The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
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The Monita Secreta Or, As It Was Also Known As, The
James Bernauer, S.J. Boston College From European Anti-Jesuitism to German Anti-Jewishness: A Tale of Two Texts “Jews and Jesuits will move heaven and hell against you.” --Kurt Lüdecke, in conversation with Adolf Hitleri A Presentation at the Conference “Honoring Stanislaw Musial” Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (March 5, 2009) The current intense debate about the significance of “political religion” as a mode of analyzing fascism leads us to the core of the crisis in understanding the Holocaust.ii Saul Friedländer has written of an “historian‟s paralysis” that “arises from the simultaneity and the interaction of entirely heterogeneous phenomena: messianic fanaticism and bureaucratic structures, pathological impulses and administrative decrees, archaic attitudes within an advanced industrial society.”iii Despite the conflicting voices in the discussion of political religion, the debate does acknowledge two relevant facts: the obvious intermingling in Nazism of religious and secular phenomena; secondly, the underestimated role exercised by Munich Catholicism in the early life of the Nazi party.iv My essay is an effort to illumine one thread in this complex territory of political religion and Nazism and my title conveys its hypotheses. First, that the centuries long polemic against the Roman Catholic religious order the Jesuits, namely, its fabrication of the Jesuit image as cynical corrupter of Christianity and European culture, provided an important template for the Nazi imagining of Jewry after its emancipation.v This claim will be exhibited in a consideration of two historically influential texts: the Monita 1 secreta which demonized the Jesuits and the Protocols of the Sages of Zion which diabolized the Jews.vi In the light of this examination, I shall claim that an intermingled rhetoric of Jesuit and Jewish wills to power operated in the imagination of some within the Nazi leadership, the most important of whom was Adolf Hitler himself. -
E Conspiracy Eory to Rule Em
8/23/2020 The Conspiracy Theory to Rule Them All - The Atlantic Give a Gift e Conspiracy eory to Rule em All What explains the strange, long life of e Protocols of the Elders of Zion? Tereza Zelenkova Story by Steven J. Zipperstein NONE SHADOWLAND Like The Atlantic? Subscribe to The Atlantic Daily, our free weekday email newsletter. Enter your email Sign up Photography by Tereza Zelenkova https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/1857/11/conspiracy-theory-rule-them-all/615550/?preview=TcuaT5ZaZmqDeMMyDONAXVilKqE 1/8 8/23/2020 The Conspiracy Theory to Rule Them All - The Atlantic is article is part of “Shadowland,” a project about conspiracy thinking in America. ’ most consequential conspiracy text entered the world barely noticed, when it appeared in a little-read Russian newspaper in T 1903. The message of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is straightforward, and terrifying: The rise of liberalism had provided Jews with the tools to destroy institutions—the nobility, the church, the sanctity of marriage—whole. Soon, they would take control of the world, as part of a revenge plot dating back to the ascendancy of Christendom. The text, ostensibly narrated by a Jewish leader, describes this plan in detail, relying on centuries-old anti-Jewish tropes, and including lengthy expositions on monetary, media, and electoral manipulation. It announces Jewry’s triumph as imminent: The world order will fall into the hands of a cunning elite, who have schemed forever and are now fated to rule until the end of time. It was a fabrication, and a clumsy one, largely copied from the obscure, French- language political satire Dialogue aux enfers entre Machiavel et Montesquieu, or The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu, by Maurice Joly. -
Abstract in the First Years of the Twentieth Century, an Anti-Semitic Document Appeared in Russia That Profoundly Shaped The
Abstract In the first years of the twentieth century, an anti-Semitic document appeared in Russia that profoundly shaped the course of the entire century. Despite being quickly discredited as a plagiarized forgery, The Protocols of the Elders of Zion spread across the world, being translated into dozens of languages and utilized as hateful rhetoric by leaders of many religions and nationalities. While the effects of the document were felt internationally, the Protocols also helped to reshape centuries old prejudices about Jews in a country still in its infancy, Germany. This “hoax of the twentieth century” helped to redefine age-old anti- Semitic values firmly ingrained within German society, and helped Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party justify committing the landmark genocide of world history, the Holocaust. Utilizing a variety of sources, particularly the actual text of the Protocols and the writings of Adolf Hitler, this examination argues that Hitler and his cabinet became progressively more radicalized towards extermination of the Jews due to their belief in the Jewish world conspiracy outlined within the Protocols. 1 Introduction: Jews in Europe “The weapons in our hands are limitless ambitions, burning greediness, merciless vengeance, hatreds, and malace.”1 This phrase is attributed to a collection of omnipotent Jews supposedly bent on world domination. Collectively called the “Elders of Zion,” this group outlined how it will accomplish its goals of global supremacy in a forged book titled The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. The weapons these Elders claimed to hold were substantial: they asserted control over all aspects of the media and world-banking systems, and maintained their agents had already infiltrated international governments. -
General Assembly Distr
UNITED NATIONS A General Assembly Distr. GENERAL A/HRC/S-9/NGO/3 8 January 2009 ENGLISH ONLY HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL Ninth special session Written statement* submitted by the Association for World Education (AWE), a non-governmental organizations on the Roster The Secretary-General has received the following written statement which is circulated in accordance with Economic and Social Council resolution 1996/31. [7 January 2009] * This written statement is issued, unedited, in the language received from the submitting non- governmental organization. GE.09-10131 A/HRC/S-9/NGO/3 page 2 1. We call for a humanitarian break-through in Gaza and the continuation of constructive negotiations between the Israeli Government (current and future) and Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas – and like-minded Palestinian political leaders: The aim should be a two-state solution, acceptable to both sides and guaranteeing peaceful coexistence and mutual recognition between the two peoples – with human dignity recognised for all. 2. Negotiations between the authorities of Israel and Hamas are made more difficult by the refusal of each to consider the other as legitimate. This difficulty was made evident by the EU and French mediation efforts on 4-6 January 2009. The mediators had to appeal to other intermediaries, whether Syrians, Turks or Egyptians, to undertake discussions with Hamas. Such mutual non-recognition of the legitimacy of each prevents the necessary face-to-face negotiations to cease the current fighting and strive for a peace solution. Hamas considers “the land of Palestine is an Islamic waqf, consecrated for future Muslim generations until Judgment Day.” (Article 11) – and, therefore, Israel will never be a legitimate State and cannot be recognised by Hamas. -
ANTI-SEMITISM: THEN and NOW Dr
The International Association of Jewish Lawyers and Jurists N0. 34 Winter 2002 Editorial Board: Judge Hadassa Ben-Itto SPECIAL ISSUE Adv. Itzhak Nener Adv. Myriam Abitbul Dan Pattir ANTI-SEMITISM: THEN AND NOW Dr. Rahel Rimon Prof. Amos Shapira Dr. Mala Tabory TABLE OF CONTENTS Dr. Yaffa Zilbershats President’s Message - 2 Editor-In-Chief: Dan Pattir Anti-Semitism: Then and Now - 5 Combatting Anti-Semitism Now and in the Past / Per Ahlmark - 6 Co-ordinating Editor: Dr. Rahel Rimon Anti-Semitism in the West: Perilous Times / Kenneth Jacobson - 9 Graphic Design: Deepening the Dichotomy between Islam and Judaism / Meir Litvak - 14 Ruth Beth-Or September 11: Blaming the Jews - 18 The Protocols of the Elders of Zion - A Chronology of Falsehood / Hadassa Ben-Itto - 19 Cover: “Contamination of the Environment”, From the Association - 44-45 in Ruz al-Yusef, popular Egyptian weekly, In Memoriam - 45 Cairo, 15 June 1992 Views of individuals and organizations published in JUSTICE are their own, and inclusion in this publication does not necessarily imply endorsement by the Association. JUSTICE is published by: The International Association of Jewish Lawyers and Jurists 10 Daniel Frish St., Tel Aviv 64731, Israel. Tel: 972-3-691-0673 Fax: 972-3-695-3855 E-Mail: [email protected] © Copyright (2002) by IAJLJ ISSN 0793-176X Printed by Shmuel Press Ltd. 27 Shoken Street, Tel Aviv, Tel: 972-3-682-2056. JUSTICE (ISSN 0793-176X) is published 4 times a year for $50 per year by The International Association of Jewish Lawyers and Jurists. Royal Mail International, c/o Yellowstone International, 87 Burlews Court, Hackensack, NJ 07601. -
Danilo Kiš's Fictionalization of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion
“The Conspiracy, or The Roots of the Disintegration of European Society.” Danilo Kiš’s Fictionalization of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion Dagmar Burkhart Keywords Danilo Kiš; collective memory; thanatopoetics; conspiracy; Book of Kings and Fools; Protocols of the (Learned) Elders of Zion; pogroms Conspiracies have probably been a part of life ever since societies started to be- come more complex and at a time when those in power developed conflicting in- terests. The basic, literal meaning of the verb conspire (from the Latin conspira- re and its derivative, conspiratio, “agreement, union, unanimity”) is “to breathe together,” whereby breathing together was taken to mean “to agree, to concur to one end,” whether that purpose be good or evil (e.g. Genesis 37,18; “They con- spired against [Joseph] to slay him”). Since the middle of the fourteenth century conspiracy has been used in English to mean, first and foremost, “a plotting of evil, unlawful design; a combination of persons for an evil purpose.” The word conspire has, thus, assumed primarily negative connotations: “to secretly plot or make plans together, often with the intention to bring bad or illegal results.”1 Most conspiracy theories are generated in times of crisis. They occupy the space between political constellations and psychological mechanisms. They have much in common with paranoia: the loss of one’s ability to put things into per- spective, a static perception, the narrowed outlook of an extremely egocentric or 1 See “conspire” in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/con- spire 314 | Burkhart group-driven point of view.2 One of the conspiracy theories that has been most relevant in building an enemy stereotype is based on anti-Semitism, which sup- plied the greatest impetus for the persecution of Jews and legitimated the use of violence against them. -
„Madagaskar Für Die Juden"
Magnus Brechtken „Madagaskar für die Juden" Antisemitische Idee und politische Praxis 1885-1945 R. Oldenbourg Verlag München 1997 Inhalt Vorwort IX /. Einleitung 1 1. Die Perspektive 3 2. Entwicklung und Positionen der Forschung 6 Zeitgenössische Stellungnahmen 6 Untersuchungen und Stellungnahmen nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg .... 9 //. „Absonderung" und „Exterritorialisierung" bei den „Klassikern" des Antisemitismus 15 1: Zum Antisemitismus-Begriff 15 2. „Exterritorialisierung" als Lösung der Judenfrage 16 „Abschaffung" der Juden nach Madagaskar: der Schirmherr des völkischen Antisemitismus, Paul de Lagarde 16 „Absonderung" und „Ausscheidung" als antisemitisches Programm ... 18 ///. „Voll-Zionismus": Madagaskar und die „Internationale des Antisemitismus" . 31 1. Henry Hamilton Beamish oder: Die Idee der „compulsory segregation" . 32 2. Internationale antisemitische Kongresse 36 3. „Egon van Winghene" und die „Pan-Arier" oder: Die Idee des „Voll-Zionismus" 38 4. Georg de Pottere 43 5. Ulrich Fleischhauer und der „Welt-Dienst" 44 6. Die antisemitischen Kongresse im Bann des „Dritten Reiches" 49 7. Die „pan-arische" Bewegung 51 8. „Welt-Dienst" und NS-Staat 53 9. Madagaskar und „Der Stürmer" 61 10. Arnold Leese und die „Imperial Fascist League" 64 11. Henry Hamilton Beamishs Spuren im „Dritten Reich" 68 12. Jean Boissel 70 13. Paul Wurm und die „Antijüdische Weltliga" 72 14. Alfred Rosenberg 74 15. Exkurs: Faszinosum Madagaskar - „Private" Initiativen zur Lösung der Judenfrage 77 IV. Madagaskar und die Judenfrage in Polen 81 1. Der Traum von der polnischen Großmacht - Außenminister Jözef Beck . 85 2. Polnische Kolonialaspirationen 86 3. Unstetigkeit und abwägende Skepsis - die Haltung Frankreichs 91 4. Verklausulierte Wünsche und offene Werbung - die Artikulation der polnischen Kolonialinteressen 93 VI Inhalt 5. -
Appendix: Machiavelli in Post-Stalin Russia, 1953–98
Appendix: Machiavelli in Post-Stalin Russia, 1953–98 Stalin’s death in March 1953 marked a decisive change in the way in which the Soviet state was organized, and in the way in which the state related to its own society. The ‘cult’ of personality, of illegality and arbitrary government was denounced. It was heralded as a return to ‘Leninist’ norms of government (presumably the Lenin of 1922 rather than the Lenin of 1918), with a new emphasis on socialist ‘morality’. Nevertheless, the USSR remained a highly authoritarian, highly secretive state, in which legal norms were applied selec- tively. Not surprisingly, the Soviet regime’s attitude to Machiavelli remained extremely guarded.1 In the 1950s a small number of works on political thought and philosophy do mention him.2 In 1958 A. A. Zimin published his article on Peresvetov, with its speculations concerning the early influence of Machiavelli in Russia.3 A scholarly article by F. De Sanktis in 1964 was one of the few works of note in 1960s on Machiavelli.4 One important development in this period was the beginnings of a discussion on the work of Friedrich Meinecke and the concept of raison d’état (ideya gosudarstvennogo razuma) in which the ideas of Machiavelli were so central.5 Only in the 1970 and 1980s did there begin to develop a substantial scholarly literature about Machiavelli.6 At the same time, Machiavelli is thus much less at the centre of political issues – the problem of order, the construction of a new state – than was the case in the early decades of Soviet power. -
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Chapter 3. The Formation of the Ideology of Antisemitism in Europe 3.1. Theoretical Framework The exact chronology of the rise of modern Antisemitism as ideology and move- ment remains unfathomable. Historians mention various insufficient and debatable factors. Hostility toward Jews links not with their numbers, economic standing, or political substance, because the birthplace of modern Antisemitism saw little of Jewish population or influential. Instead, the areas with the largest and most culturally distinct Jewish communities experienced the anti-Jewish movement at a later stage in the form of a secondary phenomenon, which does not mean they held an unequivocally positive image of the Jew. Hannah Arendt in The Origin of Totalitarianism (1951) associated the rise of Antisemitism with the role played in the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries by the “Court Jews” and, later, the wealthy bankers who funded monarchs and governments. Although the fig- ures of the Rothschild’s or Baron Hirsch strongly influenced the imagination of the public and the Jews themselves, their actual influence was not significant enough to cause such a strong response in the political life of several European nations.104 Instead, the Jewish tycoons symbolized the audacious “insolence,” with which these few families exceeded their role of pariahs and entered universally accepted positions in the society. In other words, they either drawn opposition against the principle of equal opportunities or demonstrated its absence. As soon as the idea of the inevitability of Jewish emancipation spread, the names of the tycoons lost their importance, even though they did not completely disappear from Antisemitic rhetoric. -
David Frankfurter (1909-1982)
159 46 159 Am 4. Februar 1936 erschießt David Frankfurter in Davos den Leiter Sabina Bossert der NSDAP-Landesgruppe Schweiz, Wilhelm Gustloff. Frankfurter war nicht der erste jüdische Widerstandskämpfer, aber er ist ein frü- hes Beispiel für einen Juden, der erfolgreich zur Waffe gegriffen und ) David seine Tat überlebt hat, um davon zu erzählen. Im Zentrum des Buches steht seine eigene Sicht auf sein Leben, wie sie sich aus seinen Frankfurter Memoiren und weiteren Egodokumenten erschließen lässt. Durch den Einbezug zusätzlicher Quellen geht es über die reine Beschreibung ( ) des Selbstbildes von Frankfurter hinaus und erlaubt einen ganzheitli- 1909–1982 chen lebensweltlichen Blick auf ihn. Das Selbstbild des 1909–1982 ( Gustloff-Attentäters 235 David Frankfurter Trimmed: (235H × 364W)Trimmed: Untrimmed: (265H × 394W) mm Band 20 Sabina Bossert Reihe Jüdische ModerneReihe Jüdische 978-3-412-51260-6_bossert_FINAL.indd Alle Seiten 27.03.19 17:41 Sabina Bossert: David Frankfurter (1909-1982) © 2019 by Böhlau Verlag GmbH & Cie, Köln ISBN Print: 9783412512606 — ISBN E-Book: 9783412512613 Sabina Bossert: David Frankfurter (1909-1982) Reihe Jüdische Moderne Herausgegeben von Alfred Bodenheimer, Jacques Picard, Monica Rüthers und Daniel Wildmann Band 20 © 2019 by Böhlau Verlag GmbH & Cie, Köln ISBN Print: 9783412512606 — ISBN E-Book: 9783412512613 Sabina Bossert: David Frankfurter (1909-1982) Sabina Bossert David Frankfurter (1909–1982) Das Selbstbild des Gustloff-Attentäters Mit 57 Abbildungen BÖHLAU VERLAG WIEN KÖLN WEIMAR © 2019 by Böhlau Verlag GmbH & Cie, Köln ISBN Print: 9783412512606 — ISBN E-Book: 9783412512613 Sabina Bossert: David Frankfurter (1909-1982) Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek: Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://portal.dnb.de abrufbar. -
Interview with Joseph Roos, Los Angeles, July 20, 194J Mr. Roos Is
Interview with Joseph Roos, Los Angeles, July 20, 194J Mr. Roos is *iitiiaia&xi a memb r of a large Jewish law firm which operates a news research service at 727 W 7th St* The firm is connected withe the anti-defamation league whose object is to expose anti-semitic propaganda. In 1940 the research service published two of thier weekly news letters on Japan se activities. These were concerned with alleged milit ry preparation of Japan in coll boration with Germany and are most interesting because they were reprinted, word for word, in Martin Dies yellow Book as the product f Dies own investiagtion. Later HXHKXXiHH MarcantAnio photostated the News Letters in an effort to discredit the Dies Committee. Mr. Roos knew very little about the evacuation problems but he directed me to other people in the city. Later, also, Mxxthe senior member of the firm (a rominent Legionaire and layyer) Leon Lewis called me. I was unable to see ir. L becau e ixxxxof my overcrowded schedule, but ho told me he had definitive proof on h nd tj refute the story that Jewish business men rofited from the evacuati n. If and when we ever get an economist to do some work onthe Japanese problem, Mr. L will be of great aid. He said he w uld turn over hi oo plete file to the Study. NEW LETTER Published by News Research Service, Inc., 727 W. Seventh Street, Los Angeles, Catifornia S(MM< of *in'!. Moří ú M .fri.iu StudfnU and W,it*ri. F ) ^ u r t . -
THE RISE and FALL of the BLACK HUNDRED by Jacob Langer Department of History Duke Univers
CORRUPTION AND THE COUNTERREVOLUTION: THE RISE AND FALL OF THE BLACK HUNDRED by Jacob Langer Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Marty Miller, Supervisor ___________________________ Donald Raleigh ___________________________ Warren Lerner ___________________________ Alex Roland Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2007 ABSTRACT CORRUPTION AND THE COUNTERREVOLUTION: THE RISE AND FALL OF THE BLACK HUNDRED by Jacob Langer Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Marty Miller, Supervisor ___________________________ Donald Raleigh ___________________________ Warren Lerner ___________________________ Alex Roland An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2007 Copyright by Jacob Langer 2007 Abstract This dissertation analyzes the ideology and activities of the Black Hundred movement at the end of the Imperial period in Russia (1905-1917). It seeks to explain the reasons for the sudden, rapid expansion of Black Hundred organizations in 1905, as well as the causes of their decline, which began just two years after their appearance. It further attempts to elucidate the complex relationship between the Black Hundred and Russian authorities, including the central government and local officials. The problem is approached by offering two distinct perspectives on the Black Hundred. First, a broad overview of the movement is presented. The focus here is on the headquarter branches of Black Hundred organizations in St. Petersburg, but these chapters also look at the activities of many different provincial branches, relating trends in the provinces to events in the center in order to draw conclusions about the nature of the overall movement.