hitler, this examination argues that Hitler and his cabinet became progressively more radicalized towards extermination of the Jews due to their belief in the Jewish world conspiracy outlined within the Protocols. 1 Introduction: Jews in Europe “The weapons in our hands are limitless ambitions, burning greediness, merciless vengeance, hatreds, and malace.”1 This phrase is attributed to a collection of omnipotent Jews supposedly bent on world domination. Collectively called the “Elders of Zion,” this group outlined how it will accomplish its goals of global supremacy in a forged book titled The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. The weapons these Elders claimed to hold were substantial: they asserted control over all aspects of the media and world-banking systems, and maintained their agents had already infiltrated international governments. -
General Assembly Distr
UNITED NATIONS A General Assembly Distr. GENERAL A/HRC/S-9/NGO/3 8 January 2009 ENGLISH ONLY HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL Ninth special session Written statement* submitted by the Association for World Education (AWE), a non-governmental organizations on the Roster The Secretary-General has received the following written statement which is circulated in accordance with Economic and Social Council resolution 1996/31. [7 January 2009] * This written statement is issued, unedited, in the language received from the submitting non- governmental organization. GE.09-10131 A/HRC/S-9/NGO/3 page 2 1. We call for a humanitarian break-through in Gaza and the continuation of constructive negotiations between the Israeli Government (current and future) and Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas – and like-minded Palestinian political leaders: The aim should be a two-state solution, acceptable to both sides and guaranteeing peaceful coexistence and mutual recognition between the two peoples – with human dignity recognised for all. 2. Negotiations between the authorities of Israel and Hamas are made more difficult by the refusal of each to consider the other as legitimate. This difficulty was made evident by the EU and French mediation efforts on 4-6 January 2009. The mediators had to appeal to other intermediaries, whether Syrians, Turks or Egyptians, to undertake discussions with Hamas. Such mutual non-recognition of the legitimacy of each prevents the necessary face-to-face negotiations to cease the current fighting and strive for a peace solution. Hamas considers “the land of Palestine is an Islamic waqf, consecrated for future Muslim generations until Judgment Day.” (Article 11) – and, therefore, Israel will never be a legitimate State and cannot be recognised by Hamas. -
Danilo Kiš's Fictionalization of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion
“The Conspiracy, or The Roots of the Disintegration of European Society.” Danilo Kiš’s Fictionalization of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion Dagmar Burkhart Keywords Danilo Kiš; collective memory; thanatopoetics; conspiracy; Book of Kings and Fools; Protocols of the (Learned) Elders of Zion; pogroms Conspiracies have probably been a part of life ever since societies started to be- come more complex and at a time when those in power developed conflicting in- terests. The basic, literal meaning of the verb conspire (from the Latin conspira- re and its derivative, conspiratio, “agreement, union, unanimity”) is “to breathe together,” whereby breathing together was taken to mean “to agree, to concur to one end,” whether that purpose be good or evil (e.g. Genesis 37,18; “They con- spired against [Joseph] to slay him”). Since the middle of the fourteenth century conspiracy has been used in English to mean, first and foremost, “a plotting of evil, unlawful design; a combination of persons for an evil purpose.” The word conspire has, thus, assumed primarily negative connotations: “to secretly plot or make plans together, often with the intention to bring bad or illegal results.”1 Most conspiracy theories are generated in times of crisis. They occupy the space between political constellations and psychological mechanisms. They have much in common with paranoia: the loss of one’s ability to put things into per- spective, a static perception, the narrowed outlook of an extremely egocentric or 1 See “conspire” in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/con- spire 314 | Burkhart group-driven point of view.2 One of the conspiracy theories that has been most relevant in building an enemy stereotype is based on anti-Semitism, which sup- plied the greatest impetus for the persecution of Jews and legitimated the use of violence against them. -
Appendix: Machiavelli in Post-Stalin Russia, 1953–98
Appendix: Machiavelli in Post-Stalin Russia, 1953–98 Stalin’s death in March 1953 marked a decisive change in the way in which the Soviet state was organized, and in the way in which the state related to its own society. The ‘cult’ of personality, of illegality and arbitrary government was denounced. It was heralded as a return to ‘Leninist’ norms of government (presumably the Lenin of 1922 rather than the Lenin of 1918), with a new emphasis on socialist ‘morality’. Nevertheless, the USSR remained a highly authoritarian, highly secretive state, in which legal norms were applied selec- tively. Not surprisingly, the Soviet regime’s attitude to Machiavelli remained extremely guarded.1 In the 1950s a small number of works on political thought and philosophy do mention him.2 In 1958 A. A. Zimin published his article on Peresvetov, with its speculations concerning the early influence of Machiavelli in Russia.3 A scholarly article by F. De Sanktis in 1964 was one of the few works of note in 1960s on Machiavelli.4 One important development in this period was the beginnings of a discussion on the work of Friedrich Meinecke and the concept of raison d’état (ideya gosudarstvennogo razuma) in which the ideas of Machiavelli were so central.5 Only in the 1970 and 1980s did there begin to develop a substantial scholarly literature about Machiavelli.6 At the same time, Machiavelli is thus much less at the centre of political issues – the problem of order, the construction of a new state – than was the case in the early decades of Soviet power. -
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion (Russian: "Протоколы сионских мудрецов" or "Сионские протоколы") is one of many titles given to an antisemitic text purporting to describe a plan to achieve global domination by the Jewish people. Following its first public publication in 1903 in the Russian Empire, a series of articles printed in The Times in 1921 revealed that much of the material was directly plagiarized from earlier works of political satire unrelated to Jews. [1] Publication history The Protocols appeared in print in the Russian Empire as early as 1903. The anti-Semitic tract was published in Znamya , a Black Hundreds newspaper owned by Pavel Krushevan, as a serialized set of articles. It appeared again in 1905 as a final chapter (Chapter XII) of a second edition of Velikoe v malom i antikhrist (The Great in the Small & Antichrist), a book by Serge Nilus. In 1906 it appeared in pamphlet form edited by G. Butmi. [1] These first three (and subsequently more) Russian language imprints were published and circulated in the Russian Empire during 1903–1906 period as a tool for scapegoating Jews, blamed by the monarchists for the defeat in the Russo-Japanese War and the 1905 Russian Revolution. Common to all three texts is the idea that Jews aim for world domination. Since The Protocols are presented as merely a document, the front matter and back matter are needed to explain its alleged origin. The diverse imprints, however, are mutually inconsistent. The general claim is that the document was stolen from a secret Jewish organization. -
Preconditions: Nazism and the Turn from Anti-Judaism to Antisemitism
Gigliotti / The Holocaust Final Proof 15.10.2004 9:08am page 9 Part I Preconditions: Nazism and the Turn from Anti-Judaism to Antisemitism NORWAY FINLAND NORTHERN (3,000) SWEDEN (2,500) Percentage of Jews in population IRELAND (10,000) ESTONIA (5,000) 4–10 percent North Sea DENMARK LATVIA 1–4 percent IRELAND (8,000) Baltic (95,000) (5,000) GREAT Less than 1 percent Sea Gigliotti / The Holocaust Final Proof 15.10.2004 9:08am page 10 BRITAIN LITHUANIA (390,000) (155,000) NETHERLANDS (150,000) GERMANY USSR Atlantic Ocean POLAND (3,000,000) BELGIUM (175,000) (3,300,000) (70,000) CZECHOSLOVAKIA SWITZ. LUX. (360,000) (4,000) (25,000) AUSTRIA FRANCE (190,000) HUNGARY (350,000) (450,000) ROMANIA (800,000) PORTUGAL YUGOSLAVIA Black Sea ITALY (75,000) (4,000) SPAIN BULGARIA CORSICA (57,000) (5,000) (France) (50,000) ALBANIA TURKEY (200) GIBRALTAR in) pa SARDINIA (Britain) s. (S TANGIERS alearic I (Italy) B GREECE (Int. Zone) SPANISH M e d (75,000) MOROCCO i t e r SICILY r a n 300 miles FRENCH ALGERIA TUNISIA e MALTA a n MOROCCO (France) (France) S e a CRETE 400 km (Greece) Map 1 Europe and its Jews, 1938 Gigliotti / The Holocaust Final Proof 15.10.2004 9:08am page 11 Preconditions: Nazism and the Turn from Anti-Judaism to Antisemitism When discussing antisemitism as a central cause of the Holocaust, or what the Nazis termed ‘‘The Final Solution of the Jewish Question,’’ it is im- portant to distinguish between types of antisemitism. Also important are the comparative contexts of antisemitism’s historical development and re- ception, and its expression throughout the Nazi regime’s political and racial re-organization of German society through laws, decrees, terror and violence from 1933, for example, in and after the ‘‘Night of Broken Glass’’ or Kristallnacht of November 9–10, 1938. -
The Life and Work of Harold Williams (1876-1928)
Russian Liberalism and British Journalism: the life and work of Harold Williams (1876-1928) a thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Charlotte Alston School of Historical Studies, University of Newcastle-up on-Tyne May 2004 N[WCASTL[ UNIVCRSITY LIBRARY 203 02835 1 CONTENTS page Abstract Acknowledgements ii Preface III Illustrations lV Introduction 1 1. New Zealand, 1876-1900 13 2. Journalism, 1900-1914 46 3. Britain, Russia, War and Revolution, 1907-1917 101 4. From Revolution to Intervention, 1917-1921 158 5. The Times, 1921-1928 221 Conclusion 253 Bibliography 257 Abstract This thesis examines the career of Harold Williams (1876-1928), a journalist who, after training as a Methodist minister at home in New Zealand and taking a doctorate in philology in Germany, spent the years 1904-18 working as a foreign correspondent in Russia and in the 1920s became Foreign Editor of The Times in London. Although the thesis traces Williams's life as a whole, its particular concern is with his role as an interpreter of Russia to the British and the British to Russia. As a correspondent, Williams covered the 1905 revolution in Russia, the Duma period, the effect on Russia of the First World War, the fall of the tsarist monarchy and the coming of the Bolsheviks. Since, in 1917, his dispatches were appearing simultaneously in the Daily Chronicle, the Daily Telegraph and the New York Times, he played a not insignificant part in the fonnation of both British and American opinion about the Russian Revolution. Because he tended to take sides and pursue causes, his journalistic work was by no means entirely neutral. -
Fhe Truth About U the Protocols"
Vf ; fhe Truth About u The Protocols" A LITERARY FORGERY From he Ctmes California jgional ,cility LONDON: PRINTING HOUSE SQUARE, E.C.4. ONE SHILLING NET. The Truth About "The Protocols" A LITERARY FORGERY From Cfje Cimeg of August 16, 17, and 18, 1921 LONDON: PRINTING HOUSE SQUARE, E.C.4. PREFACE. " The so-called Protocols of the Elders of " Sion were published in London in 1920 " under the title of The Jewish Peril." This book is a translation of a book pub- lished in Russia, in 1905, by Sergei Nilus, a Government official, who professed to have received from a friend a copy of a summary of the minutes of a secret meeting, held in Paris by a Jewish organization that was plotting to overthrow civilization in order to establish a Jewish world state. " " These Protocols attracted little atten- tion until after the Russian Revolution of 1917, when the appearance of the Bolshevists, among whom were many Jews professing and practising political doctrines that in some points resembled those advocated in " the Protocols," led many to believe that Nilus's alleged discovery was genuine. The " " Protocols were widely discussed and translated into several European languages. Their authenticity has been frequently at- tacked and many arguments have been adduced for the theory that they are a forgery. In the following three articles the Con- stantinople Correspondent of The Times presents for the first time conclusive proof that the document is in the main a clumsy plagiarism. He has forwarded to The Times a copy of the French book from which the A2 plagiarism is made. -
Anti-Semitism in Europe Before the Holocaust
This page intentionally left blank P1: FpQ CY257/Brustein-FM 0 52177308 3 July 1, 2003 5:15 Roots of Hate On the eve of the Holocaust, antipathy toward Europe’s Jews reached epidemic proportions. Jews fleeing Nazi Germany’s increasingly anti- Semitic measures encountered closed doors everywhere they turned. Why had enmity toward European Jewry reached such extreme heights? How did the levels of anti-Semitism in the 1930s compare to those of earlier decades? Did anti-Semitism vary in content and intensity across societies? For example, were Germans more anti-Semitic than their European neighbors, and, if so, why? How does anti-Semitism differ from other forms of religious, racial, and ethnic prejudice? In pursuit of answers to these questions, William I. Brustein offers the first truly systematic comparative and empirical examination of anti-Semitism in Europe before the Holocaust. Brustein proposes that European anti-Semitism flowed from religious, racial, economic, and po- litical roots, which became enflamed by economic distress, rising Jewish immigration, and socialist success. To support his arguments, Brustein draws upon a careful and extensive examination of the annual volumes of the American Jewish Year Book and more than forty years of newspaper reportage from Europe’s major dailies. The findings of this informative book offer a fresh perspective on the roots of society’s longest hatred. William I. Brustein is Professor of Sociology, Political Science, and His- tory and the director of the University Center for International Studies at the University of Pittsburgh. His previous books include The Logic of Evil (1996) and The Social Origins of Political Regionalism (1988). -
288361069.Pdf
LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY LIBRARY AUTHOR/FILING TITLE ---------- ----~~-~-~:.<='?~-.>--~- ------------ -------------------------------- -).- ---------·------ ' ACCESSION/COPY NO. '1 . I _!?_~-':\:~-~:1_\':?~---------- ------ VOL. NO. CLASS MARK ~~ .-1 Ovls91J ~·- / ------- -- -~------------------------------ - --- -~--~-~----------- ----, ANTI-SEMITIC JOURNALISM AND AUTHORSHIP IN BRITAIN 1914-21 by David Beeston A Doctoral Thesis Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy of the Loughborough University of Technology (December 1988) - --------------------- ~ DECLARATION This thesis is a record of research work carried out by the author in the Department of Economics of Loughborough University of Technology and represents the independent work of the author; the work of others has been referenced where appropriate. The author also certifies that neither this thesis nor the original work contained herein has been submitted to any other institutions for a degree. DAVID BEESTON ----------------------------------------------------------~ ABSTRACT ANTI-SEMITIC JOURNALISM AND AUTHORSHIP IN BRITAIN. 1914-21 by DAVID BEESTON This thesis illustrates how anti-semitism has found favour, comparatively recently, among influential sectors of the journalistic and literary establishment, and also how periods of intense national and international crisis can create the conditions in which conspiratorial explanations of major events will surface with relative ease. During the seven years following