The Monita Secreta Or, As It Was Also Known As, The
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The Knives Are out the Reception of Erich Ludendorff’S Memoirs in the Context of the Dolchstoß Myth, 1919–1925
Portal Militärgeschichte, 2021 Fahrenwaldt ––– 1 Aufsatz Matthias A. Fahrenwaldt The Knives Are Out The Reception of Erich Ludendorff’s Memoirs in the Context of the Dolchstoß Myth, 1919–1925 DOI: 10.15500/akm.18.01.2021 Zusammenfassung: Erich Ludendorff was the dominant figure of the German war effort in the second half of the Great War. After the military collapse he was one of the main proponents of the Dolchstoßlegende, the main liability of the Weimar Republic. This article investigates what role his 1919 memoirs Meine Kriegserinnerungen played in advancing this myth. Erich Ludendorff was one of the main advocates of the Dolchstoß myth. Introduction1 The narrative about the German defeat in the Great War proved to be the Weimar Republic’s biggest burden. The nationalist right championed the version that while the army was undefeated in the field, it was ‘stabbed in the back’ by the revolutionary home 1 This article is a significantly shortened version of my MSt dissertation as submitted to Oxford University. The thesis was supervised by Myfanwy Lloyd whose feedback on a previous version of this article is also much appreciated. Portal Militärgeschichte, 2021 Fahrenwaldt ––– 2 front. This so-called Dolchstoß myth was promoted by the German supreme command when defeat was inevitable, and the myth – with slightly evolving meaning – endured throughout the Weimar Republic and beyond. The aim of this article is to understand the role that Erich Ludendorff’s published memoirs Meine Kriegserinnerungen played in the origin and evolution of the stab-in-the-back myth until 1925, the year of the Dolchstoßprozess. -
D'antonio, Michael Senior Thesis.Pdf
Before the Storm German Big Business and the Rise of the NSDAP by Michael D’Antonio A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Honors Degree in History with Distinction Spring 2016 © 2016 Michael D’Antonio All Rights Reserved Before the Storm German Big Business and the Rise of the NSDAP by Michael D’Antonio Approved: ____________________________________________________________ Dr. James Brophy Professor in charge of thesis on behalf of the Advisory Committee Approved: ____________________________________________________________ Dr. David Shearer Committee member from the Department of History Approved: ____________________________________________________________ Dr. Barbara Settles Committee member from the Board of Senior Thesis Readers Approved: ____________________________________________________________ Michael Arnold, Ph.D. Director, University Honors Program ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This senior thesis would not have been possible without the assistance of Dr. James Brophy of the University of Delaware history department. His guidance in research, focused critique, and continued encouragement were instrumental in the project’s formation and completion. The University of Delaware Office of Undergraduate Research also deserves a special thanks, for its continued support of both this work and the work of countless other students. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. -
Knowledge Organiser: Hitler's Rise to Power, 1919-33
Knowledge organiser: Hitler’s Rise to Power, 1919-33 Hitler joined the Nazi Party in 1919 and was Chronology: what happened on these dates? Vocabulary: define these words. influential in defining its beliefs. He also led the Hitler joined the German Workers’ Party (DAP). In Private armies set up by Munich Putsch in 1923. However, from 1924 to 1929 1919 DAP, Hitler discovered he was good at public Freikorps senior German army officers the unpopular party gained little electoral success. speaking. at the end of WW1. The belief that land, industry Summarise your learning Hitler set up the Nazi Party. The party was based During the five years after the war, 1920 Socialism and wealth should be owned on the Twenty-Five Point Programme. several new parties emerged, by the state. Topic 1: including DAP. As it grew, it added The Munich Putsch was an attempt to overthrow The belief that the interests of The the words ‘national’ and ‘socialist’ to 1923 the Weimar Republic, which would allow Hitler to Nationalism a particular nation-state are development become the NSDAP and acquired the form his own Nazi government. of primary importance. of the Nazi new leader, Hitler. The party carried Party, 1920- When the US stock market collapsed in October – Literally ‘of the people’. In out the Munich Putsch, but failed. In 29 the Wall Street Crash – the problems created had Völkisch Germany it was linked to the years 1925-28 Hitler reorganised huge consequences for the German economy. extreme German nationalism. the Nazi Party. 1929 The death of Stresemann also added to the crisis. -
Open Etoth Dissertation Corrected.Pdf
The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School The College of Arts and Architecture FROM ACTIVISM TO KIETISM: MODERIST SPACES I HUGARIA ART, 1918-1930 BUDAPEST – VIEA – BERLI A Dissertation in Art History by Edit Tóth © 2010 Edit Tóth Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2010 The dissertation of Edit Tóth was reviewed and approved* by the following: Nancy Locke Associate Professor of Art History Dissertation Adviser Chair of Committee Sarah K. Rich Associate Professor of Art History Craig Zabel Head of the Department of Art History Michael Bernhard Associate Professor of Political Science *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School ii ABSTRACT From Activism to Kinetism: Modernist Spaces in Hungarian Art, 1918-1930. Budapest – Vienna – Berlin investigates modernist art created in Central Europe of that period, as it responded to the shock effects of modernity. In this endeavor it takes artists directly or indirectly associated with the MA (“Today,” 1916-1925) Hungarian artistic and literary circle and periodical as paradigmatic of this response. From the loose association of artists and literary men, connected more by their ideas than by a distinct style, I single out works by Lajos Kassák – writer, poet, artist, editor, and the main mover and guiding star of MA , – the painter Sándor Bortnyik, the polymath László Moholy- Nagy, and the designer Marcel Breuer. This exclusive selection is based on a particular agenda. First, it considers how the failure of a revolutionary reorganization of society during the Hungarian Soviet Republic (April 23 – August 1, 1919) at the end of World War I prompted the Hungarian Activists to reassess their lofty political ideals in exile and make compromises if they wanted to remain in the vanguard of modernity. -
The Development and Character of the Nazi Political Machine, 1928-1930, and the Isdap Electoral Breakthrough
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1976 The evelopmeD nt and Character of the Nazi Political Machine, 1928-1930, and the Nsdap Electoral Breakthrough. Thomas Wiles Arafe Jr Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Arafe, Thomas Wiles Jr, "The eD velopment and Character of the Nazi Political Machine, 1928-1930, and the Nsdap Electoral Breakthrough." (1976). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 2909. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/2909 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. « The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing pega(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. -
DEFENDING the WOLF the Useful Contradiction of the Bundesbank Carlo Bastasin
DEFENDING THE WOLF The Useful Contradiction of the Bundesbank Carlo Bastasin SEP Policy Brief No. 1 - 2014 The Deutsche Bundesbank, the German central bank, is commonly regarded as the Euroarea's boogeyman. The pressure imparted by the German monetary authority, for instance, rendered the European Central Bank reluctant to follow the footprints of the Federal Reserve and of other central banks, and engage in non- standard monetary policy measures that might rapidly put an end to the crisis that has been plaguing the euro zone. At several stages, during the current crisis, the ECB has been forced to take actions and prevent severe economic and financial dislocations. Given the institutional vacuum at the area-wide level and the lack of political capacity of the other institutions, the European Central Bank had often to move across the borders of its traditional domain. This has given reason to a slew of criticisms repeatedly and loudly voiced by the Bundesbank. Being also the most vocal policy actor evoking the fiscal risks associated with effecting implicit cross-border transfers via the ECB's balance sheet, the Bundesbank has appeared to have a “non- monetary” hidden agenda or even a “national political” mission. In fact, the Bundesbank has regularly appealed to two fundamental principles of sound economic and monetary policy management that cannot be easily overlooked by anybody concerned that monetary policy may lose its ability to preserve price stability. Should monetary independence be eroded by the increasing tasks devolved to the central banks, wider economic and political consequences might then arise. The first principle is the need to avoid fiscal dominance, not allowing inflation to be determined by the level of fiscal debts; the second is the “principle of responsibility” that sees a contradiction if individual responsibility is blurred by the intervention of joint liability as in the case of a State running unsound fiscal policies and being automatically bailed out by the mutualization of its liabilities. -
Current Concerns
2 May 2017 No 10 ISSN 1664-7963 Current Concerns PO Box CH-8044 Zurich Current Concerns Switzerland The international journal for independent thought, ethical standards, moral responsibility, Phone: +41 44 350 65 50 Fax: +41 44 350 65 51 and for the promotion and respect of public international law, human rights and humanitarian law E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.currentconcerns.ch English Edition of Zeit-Fragen Colonial, postcolonial, neocolonial? Germany’s economic and educational strategy for Africa by Armin Hofmann At the end of the 19th century, Germany was late entering the scramble for Africa “States lead not only military wars […] they also lead cultural wars in competition with France, Great Britain, Portugal, Spain, Italy and Belgium. With- and educational wars to achieve their economic and power policy in just two decades almost all areas of the goals. The influence with the means of foreign cultural, linguistic and African continent had been occupied by European powers. The governments sent educational policy belongs to the so-called ‘soft power’.” missionaries, explorers and adventurers, the ones in order to christianise the Af- rican tribes and peoples – whereby their ethos often had a mitigating effect –, the The German Development Minister has the past. The Europeans should in the first others to explore the remaining “white now presented his new strategy for Africa. place listen to what Africans wanted. spots” on the map. Ever new areas were With his so-called “Marshall Plan for Af- The measures taken by the German captured, in order to exploit raw materials rica”, which, at short notice, he renamed government to gain access to the African and “human resources”, to expand trade or “Marshall Plan with Africa” he wants to continent include state funding, private in- to make use of strategically favourable ge- eliminate trade barriers and promote in- vestment and measures of “foreign cultur- ographic locations. -
E Conspiracy Eory to Rule Em
8/23/2020 The Conspiracy Theory to Rule Them All - The Atlantic Give a Gift e Conspiracy eory to Rule em All What explains the strange, long life of e Protocols of the Elders of Zion? Tereza Zelenkova Story by Steven J. Zipperstein NONE SHADOWLAND Like The Atlantic? Subscribe to The Atlantic Daily, our free weekday email newsletter. Enter your email Sign up Photography by Tereza Zelenkova https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/1857/11/conspiracy-theory-rule-them-all/615550/?preview=TcuaT5ZaZmqDeMMyDONAXVilKqE 1/8 8/23/2020 The Conspiracy Theory to Rule Them All - The Atlantic is article is part of “Shadowland,” a project about conspiracy thinking in America. ’ most consequential conspiracy text entered the world barely noticed, when it appeared in a little-read Russian newspaper in T 1903. The message of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is straightforward, and terrifying: The rise of liberalism had provided Jews with the tools to destroy institutions—the nobility, the church, the sanctity of marriage—whole. Soon, they would take control of the world, as part of a revenge plot dating back to the ascendancy of Christendom. The text, ostensibly narrated by a Jewish leader, describes this plan in detail, relying on centuries-old anti-Jewish tropes, and including lengthy expositions on monetary, media, and electoral manipulation. It announces Jewry’s triumph as imminent: The world order will fall into the hands of a cunning elite, who have schemed forever and are now fated to rule until the end of time. It was a fabrication, and a clumsy one, largely copied from the obscure, French- language political satire Dialogue aux enfers entre Machiavel et Montesquieu, or The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu, by Maurice Joly. -
From Charlemagne to Hitler: the Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire and Its Symbolism
From Charlemagne to Hitler: The Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire and its Symbolism Dagmar Paulus (University College London) [email protected] 2 The fabled Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire is a striking visual image of political power whose symbolism influenced political discourse in the German-speaking lands over centuries. Together with other artefacts such as the Holy Lance or the Imperial Orb and Sword, the crown was part of the so-called Imperial Regalia, a collection of sacred objects that connotated royal authority and which were used at the coronations of kings and emperors during the Middle Ages and beyond. But even after the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the crown remained a powerful political symbol. In Germany, it was seen as the very embodiment of the Reichsidee, the concept or notion of the German Empire, which shaped the political landscape of Germany right up to National Socialism. In this paper, I will first present the crown itself as well as the political and religious connotations it carries. I will then move on to demonstrate how its symbolism was appropriated during the Second German Empire from 1871 onwards, and later by the Nazis in the so-called Third Reich, in order to legitimise political authority. I The crown, as part of the Regalia, had a symbolic and representational function that can be difficult for us to imagine today. On the one hand, it stood of course for royal authority. During coronations, the Regalia marked and established the transfer of authority from one ruler to his successor, ensuring continuity amidst the change that took place. -
Indictment Presented to the International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg, 18 October 1945)
Indictment presented to the International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg, 18 October 1945) Caption: On 18 October 1945, the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg accuses 24 German political, military and economic leaders of conspiracy, crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity. Source: Indictment presented to the International Military Tribunal sitting at Berlin on 18th October 1945. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, November 1945. 50 p. (Cmd. 6696). p. 2-50. Copyright: Crown copyright is reproduced with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office and the Queen's Printer for Scotland URL: http://www.cvce.eu/obj/indictment_presented_to_the_international_military_tribunal_nuremberg_18_october_1945-en- 6b56300d-27a5-4550-8b07-f71e303ba2b1.html Last updated: 03/07/2015 1 / 46 03/07/2015 Indictment presented to the International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg, 18 October 1945) INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, THE FRENCH REPUBLIC, THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, AND THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS — AGAINST — HERMANN WILHELM GÖRING, RUDOLF HESS, JOACHIM VON RIBBENTROP, ROBERT LEY, WILHELM KEITEL, ERNST KALTEN BRUNNER, ALFRED ROSENBERG, HANS FRANK, WILHELM FRICK, JULIUS STREICHER, WALTER FUNK, HJALMAR SCHACHT, GUSTAV KRUPP VON BOHLEN UND HALBACH, KARL DÖNITZ, ERICH RAEDER, BALDUR VON SCHIRACH, FRITZ SAUCKEL, ALFRED JODL, MARTIN BORMANN, FRANZ VON PAPEN, ARTUR SEYSS INQUART, ALBERT SPEER, CONSTANTIN VON NEURATH, AND HANS FRITZSCHE, -
Steigmann-Gall on Poewe, 'New Religions and the Nazis'
H-German Steigmann-Gall on Poewe, 'New Religions and the Nazis' Review published on Tuesday, May 1, 2007 Karla Poewe. New Religions and the Nazis. New York: Routledge, 2006. xii + 218 pp. ISBN 978-0-415-29025-8; ISBN 978-0-415-29024-1. Reviewed by Richard Steigmann-Gall (Department of History, Kent State University) Published on H-German (May, 2007) Many a Slip Twixt Cup and Lip This volume seeks to explore the "contribution of new religions to the emergence of Nazi ideology in the 1920s and 1930s" (p. i). Its author, Karla Poewe, has set for herself a prodigious goal: to demonstrate that "leading cultural figures such as Jakob Wilhelm Hauer, Mathilde Ludendorff" and other fringe religious figures in the Weimar Republic "wanted to shape the cultural milieu of politics, religion, theology, Indo-Aryan metaphysics, literature and Darwinian science into a new genuinely German faith-based political community. Instead what emerged was a totalitarian political regime known as National Socialism, with an anti-Semitic worldview" (p. i). In other words, she seeks not only to explore the milieu of pagan-Germanic "Faithlers" within the Third Reich, a small group about whom a great deal is already known, but to demonstrate that they invented Nazism as an ideology. Elsewhere Poewe puts this ambition more plainly: "Although the book concentrates on [Jakob Wilhelm] Hauer, it shows more broadly how young intellectuals and founders of new religions shaped the ideology and organizations of an emergent National Socialist state" (p. 10). Any lingering ambiguity as to her scholarly goal is put to rest when she contends that Hauer and others of his ilk "not only intended to destroy 'womanish' Christianity so that a new knowledge might emerge but they were instrumental in creating that new knowledge. -
Prinz Max Von Baden Und Houston Steward Chamberlain. Aus Dem
121 Dieser Quellenfund führt zwei historische Persönlichkeiten zusammen, die man gewöhnlich nicht miteinander in Verbindung bringt: Prinz Max von Baden und Houston Steward Chamberlain, den scheinbar liberalen Prinzen, der im Herbst 1918 den Ersten Weltkrieg zu beenden half, und den Protagonisten eines radikalen Antisemitismus', der auch zu Hitlers Ideengeber wurde. Die Korrespondenz dieser beiden unterschiedlichen Figuren eröffnet viele neue Einsichten: in einem ganz neuen Licht erscheint nicht nur der Prinz; deutlich wird auch, welch große Wirkung die Schriften Chamberlains hatten. Karina Urbach/Bernd Buchner Prinz Max von Baden und Houston Stewart Chamberlain Aus dem Briefwechsel 1909-1919 „Wie der Prinz Max steht, weiß keiner", stellte der sozialdemokratische Parteifüh rer Friedrich Ebert gegen Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs resigniert fest1. Bis heute hat sich an dieser Einschätzung wenig geändert. Das ist insofern erstaunlich, als die fünfwöchige Reichskanzlerschaft des badischen Prinzen von Anfang Oktober bis zum 9. November 1918 - mithin die Zeit zwischen Waffenstillstandsangebot und Kriegsende, zwischen Parlamentarisierung und Novemberrevolution - zu den entscheidenden Wendepunkten in der neueren deutschen Geschichte gerechnet wird. Die Regierung des Prinzen ist zwar in den 1960er Jahren von Erich Matthias und Rudolf Morsey ausführlich dokumentiert und kommentiert worden2, doch Max selbst blieb stets eine blasse historische Figur. War er der von Golo Mann hagiographisch gefeierte deutsche Whig3, ein typisch süddeutsch legerer Grandseigneur,