Letters of Percy
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U.S. POLICY IN POST-SADDAM IRAQ LESSONS FROM THE BRITISH EXPERIENCE Edited by Michael Eisenstadt and Eric Mathewson THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, re- cording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. © 2003 by The Washington Institute for Near East Policy Published in 2003 in the United States of America by The Washing- ton Institute for Near East Policy, 1828 L Street NW, Suite 1050, Washington, DC 20036. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data U.S. policy in post-Saddam Iraq : lessons from the British experience/ edited by Michael Eisenstadt and Eric Mathewson. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-944029-84-1 1. Iraq—Relations—Great Britain. 2. Great Britain—Relations—Iraq. 3. World War, 1914–1918—Iraq. 4. World War, 1939–1945— Iraq. 5. National state. I. Title: U.S. policy in post-Saddam Iraq. II. Eisenstadt, Michael. III. Mathewson, Eric, 1959– IV. Washington Institute for Near East Policy. DS70.96.G7U15 2003 327.410567'09'04—dc21 2003004627 Cover inset photograph of Faysal ibn Husayn with his delegates and advisors at the Versailles peace conference in 1919 © Bettmann/Corbis. Behind him in the picture are (left to right) his private secretary and fellow delegate Rustum Haydar; Brigadier General Nuri al-Sa‘id of Baghdad; Captain Rosario Pisani of France; Colonel T. E. -
Orme) Wilberforce (Albert) Raymond Blackburn (Alexander Bell
Copyrights sought (Albert) Basil (Orme) Wilberforce (Albert) Raymond Blackburn (Alexander Bell) Filson Young (Alexander) Forbes Hendry (Alexander) Frederick Whyte (Alfred Hubert) Roy Fedden (Alfred) Alistair Cooke (Alfred) Guy Garrod (Alfred) James Hawkey (Archibald) Berkeley Milne (Archibald) David Stirling (Archibald) Havergal Downes-Shaw (Arthur) Berriedale Keith (Arthur) Beverley Baxter (Arthur) Cecil Tyrrell Beck (Arthur) Clive Morrison-Bell (Arthur) Hugh (Elsdale) Molson (Arthur) Mervyn Stockwood (Arthur) Paul Boissier, Harrow Heraldry Committee & Harrow School (Arthur) Trevor Dawson (Arwyn) Lynn Ungoed-Thomas (Basil Arthur) John Peto (Basil) Kingsley Martin (Basil) Kingsley Martin (Basil) Kingsley Martin & New Statesman (Borlasse Elward) Wyndham Childs (Cecil Frederick) Nevil Macready (Cecil George) Graham Hayman (Charles Edward) Howard Vincent (Charles Henry) Collins Baker (Charles) Alexander Harris (Charles) Cyril Clarke (Charles) Edgar Wood (Charles) Edward Troup (Charles) Frederick (Howard) Gough (Charles) Michael Duff (Charles) Philip Fothergill (Charles) Philip Fothergill, Liberal National Organisation, N-E Warwickshire Liberal Association & Rt Hon Charles Albert McCurdy (Charles) Vernon (Oldfield) Bartlett (Charles) Vernon (Oldfield) Bartlett & World Review of Reviews (Claude) Nigel (Byam) Davies (Claude) Nigel (Byam) Davies (Colin) Mark Patrick (Crwfurd) Wilfrid Griffin Eady (Cyril) Berkeley Ormerod (Cyril) Desmond Keeling (Cyril) George Toogood (Cyril) Kenneth Bird (David) Euan Wallace (Davies) Evan Bedford (Denis Duncan) -
Abstract in the First Years of the Twentieth Century, an Anti-Semitic Document Appeared in Russia That Profoundly Shaped The
Abstract In the first years of the twentieth century, an anti-Semitic document appeared in Russia that profoundly shaped the course of the entire century. Despite being quickly discredited as a plagiarized forgery, The Protocols of the Elders of Zion spread across the world, being translated into dozens of languages and utilized as hateful rhetoric by leaders of many religions and nationalities. While the effects of the document were felt internationally, the Protocols also helped to reshape centuries old prejudices about Jews in a country still in its infancy, Germany. This “hoax of the twentieth century” helped to redefine age-old anti- Semitic values firmly ingrained within German society, and helped Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party justify committing the landmark genocide of world history, the Holocaust. Utilizing a variety of sources, particularly the actual text of the Protocols and the writings of Adolf Hitler, this examination argues that Hitler and his cabinet became progressively more radicalized towards extermination of the Jews due to their belief in the Jewish world conspiracy outlined within the Protocols. 1 Introduction: Jews in Europe “The weapons in our hands are limitless ambitions, burning greediness, merciless vengeance, hatreds, and malace.”1 This phrase is attributed to a collection of omnipotent Jews supposedly bent on world domination. Collectively called the “Elders of Zion,” this group outlined how it will accomplish its goals of global supremacy in a forged book titled The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. The weapons these Elders claimed to hold were substantial: they asserted control over all aspects of the media and world-banking systems, and maintained their agents had already infiltrated international governments. -
General Assembly Distr
UNITED NATIONS A General Assembly Distr. GENERAL A/HRC/S-9/NGO/3 8 January 2009 ENGLISH ONLY HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL Ninth special session Written statement* submitted by the Association for World Education (AWE), a non-governmental organizations on the Roster The Secretary-General has received the following written statement which is circulated in accordance with Economic and Social Council resolution 1996/31. [7 January 2009] * This written statement is issued, unedited, in the language received from the submitting non- governmental organization. GE.09-10131 A/HRC/S-9/NGO/3 page 2 1. We call for a humanitarian break-through in Gaza and the continuation of constructive negotiations between the Israeli Government (current and future) and Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas – and like-minded Palestinian political leaders: The aim should be a two-state solution, acceptable to both sides and guaranteeing peaceful coexistence and mutual recognition between the two peoples – with human dignity recognised for all. 2. Negotiations between the authorities of Israel and Hamas are made more difficult by the refusal of each to consider the other as legitimate. This difficulty was made evident by the EU and French mediation efforts on 4-6 January 2009. The mediators had to appeal to other intermediaries, whether Syrians, Turks or Egyptians, to undertake discussions with Hamas. Such mutual non-recognition of the legitimacy of each prevents the necessary face-to-face negotiations to cease the current fighting and strive for a peace solution. Hamas considers “the land of Palestine is an Islamic waqf, consecrated for future Muslim generations until Judgment Day.” (Article 11) – and, therefore, Israel will never be a legitimate State and cannot be recognised by Hamas. -
Danilo Kiš's Fictionalization of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion
“The Conspiracy, or The Roots of the Disintegration of European Society.” Danilo Kiš’s Fictionalization of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion Dagmar Burkhart Keywords Danilo Kiš; collective memory; thanatopoetics; conspiracy; Book of Kings and Fools; Protocols of the (Learned) Elders of Zion; pogroms Conspiracies have probably been a part of life ever since societies started to be- come more complex and at a time when those in power developed conflicting in- terests. The basic, literal meaning of the verb conspire (from the Latin conspira- re and its derivative, conspiratio, “agreement, union, unanimity”) is “to breathe together,” whereby breathing together was taken to mean “to agree, to concur to one end,” whether that purpose be good or evil (e.g. Genesis 37,18; “They con- spired against [Joseph] to slay him”). Since the middle of the fourteenth century conspiracy has been used in English to mean, first and foremost, “a plotting of evil, unlawful design; a combination of persons for an evil purpose.” The word conspire has, thus, assumed primarily negative connotations: “to secretly plot or make plans together, often with the intention to bring bad or illegal results.”1 Most conspiracy theories are generated in times of crisis. They occupy the space between political constellations and psychological mechanisms. They have much in common with paranoia: the loss of one’s ability to put things into per- spective, a static perception, the narrowed outlook of an extremely egocentric or 1 See “conspire” in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/con- spire 314 | Burkhart group-driven point of view.2 One of the conspiracy theories that has been most relevant in building an enemy stereotype is based on anti-Semitism, which sup- plied the greatest impetus for the persecution of Jews and legitimated the use of violence against them. -
The Magazine of the Association of Former WHO Staff Members (AFSM)
AFSM Quarterly News July 2019 QNT 116 The magazine of the Association of Former WHO Staff Members (AFSM) Supporting former staff and helping them to stay in touch and informed ws Agency ws Ne ers ©Cat o: Phot The plight of polar bears, facing destruction of their unique habitat as Arctic sea-ice melts, illustrates the fact that climate change affects the environment of all living creatures on this planet. In this issue we look specifically at the impact on the health and well-being of human populations around the world, and how WHO is addressing the challenges. 1 AFSM Quarterly News July 2019 QNT 116 Cruise on Lake IJsselmeer, Holland. Photo 1, clockwise, Catherine Roch-Hazelden, Josiane Bachmann, Genevieve McCone, Annette Nock, Paul Puget, Anne Yamada, Charles Hager. Photo 2, one of the famous “three sisters’ windmills” near Alkmaar. Photo 3, clockwise Catherine Roch-Hazelden, Wanda Cheng, Ray Cheng, Josiane Bachmann, Bunty Müller, Paul Puget, Anne Yamada. Photo 4, Clogs at Amsterdam Flower Market. Photo 5, Socrates Litsios, Bunty Müller, Wanda Cheng, Monique Bottiglieri, Regina Vernex. Photo 6, a cheese shop in Alkmaar. Photo 7, The harbour in Hoorn. Photos: Bunty Muller 1 2 3 1 4 1 5 6 7 2 AFSM Quarterly News July 2019 QNT 116 CONTENTS EDITORIAL Climate change and health 4 We are publishing two important notices on page 17, one is a AFSM General Assembly, 22 October8 reminder to cast your vote in the SHI elections to choose our Greetings from Nepal 8 representatives on the Global Standing Committee (SHI/GSC) and Breast cancer in the elderly 9 on the Global Oversight Committee (SHI/GOC). -
Smyrna's Ashes
Smyrna’s Ashes Humanitarianism, Genocide, and the Birth of the Middle East Michelle Tusan Published in association with the University of California Press “Set against one of the most horrible atrocities of the early twentieth century, the ethnic cleansing of Western Anatolia and the burning of the city of Izmir, Smyrna’s Ashes is an important contribution to our understanding of how hu- manitarian thinking shaped British foreign and military policy in the Late Ottoman Eastern Mediterranean. Based on rigorous archival research and scholarship, well written, and compelling, it is a welcome addition to the growing literature on humanitarianism and the history of human rights.” kEitH dAvid wAtEnpAugh, University of California, Davis “Tusan shows vividly and compassionately how Britain’s attempt to build a ‘Near East’ in its own image upon the ruins of the Ottoman Empire served as a prelude to today’s Middle East of nation-states.” pAEtEr M ndlEr, University of Cambridge “Traces an important but neglected strand in the history of British humanitarianism, showing how its efforts to aid Ottoman Christians were inextricably enmeshed in impe- rial and cultural agendas and helped to contribute to the creation of the modern Middle East.” dAnE kEnnEdy, The George Washington University “An original and meticulously researched contribution to our understandings of British imperial, gender, and cultural history. Smyrna’s Ashes demonstrates the long-standing influence of Middle Eastern issues on British self-identification. Tusan’s conclusions will engage scholars in a variety of fields for years to come.” nAncy l. StockdAlE, University of North Texas Today the West tends to understand the Middle East primarily in terms of geopolitics: Islam, oil, and nuclear weapons. -
Occupation and Resistance in Southern Iraq: a Study of Great Britain's Civil Administration in the Middle Euphrates and the Gr
DePaul University Via Sapientiae College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences Theses and Dissertations College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences 3-2018 Occupation and resistance in southern Iraq: a study of Great Britain’s civil administration in the Middle Euphrates and the Great Rebellion, 1917-1920 Scott Jones DePaul University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://via.library.depaul.edu/etd Recommended Citation Jones, Scott, "Occupation and resistance in southern Iraq: a study of Great Britain’s civil administration in the Middle Euphrates and the Great Rebellion, 1917-1920" (2018). College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences Theses and Dissertations. 241. https://via.library.depaul.edu/etd/241 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences at Via Sapientiae. It has been accepted for inclusion in College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Via Sapientiae. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Occupation and Resistance in Southern Iraq: A Study of Great Britain’s Civil Administration in the Middle Euphrates and the Great Rebellion, 1917-1920 A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts March, 2018 BY Scott Jones Department of International Studies College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences DePaul University Chicago, Illinois Jones 1 Occupation and Resistance in Southern Iraq: A Study of Great Britain’s Civil Administration in the Middle Euphrates and the Great Rebellion, 1917-1920 Scott Jones International Studies Master’s Thesis Thesis Committee Advisor – Kaveh Ehsani, Ph.D., DePaul University Reader – Rajit Mazumder, Ph.D., DePaul University Reader – Eugene Beiriger, Ph.D., DePaul University Introduction – Occupation and Resistance in Southern Iraq 1. -
Trading Places: America and Europe in the Middle East
Trading Places: America and Europe in the Middle East Philip H. Gordon See if this story sounds familiar. A Western Great Power, long responsible for security in the Middle East, gets increasingly impatient with the hard- line position taken by nationalist leaders in Iran. Decades of historical baggage weigh heavily on both sides, and the Iranians deeply resent the way the Great Power had supported its corrupt former leaders and exer- cised influence over their internal affairs. In turn, the Great Power resents the challenge to its global leadership posed by the Tehran regime and begins to prepare plans for the use of military force. With the main protagonists refusing all direct diplomatic contact and heading toward a confrontation, the Great Power’s nervous allies dispatch negotiators to Tehran to try to defuse the dispute and offer a compromise. The Great Power denounces the compromise as appeasement and dusts off the military plans. The West is deeply split on how to handle yet another challenge in the Persian Gulf and a major showdown looms. The time and place? No, not America, Iran and Europe today, but the 1951 clash between the United Kingdom and the Mohammad Mosaddeq regime in Iran, with the United States in the role of mediator. In 1951, the issue at hand was not an incipient Iranian nuclear programme but Mosaddeq’s plan to nationalise the Iranian oil industry. The Truman administration, sympathetic to Iran’s claim that it deserved more control over its own resources, feared that Britain’s hard line would push Iran in an even more anti-Western direction and worried about an intra-Western crisis at a time when a common enemy required unity. -
A Story of Saudi Beginnings by Sara Pulliam BA In
The Game of Sovereignty: A Story of Saudi Beginnings by Sara Pulliam B.A. in Anthropology, June 2005, University of California, Los Angeles M.A. in Political Science, June 2012, American University in Cairo A Thesis submitted to The Faculty of The Columbian College of Arts and Sciences Of The George Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts January 19, 2018 Thesis directed by Dina Khoury Professor of History Acknowledgements This thesis would have never come together without the assistance of many people, to whom I am immensely grateful. Many thanks to my adviser, Dina Khoury, whose guidance, perspective, and expertise led me to discovering and refining my topic. I am also grateful to Shawn McHale, whose clear insight helped me shape my final project. All of the professors and my fellow graduate students in the History Department at George Washington University have contributed to my academic outlook, shaping my thoughts and furthering my skills. To everyone I feel sincere gratitude. Thankfully, I am also blessed with a talented mother who still enjoys spending her time correcting my writing. I always appreciate your help, Mom. And finally, deepest love and thanks to Jeff, who put up with my constant work and dour demeanor as I slogged through research and writing at night and on weekends. I promise I will come out of my cave now. ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………….….ii Chapter 1: Introduction……………………………………………………………………1 Chapter 2: Initial Dealings with Najdi Travel: The Passport…………………………….17 Chapter 3: Acting Consuls……………………………………………………………….34 Chapter 4: Designating Subjects…………………………………………………………51 Chapter 5: Conclusion……………………………………………………………………67 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………..71 iii Chapter 1: Introduction It was early Spring of 1932 when King Abdul Aziz Ibn Sa’ud decided to send a delegation to Europe that would travel to the capitals of friendly countries, demonstrating that his kingdom would extend its diplomatic operations outside of the Middle East. -
The Old Order Changeth': the Aborted Evolution
‗THE OLD ORDER CHANGETH‘: THE ABORTED EVOLUTION OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE, 1917-1931 A Dissertation by SEAN PATRICK KELLY Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Chair of Committee, R.J.Q. Adams Committee Members, Troy Bickham Rebecca Hartkopf Schloss Anthony Stranges Peter Hugill Head of Department, David Vaught August 2014 Major Subject: History Copyright 2014 Sean Patrick Kelly ABSTRACT In the aftermath of the Great War (1914-18), Britons could, arguably for the first time since 1763, look to the immediate future without worrying about the rise of an anti- British coalition of European states hungry for colonial spoils. Yet the shadow cast by the apparent ease with which the United States rose to global dominance after 1940 has masked the complexity and uncertainty inherent in what turned out to be the last decades of the British Empire. Historians of British international history have long recognised that the 1920s were a period of adjustment to a new world, not simply the precursor to the disastrous (in hindsight) 1930s. As late as the eve of the Second World War, prominent colonial nationalists lamented that the end of Empire remained impossible to foresee. Britons, nevertheless, recognised that the Great War had laid bare the need to modernise the archaic, Victorian-style imperialism denounced by The Times, amongst others. Part I details the attempts to create a ‗New Way of Empire‘ before examining two congruent efforts to integrate Britain‘s self-governing Dominions into the very heart of British political life. -
Or ``Railway Politics
“Sheer Madness” or “Railway Politics” Iranian Style? – The Controversy over Railway Development Priorities Within the Persian Government in 1919–1920 and British Railway Imperialism Oliver Bast To cite this version: Oliver Bast. “Sheer Madness” or “Railway Politics” Iranian Style? – The Controversy over Railway Development Priorities Within the Persian Government in 1919–1920 and British Railway Imperialism. Iran : journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies, British Institute of Persian Studies, 2017, 55 (1), pp.62-72. 10.1080/05786967.2017.1279839. halshs-02558910 HAL Id: halshs-02558910 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02558910 Submitted on 14 May 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. RIRN1279839 Techset Composition India (P) Ltd., Bangalore and Chennai, India 1/10/2017 IRAN, 2017 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05786967.2017.1279839 5 “Sheer Madness” or “Railway Politics” Iranian Style? – The Controversy over 55 Railway Development Priorities Within the Persian Government in 1919–1920 and British Railway Imperialism