Einleitung TEIL I IM DRITTEN REICH HITLER BUDDHA
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The Knives Are out the Reception of Erich Ludendorff’S Memoirs in the Context of the Dolchstoß Myth, 1919–1925
Portal Militärgeschichte, 2021 Fahrenwaldt ––– 1 Aufsatz Matthias A. Fahrenwaldt The Knives Are Out The Reception of Erich Ludendorff’s Memoirs in the Context of the Dolchstoß Myth, 1919–1925 DOI: 10.15500/akm.18.01.2021 Zusammenfassung: Erich Ludendorff was the dominant figure of the German war effort in the second half of the Great War. After the military collapse he was one of the main proponents of the Dolchstoßlegende, the main liability of the Weimar Republic. This article investigates what role his 1919 memoirs Meine Kriegserinnerungen played in advancing this myth. Erich Ludendorff was one of the main advocates of the Dolchstoß myth. Introduction1 The narrative about the German defeat in the Great War proved to be the Weimar Republic’s biggest burden. The nationalist right championed the version that while the army was undefeated in the field, it was ‘stabbed in the back’ by the revolutionary home 1 This article is a significantly shortened version of my MSt dissertation as submitted to Oxford University. The thesis was supervised by Myfanwy Lloyd whose feedback on a previous version of this article is also much appreciated. Portal Militärgeschichte, 2021 Fahrenwaldt ––– 2 front. This so-called Dolchstoß myth was promoted by the German supreme command when defeat was inevitable, and the myth – with slightly evolving meaning – endured throughout the Weimar Republic and beyond. The aim of this article is to understand the role that Erich Ludendorff’s published memoirs Meine Kriegserinnerungen played in the origin and evolution of the stab-in-the-back myth until 1925, the year of the Dolchstoßprozess. -
The Monita Secreta Or, As It Was Also Known As, The
James Bernauer, S.J. Boston College From European Anti-Jesuitism to German Anti-Jewishness: A Tale of Two Texts “Jews and Jesuits will move heaven and hell against you.” --Kurt Lüdecke, in conversation with Adolf Hitleri A Presentation at the Conference “Honoring Stanislaw Musial” Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (March 5, 2009) The current intense debate about the significance of “political religion” as a mode of analyzing fascism leads us to the core of the crisis in understanding the Holocaust.ii Saul Friedländer has written of an “historian‟s paralysis” that “arises from the simultaneity and the interaction of entirely heterogeneous phenomena: messianic fanaticism and bureaucratic structures, pathological impulses and administrative decrees, archaic attitudes within an advanced industrial society.”iii Despite the conflicting voices in the discussion of political religion, the debate does acknowledge two relevant facts: the obvious intermingling in Nazism of religious and secular phenomena; secondly, the underestimated role exercised by Munich Catholicism in the early life of the Nazi party.iv My essay is an effort to illumine one thread in this complex territory of political religion and Nazism and my title conveys its hypotheses. First, that the centuries long polemic against the Roman Catholic religious order the Jesuits, namely, its fabrication of the Jesuit image as cynical corrupter of Christianity and European culture, provided an important template for the Nazi imagining of Jewry after its emancipation.v This claim will be exhibited in a consideration of two historically influential texts: the Monita 1 secreta which demonized the Jesuits and the Protocols of the Sages of Zion which diabolized the Jews.vi In the light of this examination, I shall claim that an intermingled rhetoric of Jesuit and Jewish wills to power operated in the imagination of some within the Nazi leadership, the most important of whom was Adolf Hitler himself. -
Steigmann-Gall on Poewe, 'New Religions and the Nazis'
H-German Steigmann-Gall on Poewe, 'New Religions and the Nazis' Review published on Tuesday, May 1, 2007 Karla Poewe. New Religions and the Nazis. New York: Routledge, 2006. xii + 218 pp. ISBN 978-0-415-29025-8; ISBN 978-0-415-29024-1. Reviewed by Richard Steigmann-Gall (Department of History, Kent State University) Published on H-German (May, 2007) Many a Slip Twixt Cup and Lip This volume seeks to explore the "contribution of new religions to the emergence of Nazi ideology in the 1920s and 1930s" (p. i). Its author, Karla Poewe, has set for herself a prodigious goal: to demonstrate that "leading cultural figures such as Jakob Wilhelm Hauer, Mathilde Ludendorff" and other fringe religious figures in the Weimar Republic "wanted to shape the cultural milieu of politics, religion, theology, Indo-Aryan metaphysics, literature and Darwinian science into a new genuinely German faith-based political community. Instead what emerged was a totalitarian political regime known as National Socialism, with an anti-Semitic worldview" (p. i). In other words, she seeks not only to explore the milieu of pagan-Germanic "Faithlers" within the Third Reich, a small group about whom a great deal is already known, but to demonstrate that they invented Nazism as an ideology. Elsewhere Poewe puts this ambition more plainly: "Although the book concentrates on [Jakob Wilhelm] Hauer, it shows more broadly how young intellectuals and founders of new religions shaped the ideology and organizations of an emergent National Socialist state" (p. 10). Any lingering ambiguity as to her scholarly goal is put to rest when she contends that Hauer and others of his ilk "not only intended to destroy 'womanish' Christianity so that a new knowledge might emerge but they were instrumental in creating that new knowledge. -
Instrumentalising the Past: the Germanic Myth in National Socialist Context
RJHI 1 (1) 2014 Instrumentalising the Past: The Germanic Myth in National Socialist Context Irina-Maria Manea * Abstract : In the search for an explanatory model for the present or even more, for a fundament for national identity, many old traditions were rediscovered and reutilized according to contemporary desires. In the case of Germany, a forever politically fragmented space, justifying unity was all the more important, especially beginning with the 19 th century when it had a real chance to establish itself as a state. Then, beyond nationalism and romanticism, at the dawn of the Third Reich, the myth of a unified, powerful, pure people with a tradition dating since time immemorial became almost a rule in an ideology that attempted to go back to the past and select those elements which could have ensured a historical basis for the regime. In this study, we will attempt to focus on two important aspects of this type of instrumentalisation. The focus of the discussion is mainly Tacitus’ Germania, a work which has been forever invoked in all sorts of contexts as a means to discover the ancient Germans and create a link to the modern ones, but in the same time the main beliefs in the realm of history and archaeology are underlined, so as to catch a better glimpse of how the regime has been instrumentalising and overinterpreting highly controversial facts. Keywords : Tacitus, Germania, myth, National Socialism, Germany, Kossinna, cultural-historical archaeology, ideology, totalitarianism, falsifying history During the twentieth century, Tacitus’ famous work Germania was massively instrumentalised by the Nazi regime, in order to strengthen nationalism and help Germany gain an aura of eternal glory. -
Die Monatswende Juni—Juli Des Jahres 193 J Brachte Ein Für Die Kulturpolitik Des Dritten Reiches Bedeutungsvolles Ereignis. Am Samstag, Dem 29
Erstes Kapitel DIE GRÜNDUNG DES VEREINS „DAS AHNENERBE", 1935 1. Herman Wirth Die Monatswende Juni—Juli des Jahres 193 j brachte ein für die Kulturpolitik des Dritten Reiches bedeutungsvolles Ereignis. Am Samstag, dem 29. Juni, lud Reichs- kanzler Adolf Hitler in der Hauptstadt der nationalsozialistischen Bewegung Mün- chen zum Richtfest des „Hauses der Deutschen Kunst" in der Prinzregentenstraße. Die erste Ausstellung, so hatte der Führer schon bestimmt, sollte unter dem Motto „Tausend Jahre Deutsche Kunst" stehen, als ein „Denkmal für unsere Ahnen, eine Lehrstätte für unsere lebenden Künstler"1. Unter den zahlreichen Ehrengästen der nationalsozialistischen Prominenz befanden sich der Münchener Gauleiter Adolf Wagner, der bayerische Ministerpräsident Ludwig Siebert, die Reichsleiter Otto Dietrich und Martin Bormann und verschie- dene SS-Gruppenführer — ihnen allen wurde von einer Ehrenkompanie der SS-Ver- fügungstruppe München Reverenz erwiesen2. Deren oberster Kommandeur aber, Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler, hatte sich entschuldigen lassen. Denn am dar- auffolgenden Sonntag hatte er, dessen Schutzstaffel gerade erst im Aufbau begriffen war, in Braunschweig die zweite und bisher größte SS-Führerschule zu eröffnen3. Im übrigen plante er für Montag, den 1. Juli, die Gründung einer Kultureinrich- tung ganz eigener Art, und zwar am Orte seines Amtssitzes, in Berlin. Gleich am Montag, dem 1. Juli, traf er sich in den Diensträumen der Schutzstaffel mit sechs Gleichgesinnten, um, nach unterschriftlicher Anerkennung einer Satzung, die sog. „Studiengesellschaft für Geistesurgeschichte ,Deutsches Ahnenerbe'" ins Leben zu rufen4. Einer der Mitunterzeichner und eigentliche Vater dieser Gesellschaft „Ahnenerbe" war der deutsch-holländische Privatgelehrte Herman Wirth, geboren 1885 als Sohn eines Gymnasiallehrers in Utrecht5. Nach dem Studium der niederländischen Philo- logie, Germanistik, Geschichte und Musikwissenschaft in Utrecht und Leipzig hatte er bereits 1910 über den „Untergang des niederländischen Volksliedes" bei dem Volkskundler John Meier promoviert. -
Ethnos and Mysticism in the Photographic Nexus Christopher Webster
Photography in the Third Reich C Art, Physiognomy and Propaganda HRISTOPHER EDITED BY CHRISTOPHER WEBSTER This lucid and comprehensive collec� on of essays by an interna� onal group of scholars cons� tutes a photo-historical survey of select photographers who W embraced Na� onal Socialism during the Third Reich. These photographers EBSTER developed and implemented physiognomic and ethnographic photography, and, through a Selbstgleichschaltung (a self-co-ordina� on with the regime), con� nued ( to prac� ce as photographers throughout the twelve years of the Third Reich. ED .) The volume explores, through photographic reproduc� ons and accompanying analysis, diverse aspects of photography during the Third Reich, ranging from the infl uence of Modernism, the qualita� ve eff ect of propaganda photography, and the u� lisa� on of technology such as colour fi lm, to the photograph as ideological metaphor. With an emphasis on the idealised representa� on of the German body and the role of physiognomy within this representa� on, the book examines how select photographers created and developed a visual myth of the ‘master race’ and its an� theses under the auspices of the Na� onalist Socialist state. P HOTOGRAPHY Photography in the Third Reich approaches its historical source photographs as material culture, examining their produc� on, construc� on and prolifera� on. This detailed and informa� ve text will be a valuable resource not only to historians studying the Third Reich, but to scholars and students of fi lm, history of art, poli� cs, media studies, cultural studies and holocaust studies. IN THE As with all Open Book publica� ons, this en� re book is available to read for free on the publisher’s website. -
Antisemitism in Right-Wing Extremism Antisemitism in Right-Wing Extremism Table of Contents
Antisemitism in right-wing extremism Antisemitism in right-wing extremism Table of contents 1 Introduction 5 2 Definition 7 3 Manifestations and expressions 10 3.1 Antisemitism in violence-oriented right-wing extremism 10 3.2 Antisemitism among right-wing extremist political parties 11 3.2.1 Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (NPD) 11 3.2.2 DIE RECHTE 13 3.2.3 Der III. Weg 15 3.3 Antisemitism in the New Right 16 3.4 Antisemitism in right-wing extremist worldview organisations 18 3.5 Antisemitism in right-wing extremist music 20 3.6 Antisemitism in right-wing extremist publications 21 3.7 Antisemitism on the Internet 22 4 Conclusion 24 Imprint 27 3 4 1 Introduction For more than one hundred years, antisemitism has been among the ideological cornerstones of nationalist and völkisch political movements in Germany. Before, hostility towards Jews had been expressed through religiously and economically motivated patterns of argumentation and had been socially and politically motivated. Since the late 19th century, however, Jews or the people considered to be Jews were mainly rejected based on ethno-racist reasoning. This development culminated in the race doctrine propagated by the National Socialists. According to that doctrine, Jews were regarded as “vermin on the people’s body” to be systematically killed in the Holocaust later on. However, antisemitism as such is no relic of National Socialism but rather a constant and Europe-wide phenomenon with a long history. Besides widespread latent antisemitism, i.e. a tacit agreement with anti-Jewish views or a vague aversion to Jews, to the present day, hostility towards Jews has time and again become evident in criminal offences motivated by antisemitism. -
Ethnos and Mysticism in the Photographic Nexus Christopher Webster
Photography in the Third Reich C Art, Physiognomy and Propaganda HRISTOPHER EDITED BY CHRISTOPHER WEBSTER This lucid and comprehensive collec� on of essays by an interna� onal group of scholars cons� tutes a photo-historical survey of select photographers who W embraced Na� onal Socialism during the Third Reich. These photographers EBSTER developed and implemented physiognomic and ethnographic photography, and, through a Selbstgleichschaltung (a self-co-ordina� on with the regime), con� nued ( to prac� ce as photographers throughout the twelve years of the Third Reich. ED .) The volume explores, through photographic reproduc� ons and accompanying analysis, diverse aspects of photography during the Third Reich, ranging from the infl uence of Modernism, the qualita� ve eff ect of propaganda photography, and the u� lisa� on of technology such as colour fi lm, to the photograph as ideological metaphor. With an emphasis on the idealised representa� on of the German body and the role of physiognomy within this representa� on, the book examines how select photographers created and developed a visual myth of the ‘master race’ and its an� theses under the auspices of the Na� onalist Socialist state. P HOTOGRAPHY Photography in the Third Reich approaches its historical source photographs as material culture, examining their produc� on, construc� on and prolifera� on. This detailed and informa� ve text will be a valuable resource not only to historians studying the Third Reich, but to scholars and students of fi lm, history of art, poli� cs, media studies, cultural studies and holocaust studies.As with all Open IN Book publica� ons, this en� re book is available to read for free on the publisher’s THE website. -
Creating the Paradigm: Historical Preconditions of Modern Asatru
chapter 1 Creating the Paradigm: Historical Preconditions of Modern Asatru Modern Asatru, as well as the current popular appeal of ‘Germanic’ or ‘Nordic’ themes and images, are outcomes of and contributors to a discourse of Germanic myth. This discourse is related to a general tendency to conflate cul- ture, religion and ethnicity, or to culturalize and ethnicize religion and simul- taneously sacralize culture. In this chapter I argue that we can identify two prior eras, two points of crystallization, where similar tendencies were promi- nent and which were formative for later religious and ideological appropria- tions of Germanic myth: German Romanticism around 1800 and völkisch nationalism in the first third of the 20th century. The first formative moment was defined by the scholarship of Johann Gottfried Herder, Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, and other intellectuals of German Romanticism. They were the first to systematize ideas about a holistic unity of natural environment, language and history located in a deep past and in rural populations. This unity and its expression in an indigenous mythological heri- tage were perceived as the necessary foundation for a proper nation or Volk. This Romantic constellation proved to be exceptionally malleable, productive and persistent. It influenced both cultural pluralism and exclusionist ideolo- gies with affinities to racism and anti-Semitism. It inspired nationalist move- ments not only in Germany, but in Scandinavian, Anglo-Saxon and Baltic countries as well. Moreover, it provided the basis for European and North American counter-cultural movements as diverse as Anglo-Saxonism and modern witchcraft (Wicca). It is no coincidence that the years after 1900 – our second point of crystallization – have been characterized as ‘neo-Romantic.’ Romantic ideas about a unity of the Volk were radicalized in the German völkisch movement and turned into an alternative religion around 1910. -
Journal of Contemporary History
Journal of Contemporary History http://jch.sagepub.com/ Reassessing The Holy Reich: Leading Nazis' Views on Confession, Community and 'Jewish' Materialism Samuel Koehne Journal of Contemporary History 2013 48: 423 DOI: 10.1177/0022009413481827 The online version of this article can be found at: http://jch.sagepub.com/content/48/3/423 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for Journal of Contemporary History can be found at: Email Alerts: http://jch.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://jch.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav >> Version of Record - Jul 22, 2013 What is This? Downloaded from jch.sagepub.com at Deakin University on July 28, 2013 Article Journal of Contemporary History 48(3) 423–445 Reassessing The Holy ! The Author(s) 2013 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav Reich: Leading Nazis’ DOI: 10.1177/0022009413481827 Views on Confession, jch.sagepub.com Community and ‘Jewish’ Materialism Samuel Koehne Alfred Deakin Research Institute, Deakin University, Australia Abstract Returning to the Journal of Contemporary History debate on The Holy Reich, this article argues that the notion of ‘positive Christianity’ as a Nazi ‘religious system’ has been largely invented. It offers a close analysis of significant public statements on National Socialism by three leading Nazis: Adolf Hitler, Gottfried Feder and Alfred Rosenberg. In doing so, it demonstrates that in historical context the three key ideas from Point 24 of the NSDAP programme that were meant to form the content of this ‘type of Christianity’ were not promoted as Christian. -
From Ludendorff's Gotterkenntnis to Sigrid Hunke's
SCIENTIFIC NEO-PAGANISM AND THE EXTREME RIGHT THEN AND TODAY: FROM LUDENDORFF’S GOTTERKENNTNIS TO SIGRID HUNKE’S EUROPAS EIGENE RELIGION by Karla Poewe and Irving Hexham This paper was published as: “Jakob Wilhelm Hauer's New Religion and National Socialism.” Karla Poewe and Irving Hexham. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 20 (2) 2005: 195-215 1 ABSTRACT During the Weimar Republic, flourishing new religions were harnessed to usher in the cultural revolution from the right that was soon dominated by the Nazis. J. William Hauer’s Deutsche Glaubensbewegung, an umbrella group for numerous new religions from versions of Hinduism to Nordic Neo-Paganism, all collaborated, at some point, with Hitler and his party. This paper shows the continuity of core ideas from Mathilde Ludendorff’s Gotterkenntnis to Hauer’s Glaubensbewegung and, importantly, Sigrid Hunke’s Unitarier. It shows, further, the close connections between these forms of neo-paganism and the present day European New Right. The paradoxical co-occurrence in fascism of a religious populism and a metapolitical elitism, philosophical vitalism and dreams of national or European rebirth, has its roots in these French and German forms of neo-paganism. 2 Biographical Details: Karla Poewe is professor of anthropology in the Anthropology Department of the University of Calgary. She has published eight books, sometimes co-authored with Irving Hexham, among them, New Religions as Global Cultures (1997), Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture (1994), Matrilineal Ideology (1981). Research was conducted in Zamibia, Namibia, South Africa and, for this paper, Germany. Irving Hexham is professor of Religious Studies at the University of Calgary. -
Ludendorffs Kampf Gegen Die Hitler-Diktatur
Neu zusammengestellt und neu herausgegeben von Matthias Köpke Ludendorffs Kampf gegen die Hitler-Diktatur Eine Dokumentation von Gunther Duda zu Erich Ludendorffs 130. Geburtstag. Eine Fortsetzung in sieben Teilen, erschienen in „Mensch und Maß“ des Jahres 1995! Neu herausgegeben im Eigenverlag, 2018. Youtube-Internetkanal Esausegen unter: www.youtube.com/user/Genesis2740blessing Alle Beiträge in vorliegender Schrift sind der Zeitschrift „Mensch und Maß“ entnommen. Diese Schrift erscheint im Verlag Hohe Warte, damals (1995) war der Verleger Franz Karg von Bebenburg. Die Quellennachweise: „Mensch und Maß“ Nr. 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13 und 15/1995. Man beachte auch die Literaturhinweise am Ende dieser Schrift. Erich und Mathilde Ludendorff „Wehe dem Volk, dem die Geschichte nicht Lehrmeisterin sein kann!“ Diese Schrift dient der geschichtlichen Forschung und wissenschaftlichen Dokumentation Zusammengestellt durch: Matthias Köpke, Eigenverlag 2018, 17291 Nordwestuckermark, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] 1. Auflage Diese vorliegende Schrift und deren Verfasser beanspruchen für sich den Esausegen gemäß 1. Mose (Genesis) 27, 40 und stehen somit unter dem Schutz des Esausegens als oberste gesetzliche Regelung für alle Jahwehgläubigen! Nähere Informationen zum Esausegen sind in den Werken: „Das wahre Gesicht von Jakob dem Betrüger“, „Der jüdische Sinn von Beschneidung und Taufe“, „Der Papst oberster Gerichtsherr in der BR Deutschland“ und „Das offene Tor“ von Matthias Köpke, jeweils als E-Book und Freeware unter www.archive.org oder www.scribd.com enthalten! Dasselbe gilt für die anderen Werke von Köpke. Dieses eBook ist Freeware. Weitergabe, Vervielfältigung, Ausdruck und Speicherung in elektronischen Medien sind für Privatpersonen und Bildungseinrichtungen frei. Die gewerbliche bzw. kommerzielle Nutzung bedarf der vorherigen schriftlichen Zustimmung des Autors.