Pokémon-Hahmojen Japaninkielisten Nimien Semanttinen Luokittelu

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Pokémon-Hahmojen Japaninkielisten Nimien Semanttinen Luokittelu Pokémon-hahmojen japaninkielisten nimien semanttinen luokittelu Joona Vainisto Pro gradu -tutkielma Itä-Aasian tutkimus Maailman kulttuurien laitos Helsingin yliopisto Ohjaaja: Riikka Länsisalmi Toukokuu 2017 Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Humanistinen tiedekunta Maailman kulttuurien laitos Tekijä – Författare – Author Joona Vainisto Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title Pokémon-hahmojen japaninkielisten nimien semanttinen luokittelu Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Itä-Aasian tutkimus Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä– Sidoantal – Number of pages Pro gradu -tutkielma Toukokuu 2017 79 + liite 56 Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Tutkin Pokémon-tuoteperheessä esiintyvien pokémon-hahmojen japaninkielisiin nimiin sisältyviä leksikaalisia merkityksiä. Pokémonien japaninkielisiä nimiä on tutkittu aikaisemminkin, mutta merkitysten sijaan vain muodostamistapojen näkökulmasta. Niin hahmonnimiä kuin tekonimiä, joita molempia pokémonien nimet ovat, on muutenkin tutkittu tähän mennessä vain vähän. Tutkin, millaisiin semanttisiin ja nimikategorisiin luokkiin pokémonien nimet voidaan jaotella nimiin sisältyvien sanojen perusteella, millaisessa määrällisessä suhteessa pokémonien nimet jakautuvat näihin luokkiin ja millaisia funktioita nimiin sisältyvillä sanoilla on. Aineistoni koostuu kaikkien tähän mennessä julkaistun 802 pokémon-hahmon nimestä sekä sanoista, joiden perusteella nimien arvellaan olevan muodostettu. Olen kerännyt sanat marraskuussa 2016 fanien ylläpitämästä internetin laajimmasta Pokémon-aiheisesta tietokannasta, Bulbapediasta, sillä virallista selontekoa nimiin sisältyvistä sanoista ei ole saatavilla. Tutkin nimien merkityksiä siis fanitulkinnan näkökulmasta, mikä sopii Pokémoniin, joka muutoinkin on sosiaalisuutta ja vuorovaikutusta korostava ilmiö. Tutkimukseni teoreettisena taustana on kielitieteen kognitiivinen tutkimussuuntaus, joka korostaa kielellisten ilmausten merkityksen keskeisyyttä. Sen teoriat eivät kuitenkaan tarjoa tekonimien merkitysten luokitteluun soveltuvia yleisiä luokitteluperusteita, joten esitän analyysini luokitteluperusteiksi pokémonien nimien merkitysten tutkimisen perusteella itse kehittämiäni kategorioita. Jaan tutkimuksessani nimiin sisältyvät sanat 15 kategoriaan. Nimiin sisältyvät yleissanat luokittelen lajisanoihin, äänisymbolismiin, metaforiin, pokémoniin liittyviin käsitteisiin, pokémonin osiin, toiminnallisiin ilmaisuihin, ominaisuuksiin ja arvotason ja suuruuden ilmaisuihin sen perusteella, millainen sanan leksikaalisen merkityksen ja pokémonin välinen suhde on. Nimiin sisältyvät erisnimet luokittelen niiden tyypillisten viittauskohteiden mukaan ei- fiktiivisiin henkilönnimiin, toisten pokémonien nimiin, mytologioissa ja muissa narratiiveissa esiintyvien hahmojen nimiin sekä muihin nimiin. Loput kategoriat ovat nimiin sisältyvät numeeriset luvut ja kirjaimet, lauseet ja lauseen osat sekä sanat, joiden liittyminen pokémoniin on vaikeasti selitettävissä. Tutkimuksen tuloksena on, että esittämäni kategoriat ovat kelvollisia pokémonien semanttiseen ja nimikategoriseen luokitteluun. Kategorioiksi, joiden sanoja pokémonien nimiin sisältyy eniten, osoittautuivat lajisanat ja pokémoniin liittyvät käsitteet. Erisnimiä pokémonien nimiin sisältyy vain vähän. Sanojen keskeisiksi funktioiksi osoittautuivat lajiperusteisuuden osoittaminen, ominaisuuksien kuvailu, toiminnan kuvailu, tyypin osoittaminen, ympäristön ja elinolosuhteiden osoittaminen, arvoaseman osoittaminen, pokémonien välisen suhteen osoittaminen ja taustatarinaan viittaaminen, joista viimeistä lukuun ottamatta kaikki toteuttavat deskriptiivistä funktiota. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords hahmonnimet, nimistöntutkimus, Pokémon, semantiikka Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Keskustakampuksen kirjasto Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information Sisällysluettelo 1. Johdanto .................................................................................................................................. 1 2. Tutkimuksen teoreettinen pohja............................................................................................ 4 2.1 Onomastiikka .................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.1 Erisnimien luonne ja tyypit ....................................................................................... 4 2.1.2 Erisnimen merkitys .................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Pokémon............................................................................................................................. 9 2.2.1 Pokémon-mediamixin osat ........................................................................................ 9 2.2.2 Pokémon-hahmot ..................................................................................................... 13 2.2.3 Pokémonien nimet .................................................................................................... 15 2.3 Aiemmat tutkimukset ..................................................................................................... 20 3. Aineisto ja metodi ................................................................................................................. 24 3.1 Aineisto............................................................................................................................. 24 3.2 Metodi .............................................................................................................................. 26 4. Analyysi .................................................................................................................................. 29 4.1 Lajisanat .......................................................................................................................... 30 4.2 Äänisymbolismi ............................................................................................................... 33 4.3 Metaforat ......................................................................................................................... 38 4.4 Pokémoneihin liittyvät käsitteet .................................................................................... 42 4.5 Pokémonien osat .............................................................................................................. 45 4.6 Toiminnalliset ilmaisut ................................................................................................... 48 4.7 Ominaisuudet .................................................................................................................. 51 4.8 Arvotason ja suuruuden ilmaukset ............................................................................... 53 4.9 Ei-fiktiiviset henkilönnimet ............................................................................................ 56 4.10 Toisten pokémonien nimet ........................................................................................... 58 4.11 Mytologioissa ja muissa narratiiveissa esiintyvien hahmojen nimet ........................ 58 4.12 Muut erisnimet .............................................................................................................. 61 4.13 Numerot ja kirjaimet .................................................................................................... 62 4.14 Lauseet ja lauseen osat ................................................................................................. 62 4.15 Nimiin liittymättömät tai vaikeasti liittyvät yleissanat .............................................. 65 5. Johtopäätökset....................................................................................................................... 66 6. Pohdinta ................................................................................................................................. 69 7. Lähteet ................................................................................................................................... 73 7.1 Kirjallisuus- ja internet-lähteet ..................................................................................... 73 7.2 Aineistolähteet ................................................................................................................. 77 7.3 Kuvien lähteet .................................................................................................................. 78 8. Liitteet .................................................................................................................................... 79 Taulukko pokémonien nimiin sisältyvistä sanoista ............................................................ 79 1. Johdanto Pokémon on ollut osa elämääni siitä lähtien, kun vuonna 1999, 9-vuotiaana, näin ensimmäisen Pokémon-animaatiosarjan jakson ja sain ensimmäiset Pokémon-korttini. Uusi lapsille suunnattu japanilainen animaatiosarja taianomaisine pokémon-hahmoineen teki minuun vaikutuksen heti, mutta nopeasti mieluisimmaksi harrastukseksi nousi maailmanlaajuisesti edelleenkin suosittu Pokémon-korttipeli, jossa yhdistyvät sopivassa suhteessa taito, tuuri ja upea taide. Innostuin myös Pokémon-konsolipeleistä, joista Pokémon-mediamix 1 sai alun perin alkunsa, mutta korttipeli oli se, joka sai minut käymään viikoittain vapaaseen Pokémon-korttipelaamiseen tarkoitetussa ”Pokémon- liigassa” kaupungin keskustassa sekä kulkemaan ympäri Suomea Pokémon-turnauksissa. Turnauksissa menestymisen seurauksena
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