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Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PHONOLOGICAL NEIGHBORHOODS AND PHONETIC SIMILARITY IN JAPANESE WORD RECOGNITION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Kiyoko Yoneyama, M.A. The Ohio State University 2002 Dissertation committee: Approved by Professor Keith Johnson, Adviser Professor Mary E. Beckman Adviser Linguistics Graduate Program Professor Mark A. Pitt Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3039544 Copyright 2002 by Yoneyama, Kiyoko All rights reserved. ___ ® UMI UMI Microform 3039544 Copyright 2002 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17. United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. © Copyright By Kiyoko Yoneyama March. 2002 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT This dissertation explores two aspects of spoken-word recognition in Japanese: representations of words stored in the lexicon and lexical word competition. The nature of lexical representations and lexical competition were explored by testing three different neighborhood density calculations in naming, word identification in noise and semantic categorization experiments. Neighborhood density is a measure of the number of similar words surrounding a word in the lexicon (“neighbors”). However, definitions of neighbors vary depending on the definition of similarity used. This dissertation tests three neighborhood definitions, each of which coincides with a hypothesis about lexical access with different word representations in Japanese. The first calculation posits the situation where listeners rely on the phonemic word representation as proposed in abstract models. Here, neighborhoods are calculated in terms of the number of phonemes in common, as in the Greenberg-Jenkins calculations (Greenberg-Jenkins. 1964) as widely used in the English word recognition literature. The second neighborhood calculation included prosodic information as another dimension in the neighborhood calculation in order to reflect the finding that prosodic information has a vital role in Japanese word recognition (Cutler & Otake. 1999). This calculation proposes that Japanese listeners use word-level prosody for lexical access. However, both word representation and word-level prosody are separately stored in the lexicon. In other words, the word representation in this calculation is the categorical abstract representation used in the previous neighborhood calculation and the pitch accent patterns additionally constrain the neighbors. A similarity judgment experiment on pitch accent patterns was carried out and the results were implemented in the calculation. ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The third neighborhood calculation is designed to test exemplar-based models. In this calculation, neighborhood density was measured by comparing the similarity of cochleagrams of the 66000 audio files (one file for each noun in the NTT psycholinguistic database, Amano & Kondo, 1999, 2000). Therefore, the word representation is an auditory representation in which all segmental and prosodic information is available. In this calculation, as in the GNM (General Neighborhood Model; Bailey & Hahn, 2000), the words in the lexicon are considered as exemplars and they are mapped onto psychological mental space. Data for the analyses were collected from Japanese neighborhood experiments using the same 700 test words used in the previous experiments and a lexicon that consisted of only nouns from the NTT psycholinguistic database. The results of the three experiments in this dissertation shed light on two aspects of lexical access. First, a lexical competition effect is confirmed in Japanese. There are also two types of lexical competition in auditory word recognition: form-based competition (neighborhood density) and phoneme-based competition (cohort reduction). Finally, both abstract (symbolic) representations and episodic (auditory) representations need to be stored in the lexicon. Implications of these results for the current word recognition models are also discussed. iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. in memory of my grandmother, Toyo Yoneyama and to my parents, Susumu and Rumiko Yoneyama who have been supportive of me IV Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation wouldn’t exist without help from many people. First and foremost, I would like to thank my adviser, Keith Johnson, who is a true mentor and who has believed in me very patiently. I would also like to thank Mary Beckman, who was also an excellent researcher role model. She was always allowing me to formulate my own ideas about issues in spoken word recognition, but always ready and eager to provide insights into how the data might be interpreted in different perspectives. I also thank Mark Pitt who was extremely encouraging and full of enthusiasm for my work. I value most the way in which he tests the problems as an expert in the field of spoken word recognition. I learned much from his thorough investigation and data analyses techniques. I am also grateful for support from the National Institute for Health for a grant entitled "Cross-linguistic studies of spoken language processing" (R01DC04421. PI: Keith Johnson), which supported my dissertation research in Japan. I also am very thankful to JJ Nakayama for allowing me to use his copy of the NTT Psycholinguistic Databases, which was essential for my dissertation research. Takashi Otake and Anne Cutler also had a great impact on my interests in spoken word recognition and encouraged me to pursue my PhD study here at The Ohio State University. They provided me a great opportunity to work as a research assistant for a couple of important studies in Japanese word recognition. Without such experience, I wouldn’t have become a PhD student at the Ohio State University. Takashi Otake is my master’s adviser who encouraged me to pursue my PhD. He has always been supportive for more than 10 years. All my dissertation experiments were conducted at his lab. Without his support, this dissertation wouldn’t exist. Anne Cutler is also an excellent role model as a researcher. I decided to pursue my graduate work in the states because I wanted to be a researcher like her. Her energetic and enthusiastic attitudes towards research inspired me a lot. I also owe a great deal of gratitude to the Labbies, teachers, staff, and friends at OSU. They always offered me help whenever I needed it: Beth Hume, Jan Edwards, JJ Nakayama, Osamu Fujimura, Matt Makashay, Satoko Katagiri, Janice Fon, Pauline Welby, Steve Winters, Laurie Maynell, Allison, Blodgett, Tsan Huang, Georgios Tserdanelis, Misun Seo, Peggy Wong, Grant McGuire, Craig Hilts, Robbin Dautricourt, v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Amanda Miller-Ockhuizen, Jennifer Venditti, Stefanie Jannedy, Mariapaola DTmperio, Liz Strand, Rebecca Herman, Jennifer Vannest, Julie McGory, Nick Cipollone, Sanae Eda, Kooichi Sawasaki, Jim Harmon, and Matt Hyclak. I thank my family members who have been always thinking of me from Japan: my parents, Susumu and Rumiko Yoneyama, my younger brother and my sister-in-law Kiyoshi and Yumi Yoneyama; and my youngest brother, Kazunari Yoneyama. My dearest grandmother who passed away at the age of 96 in December, 2001, had been supportive for my entire life. She did not go to school, but she was always
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