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1. French Republican Philosophy of Science and Sorel’S Path to Marx

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Georges Sorel, Autonomy and Violence in the Third Republic by Eric Wendeborn Brandom Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Malachi Haim Hacohen, Supervisor ___________________________ Roberto Dainotto ___________________________ Laurent M. Dubois ___________________________ Michael Hardt ___________________________ Christophe Prochasson ___________________________ William M. Reddy ___________________________ K. Steven Vincent Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2012 i v ABSTRACT Georges Sorel, Autonomy and Violence in the Third Republic by Eric Wendeborn Brandom Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Malachi Haim Hacohen, Supervisor ___________________________ Roberto Dainotto ___________________________ Laurent M. Dubois ___________________________ Michael Hardt ___________________________ Christophe Prochasson ___________________________ William M. Reddy ___________________________ K. Steven Vincent An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2012 Copyright by Eric Wendeborn Brandom 2012 Abstract How did Georges Sorel’s philosophy of violence emerge from the moderate, reformist, and liberal philosophy of the French Third Republic? This dissertation answers the question through a contextual intellectual history of Sorel’s writings from the 1880s until 1908. Drawing on a variety of archives and printed sources, this dissertation situates Sorel in terms of the intellectual field of the early Third Republic. I locate the roots of Sorel’s problematic at once in a broadly European late 19th century philosophy of science and in the liberal values and the political culture of the French 1870s. Sorel’s engagement with Karl Marx, but also Émile Durkheim, Giambattista Vico, and other social theorists, is traced in order to explain why, despite his Marxism, Sorel confronted the twin fin-de- siècle crises of the Dreyfus Affair and Revisionism as a political liberal. I show how his syndicalism became radical, scissionistic, and anti-Statist in the post-Dreyfus context of anticlericalism leading up to the separation of Church and State in 1905. Sorel drew on figures such as Alexis de Tocqueville and Benedetto Croce to elaborate his Reflections on Violence in 1906-1908, finally transforming his political theory of institutions into an ethics of myth and individual engagement. Sorel has been best known as an icon of radicalism as such—in shorthand, an inspiration for both Lenin and Mussolini. This political polarization has occluded Sorel’s profound engagement with the foundational thinkers of the Third Republic. Against the backdrop of a systematic misunderstanding of the philosophical issues at stake, Sorel’s political ideas and interventions have also been misunderstood. Not only his insights iv about the limits and potentials of the intellectual framework of the French Third Republic, but also their most significant contemporary resonances, have been lost. I show how and why this has been so by studying the reception of Sorel’s work in the Anglophone world from the immediate postwar years until the early 1970s. Finally, I investigate resonances between Sorel’s work as I have reconstructed it, and some currents in contemporary post-Marxist political thought. Sorel is a revelatory figure in the entangled history of late 19th century liberalism and republicanism. He was profoundly engaged in the intellectual life of the French Third Republic and this, as much as his Marxism although less overtly, has shaped the meaning of his work. To return him to this context gives us a new understanding of the stakes of the philosophy of the period and the limits of its liberalism. v Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. x Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Sorel’s Republic ............................................................................................................ 9 Autonomy ................................................................................................................... 13 Science and Myth ........................................................................................................ 18 Violence ...................................................................................................................... 21 Historiography ............................................................................................................ 24 Method ........................................................................................................................ 31 Narrative Chapter Outline ........................................................................................... 36 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 42 1. French Republican Philosophy of Science and Sorel’s Path to Marx .......................... 45 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 45 Contextualizing an Absent Writer .............................................................................. 48 The Philosophy of the Third Republic ........................................................................ 56 Settling Accounts ........................................................................................................ 66 Psychophysics and the Revue philosophique .............................................................. 69 The Aesthetic Limit of Science ................................................................................... 78 Proudhon, Fouillée, and Idealism in Social Science ................................................... 87 Science and Socialism............................................................................................... 100 Marx by Way of Reaulaux ........................................................................................ 112 vi Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 131 2. Social Science and the Institution ............................................................................... 134 Durkheim’s Method .................................................................................................. 137 Antonio Labriola’s Manifesto ................................................................................... 145 Contra Brunetière: Science, Production, Education ................................................. 153 Vico’s Institution and not Hegel’s Totality .............................................................. 163 Andler and Sorel against Labriola ............................................................................ 175 The Metaphysician of Syndicalism ........................................................................... 186 3. The Abyss of Real Politics .......................................................................................... 195 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 195 Revisionism and Political Theory ............................................................................. 201 Bernstein in France ................................................................................................... 206 Framing Liberal Pluralist Politics ............................................................................. 213 Dreyfus and the Individual........................................................................................ 224 Public Moral Philosopher ......................................................................................... 227 The Turn to Myth ...................................................................................................... 237 Rosanvallon’s Republicanism ................................................................................... 242 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 249 4. From Liberal Tolerance to Radical Intransigence ...................................................... 252 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 252 The French Catholic Church in 1900 ........................................................................ 256 Institutions in Conflict – Church and State ............................................................... 261 The Crisis of Liberalism ........................................................................................... 273 vii Catholic Modernism.................................................................................................. 285 Catholicism and Liberalism .....................................................................................
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