1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 273 KANSAS PUERTO RICO Otto T. Kappelmann, White City. Jenaro Vazquez, Central Aguirre. MASSACHUSETTS Felipe B. Cruz, Vieques. Frank A. Malley, Adams. UTAH Gertrude A. Davis, Assonet. James H. Rampton, Bountiful. Ignatius B. Cleary, Auburn. June W. Black, Delta. Paul W. Karr, Chatham. William H. Case, Duchesne. J. Francis Currie, East Bridgewater. James L. Willardsen, Ephraim. Stephen E. Malone, East Longmeadow. Mary Jeanette M. Smith, Farmington. Augustus Joseph Formhals, Erving. Melvin Bryan, Ferron. James R. Mansfield, Haydenville. Cantril Nielsen, Hyrum. John P. Connolly, Hopedale. George T. Williams, Kamas. Genevieve V. Dian, Linwood. Asa Clair Forci, Kanab. Mary E. Healy, Littleton. John M. Bernhisel, Lewiston. Charles H. Slowey, Lowell. Andrew J. Judd, Manti. Alliston S. Barstow, Marshfield. Anna M. Long, Marysvale. James L. Ivory, Millbury. Rudolph Church, Panguitch. Emma E. Murphy, Minot. S. Milton Webb, Richmond. Thomas F. Coady, North Attleboro. John M. Madsen, Riverton. David J. Templeton, North Cohasset. John Austin ·pack, Roosevelt. Franklin G. Cleasby, Jr., Rehoboth. William Hazen Hillyard, Smithfield. William D. Powers, Rockport. Frank Gibson Eastman, -Tooele. John T. Enneguess, south Acton. Millie N. Lyman, Wendover. Elsie M. Dearborn, South Attleboro. David R. Kinsley, West ·Acton. · WEST VIRGINIA Sara H. Jones, West Barnstable. Frank C. Ellis, Dunbar. Amasa W. Baxter, West Falmouth. Finley A. Carpenter, Fairview. Hugh L. Lyons, West Medway. Marion T. Jones, Kimball. John J. Troy, West Stockbridge. Gertie Post Rector, Lost Creek. Joseph D. Colbert, West Upton. Esta B. Combs, Man. MISSISSIPPI Clyde M. Rightmire, Mill Creek. Lewis H. M. Christie, Renick. Annie S. Langston, Clinton. Russell L. Francis, Smithfield. George H. Fleming, Crandall. Charles Dillard, Walton. Cleo S. Parker, Cruger. Lee S. Switzer, Weston. Josie P. Bullock, Drew. Jesse E. Patridge, Duck Hill. Mable C. Whitaker, GUnnison. Vivian Bass, Hazlehurst. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES William Liston, Kilmichael. THURSDAY, JANUARY 11, 1940 Boyd D. McMillin, Louisvllle. Ethel B. Young, Nettleton. The House -met at 12· o'clock noon. Blanche M. Gallaspy, Pelahatchee. The Chaplain, Rev. James Shera Montgomery, D. D., offered Thomas R. Pearson, Picayune. the following prayer: · Robert R. Smith, Poplarville. Immortal God, 0 Love Divine, Thou who hast borne our Joseph Davenport, Port Gibson. sins upon the tree and tasted the sharpness of death for every Mary G. Flowers, Roxie. man, hear our prayer. We praise Thee that Thou hast Grace M. Williams, Silver Creek. opened the kingdom of heaven for all mankind. Forbid, John T. Rainer, Taylorsville. dear Lord, that we should by neglect, indifference, or shame­ Julian E. Morgan, Vardaman. less greed crucify Thee afresh. 0 Lamp of God, that shines NEW MEXICO from the heights of yonder sacred hill, the Light which comes Frances I. Burch, Alamogordo. from the breast of eternity, shine upon the nations.- Let James G. Lanier, Aztec. the voice of God, full of wisdom and affection, fall upon all Paul Nesbitt, Chama. peoples and shake the earth. By the blessed thought of Him Wisdom E. Bilbrey, Fort Bayard. who for earth's freedom died and lives again, let us choose Katherine L. Hall, Hatch. the righteous side and thus hope and pray to turn the trem­ Oliver Jackson Hull, Ruidoso. bling scales of the sad world's sorrow. Through Christ our Luis A. Trujillo, Taos. Saviour: Amen. The Journal of the proceedings of yesterday was read and Higinio M. Vigil, Wagon Mound. approved. NEW YORK MI;:SSAGE_FROM THE PRESIDENT Andrew D. Peloubet, Athens. A message in writing from the President of the United Arthur J. Gormley, Belfast. States was communicated to the House by Mr. Latta, one of Frank M. Hughes, Bolivar. his secretaries. Anna R. Cronin, Brant Lake. EXTENSION OF REMARKS Seth B. Howes, Brewster. Mr. PITTENGER. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent Theodore Thomas Smith, Camden. to extend my own remarks in the RECORD in connection with Grace L. Sullivan, Canton. the Dies committee. Katherine G. Bement, Clifton Springs. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the William J. Rokos, Congers. gentleman from Minnesota? Ellen Longpre, Copiague. There was no objection. Harrie J. Millspaugh, Corning. PERMISSION TO ADDRESS THE HOUSE Jacob Tolosky, Dannemora. Mr. BYRNS of Tennessee. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous James E. Dailey, Deposit. consent to address the House for 1 minute. LXXXVI-18 274 CONG-RESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JANUARY 11 The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the the day and following any ·special orders heretofore made, I gentleman from Tennessee? may be permitted to address the House for 15 minutes. There was no objection. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the Mr. BYRNS of Tennessee. Mr. Speaker, it is distinctly not Commissioner from Puerto Rico? a partisan matter about which I address the House at this There was no objection. time. It is a matter which concerns every Representative of EXTENSION OF REMARKS the American people. Mr. CELLER. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to I have long noticed countless evidences of insolence and extend my own remarks in the RECORD by inserting therein a arrogance on the part of two-bit nitwits in the Federal service statement entitled "The American Forum of the Air," con­ in the District of Columbia, but this morning there came the taining brief statements by Miss Frances Perkins, Secretary cro:wning evidence of that action on the part of any one of of Labor; Gov. Paul McNutt, Federal Security Administrator; these Federal taxeaters. I called Mr. Paul Edwards, who has and others. I am informed by the Government Printing the privilege of being the head of the W. P. A. for the Dis­ Office that the cost of .printing this material will be $202.50. trict of Columbia and asked for an appointment with him for The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the one of my former constituents. I was told by his secretary gentleman from New York? that Mr. Edwards was "too big and too busy" a man to be There was no objection. annoyed by such matters. I told her I wanted an appoint­ Mr. CELLER. Mr. Speaker, I further ask unanimous con­ ment with him. She said if Mr. Edwards could find a vacant sent to extend my own remarks in the RECORD and include place on his calendar he might grant me an audience. therein an address delivered by Henry Monsky, president of I wish to say to the Members of this House that the time B'nai B'rith, in honor of Hon. Irving Lehman, Chief Justice has come to curb the insolence, the arrogance, and the impu­ of the New York State Court of Appeals, and his reply thereto. dence of such persons in the Federal employ, who seem to think that they are the masters of the people who are paying The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the their salaries instead of their servants. [Applause.] gentleman from New York? ·I wish to s~y to the House that we are the Representatives There was no objection. in Congress of all of the people of the United States, who pay Mr. BLOOM. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent to the taxes and carry the load of government. I wish to say extend my own remarks in the RECORD and to include therein that impudence to us is impudence to those whom we have a timely and inspiring statement on Americanism by the the honor to represent. I for one have had more than enough Right Reverend James E. Freeman, D. D., LL. D., bishop of of it and I am willing to join with other Members of Congress Washington, and also an ·address by the Honorable Sumner to d~ anything and everything possible to curb this bureauc­ Welles, Under Secretary of State, delivered at the inaugural racy at the first possible moment. [Applause.] meeting of the Inter-American Financial and Economic Ad­ During the time that I have been a Representative in the visory Committee at the Pan American Union, November 15, Congress, which, I believe, is more important than the posi­ 1939. tion occupied by Mr. Edwards, I have never considered myself The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the "too big or too busy" to receive into my office any person who gentleman from New York? comes there asking for an interview. The taxpayers of the There was no objection. United States pay my salary and pay that of Mr. Paul Ed­ Mr. THOMAS of New Jersey. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani­ wards of New Jersey, and I believe that the time has come mous consent to extend my own remarks in the RECORD and when 'the Congress of the United States, representing, as it include therein a brief editorial. does, the voters and taxpayers of this great country, should The· SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the recognize the fact that the situation in Washington has gentleman from New Jersey? grown well-nigh intolerable and something should and must There was no objection. be done about it at this session of Congress. There are any ANNOUNCEMENT number of persons on the Federal pay roll in the District who Mr. GILLIE. Mr. Speaker, when the roll was called yes­ have grown fat in their own conceit and consequently inso­ terday afternoon on the passage of the bill H. R. 801, the lent, impudent, arrogant, and insulting to those who seek. to antilynching bill, I was attending an agricultural meeting. interview them on matters of public importance on which Had I been present I would have voted "yea." they, these insolent bureaucrats, are employed. .The time EXTENSION OF REMARKS has come in my opinion, for the Congress of the Umted States Mr. LAMBERTSON. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous con­ to take back into their hands the government of this great sent to extend my own remarks in the RECORD and include people and to restore it to the sources from which it originally therein an editorial. sprang, to the citizens and the taxpay~rs, rather than to the tyrannical, despotic, insolent, and impudent control of such The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the bureaucrats as Mr. Paul Edwards, his office staff, and those gentleman from Kansas? who conduct themselves in like style. [Applause.] There was no objection. EXTENSION OF REMARKS EMERGENCY SUPPLEMENTAL APPROPRIATION BILL, FISCAL YEAR 1940 Mr. SCRUGHAM. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent Mr. WOODRUM of Virginia. Mr. Speaker, I move that the to extend my own remarks 1n the RECORD to pay a tribute to House resolve itself into the Committee of the Whole House the late Representative Sirovich on behalf of the Democratic on the state of the Union for the consideration of the bill steering committee. (H. R. 7805) making supplemental appropriations for the The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the Military and Naval Establishments, Coast Guard, and Federal gentleman from Nevada? Bureau of Investigation for the fiscal year ending June 30, There was no objection. 1940, and for other purposes; and, pending that motion, I ask unanimous consent that general debate continue through the PERMISSION TO ADDRESS THE HOUSE day, the time to be equally divided and controlled by the Mr. SMITH of Ohio. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous con­ gentleman from New York [Mr. TABER] and myself. sent that on next Monday, after the disposition of matters on The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the the Speaker's table and at the conclusion of the legislative gentleman from Virginia? business of the day, I may be permitted to aqdress the House There was no objection. for 30 minutes on the subject of the 1941 Budget. The motion was agreed to. The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the Accordingly the House resolved itself into the Committee gentleman from Ohio? of the Whole House on the state of the Union for the con­ There was no cbjcction. sideration of the bill H. R. 7805, with Mr. JoNES of Texas in Mr. PAGAN. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that the chair. on tomorrow, at the conclusion of the legislative program of The Clerk read the title of the bill. 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 275 By unanimous consent, the first reading of the bill was he will run head-on into what we are just about to run into dispensed with. now-pay day! We are up against the ceiling of our na­ Mr. WOODRUM of Virginia. Mr. Chairman, I yield my­ tional-debt limit; and, my friends, if you think you have had self 30 minutes. hard problems to tackle, if you think you have had hard nuts Mr. Chairman, the bill now before the House for considera­ to crack, then I would like for you to envision the day when tion is H. R. 7805, containing emergency supplemental appro­ we have sat here, as a Congress, deliberately, and appropriated priations made necessary by the President's Executive order funds that were not in the Treasury and that we could not of September 8, 1939, decllaring the existence of a "limited borrow and when you have to go to work and increase the national emergency," and providing for certain increases in national-debt limit of this country. personnel and equipment for the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, This is the problem and this is the challenge that we must and Coast Guard. The original Budget estimates called for meet in this session. an expenditure of $271,999,523. This amount has been re­ MY RECORD duced by the committee to $267,197,908, or a net reduction I would like to record here again in the RECORD the fact that made by the committee of $4,801,615. This net reduction year after year, session after session, I have stood in the Well will be further increased during the consideration of the of this House making the appeal that I am making today, bill, and it is anticipated that the final reduction under admonishing and pleading with my colleagues that we indi­ Budget estimates will total $7,387,656. vidually and collectively try to take stock of this situation and This being the first appropriation bill taken up for con­ try to bring about a condition where our expenditures would sideration, I should like to make a few general observations be more nearly in accordance with the revenues which are on the budgetary situation. collected by the Treasury. PEACE AND SECURITY OF AMERICA I have persistently advocated a reduction in Federal ex­ The mind of every thinking American is today gravely penditures and a serious and determined effort to balance concerned with two matters that vitally and intimately affect the Budget of the Federal Government. I recognized the his peace and security as a citizen and the freedom of our necessity, during the period of the so-called depression, for country as a Nation. In the first place he is concerned, if the expenditure of large outlays of Federal funds for the pur­ he is a thinking American, about our security from· the pose of meeting relief needs and stimulating recovery and standpoint of national defense, and our ability to ·protect our have consistently supported the President's program in that right to peace, should that right be challenged in any form, regard. But I have never subscribed to that school of thought by any foe. that lavish public spending was sound business judgment or In the second place, if he is .a thinking citizen, he is the way to economic stability. concerned over the situation of our national economy, and is Before the inauguration of President Roosevelt I took a anxious to see it so coordinated that it will provide economic stand on this matter which I have never abandoned, and security and protection for all of our people. to clarify the record I want to quot~ briefly from an ad­ NATIONAL FINANCES dress I made in this body on the 29th of December 1932, On the economic front, in my judgment, our country faces Which iS found in the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD of the second a critical situation, a condition that · challenges the indi­ session of the Seventy-second Congress, part 1, page 1067: vidual and the collective courage, patriotism, and determina­ In my judgment, there is only one logical way to balance the tion of not only the Congress and the Chief Executive but Federal Budget, and that is in the way we are doing it now, and not in the way we did it in the last session of Congress. At the the people of our country. last session of Congress we worked on a revenue bill first, and We are going into the eleventh year when, as a Nation, my complaint was that we were putting the cart before the horse; we have run our Government by deficit financing. The that the first duty of. the legislative body was to try to cut Fed­ eral expenditures ~s low as they could possibly be reduced without national deficit or the unbalanced Budget is not just the impairing necessary functions of government, and then to raise product of the present regime. The disjointed economic enough revenue to run the Government. The Government has got condition of our country, the paradoxical situation-that in to operate. We cannot cease functioning. We have got to have the richest country on the face of the earth, where, ap­ enough revenue to pay the bill; but the first duty of Congress is to see how low it can get the bill, and raise additional revenue parently we seem to have too much of everything-too much as a last resort. That is the program of Governor Roosevelt, as of wheat, too much of corn, too much of cotton, too much of I understand it. The press reports him as saying that he believes hunger, too much of nakedness, too much of unemployment, the way to balance the Budget is to reduce public expenditures to the lowest possible level and then raise sufficient revenue to together with deficit financing-is not just an innovation of pay the bill. meet the expenses of the Government, and that is what the New Deal. We inherited it. It came to us from the Congress is doing now. "good old days." It started way back down the line. It came on to us immediately from the regime of our predeces­ On March 30, 1937, I addressed the House at length upon sor, Mr. Hoover. He and his party started the ball rolling the subject, and take the liberty of quoting a few brief para­ with a deficit in 1931 of $500,000,000. Followed then a graphs from that address: deficit in 1932 of two billion and a half, and so on. I do not We have come now to another cycle in this campaign of prog­ ress. If we would perpetuate these splendid victories, if we would believe it is fair to charge any one person, any one party, or preserve this equality that we have approximated for our agricul­ any one individual with the economic situation that exists tural population, if we would perpetuate this new opportunity that today. It has been a cumulative affair, and produced by a we have given to the laboring people of the country, if we would make steadfast the new security that we have brought to the aged variety of causes. and infirm, if we would try to carry on the opportunities for edu­ But the fact remains that the genius and the purpose of cation and advancement that we have afforded to the youth of our both great political parties in our country, if you please, have country, then we must with steadfast determination, from now on, speed to the task of achieving another objective which has been not been able to so coordinate our national economy as to delayed of necessity-and that the one which calls for a more even meet this challenge. I shall not pause here to recall again balance between our income and our public expenditures. the condition of our country when the present administration In sounding this note I would not wish to suggest for a moment came into power. That is a vivid picture none will forget. that we retreat from these splendid undertakings or abandon this splendid new service which this Government, under its enlightened There was a grave and a threatening situation. It has been leadership, is bringing to our people. Many of these emergency met. Charge us with our failures and credit us with our functions properly belong to the States and municipalities; but accomplishments, and I think the result is one which reflects the Federal Government of sheer necessity had to take them up. credit and a sincere desire to serve the country at a time of With a return to approximately normal conditions then unques­ tionably again States and municipalities should move prominently great national crisis. and aggressively into the center of this picture, and the Federal Now, it does not take an economist or a Philadelphia law­ Government, in many instances, should move out. yer to understand the simple, fundamental fact that no indi­ But here again we could not stand on form and ceremony. The vidual and no nation-because the same fundamental truths job had to be done, and it had to be done quickly. But we are a foolish people if we seek to blind our eyes to the fact that we cannot apply to each-can continue to go ahead spending more than go on for an indefinite period without regard to the mounting cost it takes in. [Applause.] Some day, somewhere, somehow, of government. We cannot continue to borrow and spend and 276 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JANUARY 11 spend and borrow unless we are reconciled to meet head-on some are always for balancing the Budget and we are for economy day the fiddler when he comes to collect his pay, and come he surely will. if it does not cut something in which we are particularly interested. It will neve1· be done unless we are willing to Again, as late as January 24, 1938, I called upon Congress make some sacrifices. to set our financial house in order, and expressed in that What is this program which the President has outlined, address the very earnest hope that Congress would reassume and what is the objective that he has set before Congress in its legislative prerogative in the matter of appropriations. this session? 'Ib.e Budget for 1941 as transmitted by the One thing I think has been fairly well demonstrated, and President shows an excess of expenditure over receipts, ex­ that is that you cannot balance the Budget by talking. If clusive of debt retirement, to be replaced by borrowing, of eloquent speeches, front-page bombastic statements, and great $2,876,000,000. 'Ib.e Budget anticipates a reduction of this rabble-rousing orations, or, . indeed, very serious and con­ deficit in the following manner: A return of surplus funds scientious promises would straighten this thing out and meet from Government corporations of $700,000,000. I do not the challenge, then it would long ago have been met, because know how that is to be done. I have not figured that out, but I fancy each and every one of us in the legislative branch, that is the headache of the executive branch of the Govern­ as well as those in the executive branch of the Government, ment. I am going to assume they will figw·e it out and that has been long on promises· but just a little short on execu­ they will get that $700,000,000. tion. We cannot do it by talk. I remember once some years It contemplates raising $460,000,00 new taxes. 'Ib.at could ago when I had a notion that I wanted to play golf. In fact, be done, and it should be done. The people of this country I might have been under the illusion that I could pl~y golf, can raise a reasonable amount of additional taxes to help set and I persuaded a young friend· of mine to go out with me. our economic house in order, and for one I am ready to vote I went out with him the first day he went around the links. for it whenever the Ways and Means Committee brings us It was a harrowing experience, not only for him and myself such a program. but for the rest of the people who were within seeing or hear­ ing distance. When we got back I said, "Well, how do you On thls basis it would leave us a net deficit for fiscal year feel about it?" He said, "I have learned something today." 1941 of $1,716,000,000 as against nearly $4,000,000,000 in this I said, "'Ib.at is fine; you have made progress if the first time current fiscal year. If that objective could be accomplished, you go around the golf links you have learned one thing, for it would be one of the brightest days that has been attained you have accomplished something. What did you learn?" in the economic history of this country in the present decade. He replied, "I have learned that you cannot put that ball in And mark you this: If we attain that objective set by the the hole by cussing it." Mr. Chairman, you cannot balance President, we will then be within $61,000,000 of the total the Budget by cussing it and by railing at it. It takes delib­ authorized national debt. Everything has to go according erate, firm, and courageous action, and that is what I hope to this program or we have reached the ceiling of the national to see during this present session of Congress. [Applause.] debt limit or gone beyond it. Now, to attain that objective we have a very distinct part, and that is not to, in the THE PRESENT BUDGET aggregate, exceed the amount of budgeted expenditures which A few days ago we heard our great President address the · the Chief Executive has sent here. I do hope and I do trust Congress on the state of the Union, and then the next day we that the House of Representatives, under the leadership of heard his Budget message read. I was delighted, and, in the Appropriations Committee, will see to it that if we do go fact, I was inspired and moved somewhat in the phrase of beyond the national-debt limit that it will not be because we that good, old Methodist hymn: have failed to do our part. I do not believe we as Congress­ This is the day I long have sought men could perform any greater duty to our constituents in And mourned because I found it not. this Congress than to achieve the objective set out by the Here was a Budget that held out the hope of reducing the President in this Budget message. That is, to get back to national deficit nearly $2,000,000,000 for the next fiscal year. safe and logical control of our finances. C~n­ Here was an objective, if you please, a challenge to the HOUSE BUILT ON SAND gress to stop the rising curve of the cost of government w.hlCh threatens the economic security of our country, to stop It on The Book of Books tells us of a foolish man who built his its upward rush and turn it down again. I was delighted. house on a foundation of shifting sand. The storms came and I accept it at its face value in good faith, and for one, I swept it away. There can be no economic recovery that will expect to go down the line 100 percent with the President in last, no real and lasting prosperity that will be secure, so this attempt to set our economic house in order. What does long as our Government runs its fiscal affairs in the red. it promise? It does not promise to balance the Federal Such a continued course of procedure is a distinct menace to Budget in 1 year. 'Ib.ose gentlemen who make speeches of the economic security of our country. Let me quote to you that kind are just trying to "cuss the ball into the hole." something the PreSident said on that subject in 1933. Speak­ Such a thing cannot be done. You could not balance the ing of the unbalanced Budget and deficit financing, he said: Federal Budget in 1 year or in 2 years for that matter with­ With the utmost seriousness I point out to the Congress the pro­ out almost causing a revolution in this country. You could found effect of this fact upon our national economy. It has contributed to the recent collapse of our banking structure. It has not so drastically cut governmental expenses in any 1 year accentuated the stagnation of the economic life of our people. It without taking all relief away from people in need of it, with­ has added to the ranks of the unemployed. Our Government's out drastically cutting the pensions of our soldiers, without house is not in order, and for many reasons no effective action has been taken to restore it to order. drastically cutting the benefits which we have been giving Upon the unimpaired credit of the United States Government agriculture, and without practically dismantling many of the rest the safety of deposits, the security of insurance policies, the necessary governmental functions, which it is just as much activity of industrial enterprises, the value of our agricultural prod­ our duty to maintain as it is our duty to dispense with those ucts, and the availability of employment. The credit of the United states Government definitely ·affects .these fundamental human not necessary. The Budget cannot be balanced in 1 year values. It therefore becomes our first concern to make secure the unless we want to levy intolerable and burdensome taxes on foundation. National recovery depends upon it. the people. No one wishes to do this. What we can do, Too often in recent history liberal governments have been wrecked . however, is to set an objective, to try to make these two ·on rocks of loose fiscal policy. We must avoid this danger . It is too late for a leisurely approach to this problem. We must lines meet, reduce our expenditures, discontinue unnecessary not wait to act several months hence. The emergency is accentu­ functions of government, and at the same time try to in­ ated by the necessit~ of meeting great refunding operations this crease the revenues of this country. That is the program sp~~g.must move with a direct and resolute purpose now. The which the President has outlined in his Budget. That is the Members of the Congress and I are pledged to immediate economy. objective which he has set. Of course, it does not please some. A friend of mine once speaking about political con­ 'Ib.at is what our President said in 1933. I believe that that troversy-and I was trying to get him to make peace with is his philosophy of government today. It certainly is. min~. some of his political enemies-said, "I am always for peace, It has been mine from that day to this, as my record m this providing I can lead the procession." We, as Congressmen, House will show. 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 277

LABOR Following, is a brief summary of the items: May I say to those of you who represent many working people in this country, people who are now working and P reviously Addition al Committee appropriated, amount now recommenda· people who want to work, I do not believe anything would 1940 requested tion so help that great body of people as to give some encourage­ ment to business and industry that the finances of our Gov­ War D epartment______$742, 143,291 $119,999,842 $116, 218,345 ernment had been set in order; that it had been brought to a N avy Depar tment______778, 188,011 146,049, 256 145,082, 238 · F ederal Bureau of Investigation. ______7, 300,000 1, 475, 000 1, 475, 000 sensible and logical basis; and that business and industry Coast Guard , includ ing Ligh tho u~e may with assurance go forward and open up with expansion Ser vice______37, 325, 087 4, 475,425 4, 422,325 1------1------1------and development in order to give people jobs. I do not T otaL __ ___ ------______------271, 999, 523 267, 197, 908 believe that those who now work and those who wish to work want gratuities from the Federal Treasury. I do not THE INCREASES believe there is anything that would help them more than to The authorized strength of the United States Army, · as try to achieve the objectives set out in the Budget message. carried in the regular 1940 bill, was 280,000. We had previ­ AGRICULTURE ously appropriated for 210,000 enlisted strength of the Army. My colleagues who represent the great agricultural popu­ The Executive order raised this 210,000 to 227,000, an increase lation of this country, it is not a complimentary thing to say of 17,000 in the United States Army, and still 53,000 under to the two great political parties-and, my friends, the honors the authorized strength which Congress had set for the Army. are evenly divided-that the only thing up to this good hour I cite this in answer to the statement that has so often been that we have been able to offer agriculture as a solution is made that the Chief Executive had seized upon this authority bigger and better hand-outs. Oh, on this-the Democratic­ that he had in an emergency to build up unnecessarily our side of the aisle we have given them plenty, and on that­ defense forces. The Army, even with this appropriation the Republican-side of the aisle you gentlemen promise to given in the emergency, is still 53,000 under what the Presi­ give them more in the way of subsidies and hand-outs. That dent could have provided for had he wished to exercise to the is not what agriculture wants in this country. It seems to fullest extent the Executive authority which he had in the me there should be a logical solution of this problem. I do emergency. not know what it is, but it does seem to me that the purpose The Navy: The authorized strength of the Navy, as set by and determination of the people of America should be able Congress, is 131,485. The authorized strength in an emer.:. to find a program, a formula, a solution whereby the man gency is 191,000. The regular 1940 appropriations which on t.he farm would be able to get an honest day's living out of we have passed provided for 116,000. The Executive order an honest day's work. It seems to me the people in America raised them to 145,000, or an increase of 29,000, which leaves who use the products of his land and the fruit of the sweat it still 46,000 under the authorized emergency strength of of his brow are willing to pay him for an honest day's the Navy. work. If we are not paying that, then I believe every honest The Marine Corps: The authorized strength of the Marine :American citizen is willing to pay enough so that he will get Corps is 38,20-0. The regular 1940 appropriation bill pro­ it. But I do deplore this idea of at every session of Congress vided for 19,000. The Executive order increased this to having more and bigger and better subsidies and gratuities. 25,000, or an increase of 6,000, which leaves it still 13,200 I know that is not necessary, and I know that is not the under what might have been provided for had the President answer. Any doctor who undertakes to carry his patient on sought to avail himself of his full authority in the circum­ and on and on by giving him a shot of dope every little while stances. is not a very good physician. That is what we are doing with agriculture. The National Guard: The authorized strength of the Na­ Mr. CANNON of Missouri. Mr. Chairman, will the gen­ tional Guard is 424,800. We had previously provided for tleman yield? 196,000. The Executive order increased this number to 235,- Mr. WOODRUM of Virginia. I yield. 000, or an increase of 40,000, which leaves it still · 189,800 Mr. CANNON of Missouri. Many years ago I attended a below what might have been provided had the President camp meeting and when the minister would give voice to some wished to do so. particularly impressive truth the brethren and sisters over in Mr. RICH. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? the "amen" corner would give him a loud "amen." I want to Mr. WOODRUM of Virginia. I yield. take the opportunity now to say "amen" to what the gentle­ Mr. RICH. This Executive order requires the expenditure man has said, that neither party up to this time, notwith­ of one-quarter of a billion dollars for the increase of the standing the fact that both of them have promised the Army and Navy. Can the gentleman tell us to what extent farmer equality, has carried out its commitments. As the the President, by Executive order, rilight have increased the gentleman from Virginia well says, giving them bigger and functions of the personnel of the armed forces and what the better handouts does not solve this problem. I trust those peak expenditure would be if he chose to do so? who have that phase of the question in charge here in the Mr. WOODRUM of Virginia. The figures I just quoted House will take the gentleman's remarks to heart. show, from the standpoint of personnel, what was provided Mr. WOODRUM of Virginia. I thank the gentleman. for. They are substantially under what might have been NATIONAL DEFENSE provided for within the discretionary authority of the Presi­ Now, I would like to proceed for a moment or two, if I may, dent. I have no way of translating this into dollar cost, on the other matter that I mentioned, the question of the which includes equipment, housing, and the other facilities security of our country from the standpoint of national that go with increased personnel; but, in my judgment, and defense. in the judgment of others who have given a great deal of As I have said, the present bill, which has in it only the thought to it, it would probably have been between three­ items for the Army, the Navy, the Marine Corps, and the quarters of a billion and a billion dollars instead of the Coast Guard made necessary because of the President's Exec­ $271,000,000 now before Congress. utive order of September 8, 1939, carries a total of $267,197,908. Mr. RICH. That is in addition to this $271,000,000? As reported by the committee, it is $4,801,615 less than the Mr. WOODRUM of Virginia. No. I think altogether it Budget estimates. It provides, in my judgment, a very rea­ would have been three-quarters of a billion or a billion rather sonable and a very conservative, but a very necessary, than one-quarter of a billion. strength ening of our defense forces. In my judgment, the Mr. RICH. One further question, if the gentleman will President of the United States was not only justified but he permit: As to these Budget estimates about which we are discharged his duty to the American people as Chief Executive congratulating the President because they represent de­ and as Commander in Chief of the Army and the Navy creases, does the gentleman believe we may get additional when he called upon us to give these necessary additional Budget estimates during this session that would increase this men and implements to our defense forces. amount which the President has already given us? 278 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JANUARY 11 Mr. WOODRUM of Virginia. I believe that is entirely a If you take out a fire-insurance policy on your house or question of what the Congress does in the way of new au ... store, do you contemplate a fire sometime soon? That is, thorizations. I believe that problem. is up to us. I believe usually, you do not. You are simply taking reasonable and there will be no other Budget estimates unless they are real logical precaution against what might or could happen to you. deficiencies. I do not believe there will be other Budget esti­ A]dERICA PREPARES FOR PEACE mates·, but if Congress undertakes to authorize new experi­ Mr. Chairman, if there is one thing that America has learned ments and new ventures and new subsidies, then we maY from world conditions, I hope it is that anything can happen expect additional Budget estimates for them. anywhere. Let us not as citizens ever be foolish enough to Mr. RICH. But the gentleman believes that we are not say that "it cannot happen in America." It can happen going to get additional Budget estimates because of laws that here. We are not getting ready to make war upon anyone. have already been passed. America is preparing, not for war but for peace. America Mr. WOODRUM of Virginia. I believe not. is arming, not for war but for peace. · This program which Mr. RICH. I hope the gentleman is right. the President has sent to. us as an emergency program is Mr. WOODRUM of Virginia. But if we do, I may say to not a war program. It is a peace program. America has the gentleman from Pennsylvania that it is entirely within always stood for peace. Our traditional policy has been to the hands of Congress whether we grant them. live in good fellowship and neighborliness, in peace and in Mr. MAY and Mr. LAMBERTSON rose. accord, with the other nations of the earth. Mr. WOODRUM of Virginia. I yield first to the gentleman [Here the gavel fell.] from Kentucky. Mr. WOODRUM of Virginia. Mr. Chairman, I yield myself Mr. MAY. What I want to suggest to the gentleman from 10 additional minutes. Virginia is that the figures he has given indicate that the Mr. Chairman, never has our battle flag been unfurled in largest personnel increase made by the President is in the a war of conquest. We have no enemies which we wish to civilian component of the Army that is not on regular pay. punish and no grudges which we wish to settle. We only Mr. WOODRUM of Virginia. I appreciate the gentleman's ask-we demand the right, however-to live under our own emphasizing that. chosen form of government, and we do not want any other And in that connection may I say the National Guard and nation, or any group, or any concourse of nations, to come the Organized Reserves come in for-most generous treatment here and undertake to tell us what to do about it. in these items. The following is a summary of what is car­ A few years ago under the administration of Mi. Harding ried for the Guard and Reserves: there was held a peace conference in the city of Washington. National Guard: Chief Justice Hughes presided over this conference. Great (a) 12 additional armory drills------$6,390, 000 (b) Additional 7 days' field training______5, 360,000 Britain, France, Italy, and other nations came and sat around (c) Additional special instruction of officers ( 591) _ 505, 000 the conference table. This was a conference to limit naval (d) New motor equipment ______3,846,000 armament. A treaty or an agreement was drawn up, but (e) Individual equipment and miscellaneous col- lateral expenses--"------3, 822, 000 hardly had the ink of the parties signatory become -dry until they were back home figuring out ways to get around the Total------19,923,000 solemn obligations which they had made. Organized Reserves: Mr. COCHRAN. Will the gentleman yield? (a) Active duty of 1,306 Reserve officers other than Mr. WOODRUM of Virginia. I yield to the gentleman Air Corps ( 508 medical and 798 promotion from Missouri. list) ------1. 975, 000 (b) Active duty, 350 additional officers CI'homason Mr. COCHRAN. In view of what happened to the United Act______520,000 States Navy after that conference, does not the gentleman (c) 14 additional days' training for 2,660 14-day think we ought to be relieyed of listening to that story again trainees______471,000 (d) Additional special instruction of officers (283) _ 231,000 at this time? The gentleman knows we had in process of (e) Earlier employment of Reserve officers on active construction the greatest Navy in the World at that time, duty in Panama than previously contem- and as a result of that conference nearly half a billion dollars plated______121,000 of the taxpayers' money was wasted. (f) Earlier employment of Reserve officers on ac- tive duty in connection with aviation expan- Mr. WOODRUM of Virginia. I appreciate the suggestion sion program than previously contemplated__ 200, 000 that we should not say anything about that; however, we (g) Miscellaneous------107,000 should profit by experience. I want to remind you of a few TotaL ______· ------.3, 725, 000 things when there is talk about America becoming a swash­ buckling, saber-rattling Nation. We came out of that con­ I now yield to the gentleman from Kansas. ference, and Irvin Cobb said that we took a worse licking in Mr. LAMBERTSON. Following out the question asked by that conference than we would ever take or had taken on the the gentleman from Pennsylvania, we must not forget that w~ field of battle. We came out of that conference and scuttled had 25 or 30 supplemental estimates last year after the regular the greatest Navy that any nation on the face of the earth Budget was submitted. ever had, provided we had carried it on to completion. We Mr. WOODRUM of Virginia. They were deficiency esti­ had in the course of construction the greatest Navy that ever mates, and there are always deficiency estimates. We must sailed the seas of the world. We had previously expended remember that in many instances we have been cutting $330,000,000 on the building of those great battleships. Some agencies very close and sometimes real deficiencies come up. of them were from 50 to 55 percent complete, and we are told This cannot be prevented. There are always supplemental that it cost us $25,000,000 to scuttle them. We scuttled those estimates when we pass some new law authorizing new ex­ ships in the interest of trying to bring about peace and dis­ penditures. But to get back to the matter in hand. armament among nations. Chief Justice Hughes said it was WHY HAVE A DEFENSE FORCE? the most magnificent gesture in the interest of world peace Someone says: "It is not any use to do this. Whom are we that had ever been made by any civilized nation. getting ready to fight? Who is going to jump on us? WhY AMERICA FOR PEACE all this preparation?" This same argument would be just as legitimate and just as good against having any Army or Navy Our country wants peace. The President in October 1937, at all. We are not going to fight anybody and nobody is speaking at Chicago, said: going to jump on us; therefore we do not need any Army or America hates war. America hopes for peace; therefore America Navy at all. such an argument in a time like this is not diligently searches for peace. impressive. ·When you take out an accident policy suppose Of course, we shall continue to search for peace, but while someone would ask you: "What are you getting ready to do to we are continuing this search for peace we will follow the yourself? Are you going to run your car over a bank, or break admonition of another Roosevelt, who said, "Speak softly~ your neck?" but carry a big stick." 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-_HOUSE 279 May I say to you, my fellow American citizens, that if our have worked on it, and I can say that when we bring that eyes are open and our ears attuned to what is happening, we bill in here it is going to be very substantially below Budget must know there is only one peace argument which the dic­ estimates, and these cuts will be made in a way that we do tators of Europe understand. That is that the other fellow not believe will cripple any useful Government function. bas a little bigger gun. [Appl:;mse.] This statement, I believe, can apply to four or five other I for one am not willing to take the responsibility of dis­ appropriation bills. · arming and dismantling our country and leaving it to be the Mr. RICH. It certainly ought to gain this end, however, prey of whoever may wish to come along in the days to come. that it will give enlightenment to the Senate so that they We shall continue to search for peace. We shall continue will not keep on increasing the House appropriation. For to try to live in the ways of peace and when that day comes, the last 5 years they have increased every appropriation we and it will come, when the· war-weary nations of the earth are have sent over there. If this plan will only do that much ready to listen to reason, then I hope America will be ready good, it certainly ought to be worth while. to offer its good offices, its sound judgment, and its vigorous Mr. WOODRUM of Virginia. Of course, anything that will leadership toward trying to bring about a lasting peace. But help to hold down appropriations will be worth while, but until that time comes we must continue to see to it that our I wish to say to my friend from Pennsylvania that I am not country is prepared. so much concerned now as to what another body may do. Someone has said: I know very definitely and very positively that if this House · Only he deserves freedom and liberty who is prepared to win it of Representatives will in its heart determine that we are for himself every day. going to hold down expenditures, it does not much matter 0 Freedom! Thou are not, as poets dream, what anybody else does. What I want is a united determina­ A fair young girl, with light and delicate limbs, tion in this Congress to attain this objective, so that if any­ And wavy tresses gushing from the ·cap With which the Roman master crowned his slave thing happens to it, po man, no woman, no group can point When he took off the gyves. A bearded man, their fingers at the Congress and say, "You are the cause of Armed to the teeth, art thou; one mailed h and this thing's happening." [Applause.] Grasps the broad shield, and one the sword; thy brow, Glorious in beauty tho' it be, is scarred [Here the gavel fell.] With tokens of old wars; thy massive limbs Mr. TABER. Mr. Chairman, I yield myself 20 minutes. Are strong with struggling. * · * * Qh! not yet Mr. Chairman, as we begin this session of Congress we are May'st thou unbrace thy corslet, nor lay by faced with problems of a type that have seldom confronted a Thy sword; nor yet, 0 Freedom! close thy lids In slumber; for thine enemy never sleeps, Gongress. Our direct national debt today is approximately And thou must watch and combat 'til the day $42,000,000,000; that is, the acknowledged direct national debt Of the new earth and heaven. * * * which appears upon the daily Treasury statement. Mr. Chairman, in this critical hour the American people In addition, there is another debt, a direct positive debt look to Congress to point the way to national peace and in­ that is liquidated, amounting to. over $1,600,000,000, on · ternal security. Let us not fail them. account of annual gratuities that have been contracted to be Mr. Chairman, I have taken too much time of the Com­ paid by the United States Housing Authority under the mittee, and if there are any questions I will try to answer Housing Act. Further; there is approximately $6 ,000,000,000 them. When the bill is read under the -5-minute ruie there of contingent liabilities where we have guaranteed the bonds will be ample opportunity to give detailed information. of different organizations. In addition to that amount, there Mr. RICH. May I ask the gentleman one more question? are enormous sums of contracts entered into by various local I notice quite a bit of publicity about a joint committee being housing authorities which the Federal Government has guar­ appointed to study the finances of the Federal Government. anteed, and it is absolutely impossible at this stage to tell Yesterday the Senate passed a resolution asking the House where we are on those liabilities. Appropriations Committee and the Ways and Means Com­ Besides these amounts, at the present time, based on the mittee to join in appointing a committee to make a study of present status and with the ·present requirements for the the finances of the Federal Government as well as our spend- . payment of annuities, there is an obligation beyond the ing program. Does the gentleman believe the House will amount that can be figured out as possible receipts under participate with the Senate in this worthy project, and what the Social Security Act under title II of what I estimate does he think will be accomplished if we go into it? Does he to be exceeding $10,000,000,000, and I hope to have actuarial not think it would be a wise thing if the House leaders joined figures to present to the House before long.. There is prob- . in that investigation? ably an obligation under the employees' retirement fund Mr. WOODRUM of Virginia. I can only speak for myself beyond the amount present receipts will provide of several personally, I will say to the gentleman from Pennsylvania, billions of dollars. I expect to have an actuarial estimate because I do not know what the leadership of the House think to present to the House later in the session. There­ about it or what other members of the Appropriations Com­ fore, the total national debt at this time is approximately mittee think. $60,000,000,000. I believe such a conference, before the present Budget Now we are presented with a Budget calling for $8,400,- came to Congress, between the revenue-raising groups of 000,000 of expenditure. I have that Budget in front of me. both bodies and the appropriating groups might have been There are a good many points about it that I do. not under­ most helpfl,ll to the Chief Executive in sending his Budget stand, and I do not know whether anyone else understands it. to the Congress. Of course, any conferences that now may I find on page XX that estimated receipts on account of be held whereby we can make retrenchments should be social security, titles II and vm, taxes, are $632,000,000. The encouraged and looked upon with great favor. I do not amount provided for transfer to trust funds, which would be know exactly what is in the mind of the gentleman who largely on that account, is $225,000,000. In other words, proposed this conference. Again I want to reiterate that you $407,000,000 of funds that shouid go into trust funds are cannot do anything by talking. You cannot do anything not provided to be set up that way, and there is no place by conferring. It takes affirmative action. where they couid be so set up. Speaking now specifically to the practical problem, five of I also find that item of $700,000,000 about which the gen­ the subcommittees of the Appropriations Committee of the tleman from Virginia spoke as return of surplus funds from House of Representatives began hearings on appropriation Government .corporations. 1 pray to God that this $700,- bills immediately after Thanksgiving. Speaking of my own 000,000 will be returned to the Treasury. independent offices subcommittee, we had weeks of careful There is a statement indicating that the national defense hearings. No conference such as has been suggested could expenditures for the fiscal year 1940-that is, this current possibly know as much about the intricate details of that fiscal year-will approximate $1,359,000,000. I call attention bill, covering forty-some Government departments, as the to the fact that as of the first of the year the expenditures subcommittee knows. The majority and minority members were running at a rate which would exceed that, with the 280 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JANUARY 11 progressive increases we have to expect, by at least $100,- time, but as some of them are reached I am going to call 000,000. The estimated appropriations for national defense attention to them and attempt to put some of them in line. for 1941, according to this table on page 19 of the Budget, Some of them I would not question at this time, because they are $1,539,000,000. For the current fiscal year our total ap­ relate to some items of restoration of appropriations for the propriations and contract authorizations for the Army, with­ maintenance of our fleet, which absolutely must be main­ out figuring on the $267,000,000 which is provided in the tained. Some of them relate to the operation of our patrol pending bill, ran approximately $900,000,000, and for the off the coast. Some of that, undoubtedly, is necessary. Navy $812,000,000. The total in the pending bill of $267,000,- Whether all of it is necessary or not, I, frankly, do not know 000, added to the other two items, will make a total of enough to answer. approximately $1,915,000,000, or practically $2,000,000,000. A large part of the additional expense that relates to the I confess that I am unable to understand that kind of one-hundred-and-thirty-odd million dollars that goes to the budgeting. NavY with reference to engineering, construction, and repair, The statement calls for a reduction in the amount of the relates to the reconditioning of the old destroyers of the 1918 working balance in the Treasury of $1,150,000,000 for this to 1923· vintage, which have been out of commission at Phila­ current fiscal year. What the national debt will be by the delphia and San Diego, and putting them back into commis­ end of the fiscal year 1941 it is almost impossible to tell. At sion. The funds that were provided for the regular main­ any rate, the deficit that shows on the balance sheet, without tenance of the fleet are being used for this purpose and, un­ figuring in the other things that have added to the national questionably, we have got to replace these funds regardless debt, is going to be upward of $4,000,000,000. of whether the way that the job was done was the right way Yesterday the Senate passed a resolution providing for a to do it or not and regardless of whether the recommissioning set-up of 24 Members, 6 of the Senate Finance Committee, of those ships was needed or not. 6 of the Senate Appropriations Committee, 6 of the House Frankly I doubt if we need to increase the personnel of the Ways and Means Committee, and 6 of the House Appropria­ NavY as much as this provides for. I doubt if we need to tions Committee, to study the Budget that has been pre­ increase the personnel of the Army as much as has been sented. God knows we do need to study that Budget, and provided for. I doubt if we need as much for the maneuvers we know that unless there is a better understanding of the as is provided for, because I do not see any sense in 4 months problem that we are facing, we are not going to accomplish of maneuvers, but I do. not see any valid reason for objecting to results along the line of cutting down the appropriations. the increase that is asked for in the National Guard, increas­ There has got to be a large group in this Congress that under­ ing the annual drills by 12 and the number in the National stands the menace to the financial integrity of America be­ Guard by approximately 40,000. I do feel that there are fore we are going to be able to keep our appropriations down substantial savings that could be made in this bill. where they belong. Eight billion four hundred million dol­ Mr. RICH. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? lars is ·more than we can possibly raise by taxation. This Mr. TABER. Yes. resolution provides, among other things, that the committee Mr. RICH. A few years ago it was stated that we would shall attempt to formulate a comprehensive fiscal program soon be a billion-dollar Nation in the preparation for war. which will tend, ultimately and at the earliest practicable I call attention to the fact that in 1939 we appropriated for date, to bring revenues and expenditures into balanc;:e. the Army and Navy. over $2,200,000,000. Last year it was a Let me say to you that the Appropriations Committee, if it good bit over a billion and a half. From what the gentleman is going to keep these expenditures down where they belong, knows of the appropriations for the Army and the NavY, · needs not only the cooperation of the top members of the does he have any idea of what the Congress is going to be Ways and Means Committee, but it needs the coop~ration and requested by the President to appropriate through Executive the support of the entire Congress [applause]; and we are not order, as well as the regular routine of appropriations for the going to get anywhere except by getting out to the people the Army and the NavY? serious menace we are facing in respect of our fiscal situation, Mr. TABER. The gentleman is asking me to do an im­ so that they understand the problem we are up against and possible thing, that is, to read the mind of the President. I realize that something must be done to place America upon a anticipate that the appropriations that will be asked for, sound footing and place her where she is not dependent upon including construction of naval vessels, and the meeting of gratuities and grants but upon the sound earnings of her contract authorizations heretofore adopted by this Congress, people. EApplause.J · will run very close to $2,000,000,000 for the fiscal year 1941, Frankly, I do not believe the House of Representatives can although the Budget estimates do not run that high at the afford to turn down a gesture on the part of the Senate look­ present time. They run nearly· that, because there is a sup­ ing to an understanding on the part of the Congress as a plemental provided for of $300,000,000 for 1941, which would whole and of the people generally of this fiscal situation. I make their total approximately $1,839,000,000, besides the believe we should take advantage of that opportunity to administrative expenses, which I have not in mind now, but bring to the attention of the American people the responsi­ which undoubtedly will be $100,000,000. bility that not only belongs to the Executive, to the Senate, Mr. RICH. What does the gentleman figure will be the and to the House of Representatives, but to the people of the annual operating cost additional to the Federal Government United States. We are not going to get the kind of support when this program is concluded, or by the end of 1941? How we need to balance the Budget unless the people of the United much additional will the annual upkeep be? States understand pow serious the situation is. Mr. TABER. It is difficult to answer that. It depends on I now want to talk for a few moments about the bill that is the manner in which we spend money for airplanes, the cost before us .now. It calls for an appropriation of $267,000,000, of them, and all that sort of thing. The regular pay and a very considerable part of which is to take the place of maintenance of the Army itself is easy enough to compute, funds that were spent by order of the President, issued on but when you come to the matter of airplanes and that sort the 8th of September, at a time just before he called the of thing, that is something beyond the ability of anyone to Congress to meet on the 21st of September. If there was need foretell. It depends very largely on the improvements that at that time for funds to increase different·items of our de­ result in airplanes, and the increases in cost that resUlt from; fense, those items should have been submitted to this Con­ the present hostilities across the water, and no man in the gress when it convened on the 21st day of September and not world could estimate anything about that intelligently, or spent for some other purpose than that for which they were answer that question intelligently. There are .four or five appropriated, because to the Congress belongs the power of hundred million dollars that might go into that particular making appropriations. The proper way to meet emergen­ matter in a year. On the other hand, something might re­ cies is to let the Congress pass upon the need of such appro­ sult from those hostilities that would develop a different type priations. of warfare besides the air, and it might develop that some Now, frankly, in my own opinion, many of these items are other type is more useful, which might be less expensive. too large. I am not going to attempt to outline them at this . The gentleman is speculating too much there to get anywhere. 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 281 Mr. CRAWFORD. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman have our house in order to meet a situation, but we do not yield? need to go too far. Mr. TABER. Yes. [Here the gavel fell.J Mr. CRAWFORD. Did I understand the gentleman to say Mr. TABER. Mr. Chairman, I yield myself 4 additional that the President had suggested that the working balance minutes. be reduced in excess of a billion dollars? Mr. MOTT. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? Mr. TABER. He has stated that he was planning to reduce Mr. TABER. I yield. the working balance in the Treasury during the fiscal year Mr. MOTT. The gentleman from Virginia said that the 1940, that is, by the end of June next, by $1,150,000,000. That President's proposal for economy was a challenge to the appears in the Budget on page XIX. Congress. Now, with reference to this particular bill, is it Mr. CRAWFORD. Taking our January 1 figures roughly, not a fact that all of the appropriations here are authorized the working balance is $1,700,000,000. If a reduction of that not by authorization of the Congress, but are authorized by kind should be put into operation-- the President's Executive orders, and that, instead of this Mr. TABER. I beg the gentleman's pardon, but the bal­ being a challenge to the Congress, this is simply a presenta­ ance shown on January 5 is $2,449,000,000. tion to the Congress of a bill by the President in which he Mr. CRAWFORD. The gentleman has included all your says, "Here is what I have done under Executive order and gold and your seigniorage. I am talking about the actual this is what it costs to pay for it." Is that not the case? working balance as shown on the Treasury sheet as '$1,700,- Mr. TABER. That applies to probably 50 or 60 percent 000,000 on January 8. If we take the $2,000,000,000 plus, you of the bill. will have to utilize the so-called free gold held now, plus your Mr. MOTT. Now, let me suggest another question. At seigniorage, to have anything at all. about the time these Executive orders were made Congress Mr. TABER. That is correct. was in special session? Mr. CRAWFORD. Let us go back to the $1,700,000,000 Mr. TABER. Congress was about to be called to meet and actually in balance as of January 8. was to meet within a few days. Mr. TABER. One billion seven hundred and forty million Mr. MOTT. In the gentleman's opinion, would it not dollars. have been better to have presented this program to the Ap­ Mr. CRAWFORD. If you take a billion-plus out of that, propriations Committee, to present the facts and evidence you would have an actual working balance brought down to there, and let the committee decide whether they wanted to around, say, four or five hundred million dollars, which would make. these appropriations or not, instead of going ahead be ridiculous to talk about with the volume of disbursements and putting this program into effect by Executive order and running as they are now. We saw an illustration of that in then calling upon the Appropriations Committee to furnish the past calendar year when the market weakened on Gov­ the money? · ernment bonds. The Treasury must look ahead and must Mr. TABER. Unquestionably that is the proper way for necessarily have a very large working balance on hand to the Executive to proceed. prevent a real catastrophe in the market value of Govern­ Mr. MOTT. I say this with this in mind: That I am in ment bonds. It seems to me that thing should be literally favor of a very large Army and an adequate NaVY, but under exploded, blown to pieces, in this discussion. the circumstances I do not think that an Executive order was Mr. TABER. I think the gentleman is correct, except that the proper way in which to put this program into effect. with disbursements running approximately $700,000,000 a Mr. TABER. That is correct. month, that working balance, with business conditions such Mr. ELSTON. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? as we face, of $550,000,000 or $600,000,000 is rather low. Mr. TABER. I yield. Mr. CRAWFORD. In other words, there is two and a Mr. ELSTON. If it is possible to advise the Congress half billion dollars involved. Now, with reference to the that $700,000,000 will be available to be returned from Gov­ seven hundred million which is to be taken from the capital ernment agencies, does not the gentleman think it would structures of present Government agencies, has the gentle­ also be possible for us to be advised as to what agencies might man gone into that sufficiently to give us any additional in­ return that money, and how much? formation as to where those funds are to be drawn from and Mr. TABER. I think that is correct. I would like to see what agencies are to be affected and how much those capital them return it now. [Applause.] structures are to be reduced? [Here the gavel fell.J Mr. TABER. I have not been able to do that. I do not Mr. TABER. Mr. Chairman, I yield 20 minutes to the know just how it could be done. gentleman from Ohio [Mr. JENKINS]. Mr. VORYS of Ohio. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. Mr. Chairman, it is very unfortu­ yield? nate that there have not been more Members present today Mr. TABER. I yield. to listen to these fine, illuminating speeches by the distin­ Mr. VORYS of Ohio. Was there a statement made before guished gentleman from Virginia [Mr. WOODRUM] and the your committee of what the national emergency is which distinguished gentleman from New York [Mr. TABER]. We requires these expenditures? should consider it a great honor to listen to such a splendid Mr. TABER. Well, it was the enforcement of neutrality. gentleman as the gentleman from Virginia [Mr. WooDRUM], Mr. MASON. Under the 300-mile limit? presenting this bill, and such a splendid gentleman as the Mr. TABER. Well, I do not think it was limited to that. gentleman from New York [Mr. TABER], explaining the facts It was the enforcement of neutrality. and philosophies of the measure. Mr. VORYS of Ohio. Well, who are we to enforce it It may not be facetious if I say to you that it is too bad against? Is that shown in the hearings? Why do we have also there are not more people here to listen to what I this force, and against whom is it to protect us? am going to say [laughter and applause], because it may Mr. TABER. Frankly, with the situation as it exists, I not be too violent an assumption on my part to say that can see reason for elaborate patrol of the territory outside what I am going to talk about may also be very interesting, of our coasts, because there are so many ships running The subject is interesting, but whether I discuss it interest­ around without lights all over the sea that there are likely ingly or not will remain to be seen. But I dare say you will to be disasters beyond the ordinary range. I can see where agree with me that right now there is probably no question there would be considerable criticism on the part of our own so engrossing, so universal in its interest, as the question public if we were not in position to guard our own ships on of whether our President is going to seek a third term. I some sea lanes. I do not anticipate at the present time any want to discuss that proposition as to whether he or any attack on the part of any foreign country against us. Of other President should seek a third term. course, you can never tell when some other country might Mr. Chairman, there is a lively public interest shown in feel that she wanted us in the hostilities on one side or the whether any President should ever run for a third term. This other. I can see why, within moderate reason, we need to interest is intensified by the imminence of a Presidential 282 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JANUARY 11 election and by propaganda. This is not a new question. It can "save the Republic." This is a terrible indictment both of has come up periodically since Washington declined a third the patriotism of the country and the capacity of the members term. Heretofore, as now, the reason or excuse for pressing of these two parties. For the new dealers to raise the cry the agitation has usually been that an inordinately large and that the country needs to be saved is strange. Do they mean ravenous group of Federal employees and Cabinet officers saved from themselves? If that is what they mean, it makes were seeking to perpetuate themselves. sense. But to argue that it is necessary to elect Mr. Roose­ The President, by reason of his departure from the well­ velt for a third term in order to save the country leads us known policies of the Democratic ?arty, has divided that to ask, Has he really been trying to save it for the past 8 party. His adherents call themselves new dealers, leaving years? That, too, might make sense. I repeat, my friends, the others to call themselves Jeffersonian Democrats. This there is no such an emergency as will require a departure cleavage is stronger in its animosities than the cleavage be­ from a course that has been adhered to by the greatest men tween the Jeffersonian Democrats and the Republicans. So of the Nation. If we depart from this course and elect a strong is this cleavage that only recently when I was debat­ President for a third term, we will find ourselves in the midst ing with Hon. Charles West, one of the best known and ablest of an emergency much more dangerous than any we have yet of the new dealers, he was asked from the audience where encountered. would a Jeffersonian Democrat be classified under the argu­ The propaganda employed to make it appear that there ments that we were advancing for our respective sides. Mr. is an emergency is easily analyzed. It all springs from one West replied, in substance, that he could not and would not source. It is actuated by those who hold high places at the assume to speak for the Jeffersonian Democrats, for he him­ pleasure of the present President. They know that when self was not one of them. Mr. Roosevelt ceases to be President that they will be without That is a very significant statement when one of the positions or party affiliations. Will Robert Jackson, Harold substantial Democrats of the Nation out on the hustings is Ickes, or Tommy Corcoran, or Benny Cohen be welcome into forced to admit that there is a group who call themselves Jef­ Jack Garner's party? fersonian Democrats to which he cannot readily belong. If it Mr. SCHAFER of Wisconsin. Mr. Chairman, will the gen­ has come to the time when many Democrats cannot be Jeffer­ tleman yield? sonian Democrats, then the Democratic Party must be facing Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. I yield. a serious division. If there is any man in our history who is Mr. SCHAFER of Wisconsin. The multimillionaire New an authority on this question of Presidential succession in Deal Secretary of the Interior indicated an intention to form office, that man is Thomas Jefferson. There is no doubt that a new party. Perhaps they might light there. this division is largely responsible for this third-term agita­ Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. It might be a good place for them. tion. A Jeffersonian or a Jacksonian Democrat has found It will be a sad day for these paid columnists who have himself at variance with the new dealers in many ways. The risen to great prominence not by reason of their ability but Jeffersonian Democrats believe and respect old principles of solely by reason of their adulation of the new dealers to find republican foil'm of government, while the new dealers stress themselves without inspiration to write. These ambassadors their newness. ·The former is a party of principles, while the who come back from Europe to tell us that there is but one latter is a party of policy. The new dealers refuse to ·respect man that can save us make us stronger in our opinion that precedent. In fact, they boast of their disregard of prece­ they would not have been selected as ambassadors in the first dent. They reject the lamp of experience as a guide to their place except for the social urge and ready contributions of feet. They are new dealers and neither nati{)nal memories thefr million-dollar wives. There is no denial of the fact that nor racial heritages have any magic with them. The fact there are many people in our country who approve some or tbat Jefferson said, in effect, that any President who might many of the Roosevelt policies, but they are not engaging in seek a third term should be defeated does not influence them. this forced propaganda. In fact, it is certain that the Presi­ That is a very significant statement from Jefferson. I dent's best friends are counseling him against becoming a have not an exact quotation of the words here; I did not want candidate for a third term. to encumber the RECORD with them, but that is the substance These propagandists can find no real argument to justify of his statement, and he goes .on record emphatically that, their persistency in suggesting that the President run for his ~n his judgment, any President who sought a third term third term. There is no emergency. There is no war that he should be defeated. can keep us out of. And those who fear that he is trying to Mr. ROBSION of Kentucky. Mr. Chairman, will the put us into a war can allay their fears, for he cannot put us gentleman yield? into war. Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. I gladly yield to my distinguished If these propagandists would strip themselves of their friend from Kentucky. personal interest, they might be able to employ the one argu­ Mr. ROBSION of Kentucky. I ask the gentleman if he will ment which unprejudiced persons employ. It is a weak argu­ not please insert in his remarks the actual quotation to which ment, but it is the only argument. They say that there is no he refers from Jefferson? constitutional prohibition against a President seeking a third Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. Yes; I will. I have it further term. There is none against his seeking a fourth or fifth or along in my speech. I will insert the exact quotation of sixth term, but who would advocate or tolerate a sixth term Jefferson. for any President? To say that the Constitution does not prohibit a third term is no more convincing than to say that That Jackson strongly advocated a constitutional amend­ the Constitution does not sanction a third term. We know ment limiting the term of the President to one term does not that the framers of the Constitution were overwhelmingly deter the new dealers, for with them the end justifies the opposed to a life term for the President. We also know that means. Neither custom nor Constitution presents any ob­ after much · consideration the Constitutional Convention stacles. They .respect no past and fear no future. In all adopted a provision favored by Jefferson fixing the term at seriousness, this course is not the proper course for America. 7 years, with no second term. This provision was carried in All around us we see this philosophy of government bringing the drafted Constitution for some time and was considered national dissension in other countries. Making this appli­ as having been a closed matter until the second or third day cable to the matter under discussion they can see no merit before final adjournment, when the matter was taken up in Jefferson's position. Neither can they recognize that Jack­ again and changed so as to provide for a term of 4 years. son had a profound conviction that to continue a President They thought that 7 years was too long, but that if a person in office for a long term of years was dangerous and wquld served acceptably for 4 years the people could be trusted to surely jeopardize the existence of the Republic. The new give him 4 more years, or 8 in all. Jefferson ratified this dealers have been so accustomed to getting what they want change, and in doing so said: · by crying "Emergency! Emergency!" that they now wish to put My wish, therefore, was that the President should be elected for their party and the Jefferson Democratic Party in the position 7 years and be ineligible afterward. This term I thought suffi.cient that there is but one man in either of these two parties that to enable him, with the concurrence of the legislature, to carry 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 283 through and establish any system of improvement he should pro­ term, our majority leader is serving his fourteenth term, our pose for the general good. But the practice adopted I think is better, allowing his continuance for 8 years, with a liability to be minority leader is serving his eighth term, and so it goes. dropped at the halfway of the term, making that a period of Who is it but will agree that each of them should be reelected probation. if he wishes? There is a real fundamental reason why an Executive should · But, my friends, where is there a man so foolhardy as to not be selected for long tenure or for successive terms. Jeffer­ say that he would favor the reelection of any one man to serve son voiced this reason when he said: as President for 24 years? Yes; you may say "that is differ­ If some termination to the services of the Chief Magistrate be ent, I only am voting for a third term now." Yes; I know, not fixed by the Constitution or supplied by practice, his office, but a third term for a President means an abandonment of a nominally for years, will in fact become for life; and history shows precedent that has become by time-honored custom a part of how easily that degenerates into an inheritance. our republican system of government. When Jefferson said "his office nominally for years will in Mr. LUDLOW. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? fact become for life," he knew what we know, that if we ever Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. I yield. break this third-term rule for a President he will be President Mr. LUDLOW. The gentleman has spoken about likely for life if he desires it. Democrats, and I ask him about available material on his Some men may be strong enough to carry on the democratic own side. processes of a government for life, but history does not name Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. I said there were many Democrats one. On the contrary, history shows where bureaucracy has who would make good leaders, and I may say to the distin­ throttled the strongest. When the executive usurps the other guished gentleman from Indiana that if he were the Demo­ branches and the orderly processes of government fail, the cratic candidate I think he would have the support of every constitution is impotent. An impotent constitution in the Democrat in the United States. hands of a senile, benevolent dictator is as impotent as in the Mr. LUDLOW. What about available timber on that side hands of a despotic dictator. When a dictator, benevolent of the aisle over there? Let me say that there is no more or despotic, comes in, the constitution goes out. able Member on the Republican side and no Member over And when Jefferson said "and history shows how e,asily that there who more faithfully represents the philosophy of the degenerates into an inheritance" he was appraising accurately great Republican Party than the distinguished gentleman the situation of his day, · for monarchies were then in their from Ohio who now occupies the floor EMr. JENKINs]. There heyday. But I would not fear that now. If we lose our form are numerous able gentlemen on that side, and I hope the of government-and God forbid that we do-we will not find gentleman will not overlook them in his inventory of candi­ ourselves under a monarchy. What we need to fear is a repe­ dates. I appreciate the complimentary reference the gentle­ tition of what happened in much of EUrope in the past 15 man made about me, and if he. feels that he can deliver the years. Today the real issue in the European conflict is whether Democratic nomination to me, I will accept, and close ·the life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness are the inalienable entries right now. rights of men or whether it is the duty of man to fatalistically Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. I thank the gentleman for his kind fit himself into the mass called humanity, not daring to claim words. In the language of Uncle Joe Cannon, maybe both his life as his own and not daring to bring the blessings of parties "could go farther and do worse." liberty to himself or his posterity, and not daring to indulge That Washington opposed kingdoms, monarchies, and long­ in the great American pastime, "the pursuit of happiness." term executives is shown by his great sacrifice in laying his In the debate between Mr. West and myself, a man in the life and his fortune on the line. audience asked me a very pertinent question, which I had anticipated. He wanted to know how I justified my opposition To suggest that the great Washington would favor any of to a third term for a· President when I had sought and the trappings of a monarchy would be to the average Amer­ accepted more than three terms as a Member of Congress. I ican sacrilegious. He knew that the Constitutional Conven­ was glad to attempt to answer hi!ll, for I felt that this gave tion had turned down the proposal of Hamilton, his best me an opportunity to express myself with the emphasis I feel friend, to provide a life term for the President. He had should be given when discussing this issue. The founders of opposed that himself. He knew the action taken by the our Government feared the reestablishment of a monarchy. convention, and he emphatically refused to consider a third They knew they should have a Federal judiciary to decide term. But, on the contrary, announced early that he would national questions and questions between the States. They not accept it. While I think Hamilton was probably Amer­ threw around the courts every possible protection so that they ica's greatest statesman, I cannot subscribe to his theories as could do their duty free and uninfluenced, so they provided to a life tenure for a President. life tenure for them. They gave them no executive power Mr. HINSHAW. Will the gentleman yield? whatever. The Supreme Court can do nothing but interpret Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. I yield to the gentleman from Cali­ the law for the guidance of the people and Congress and the fornia. President. The framers of the Constitution assumed that the Mr. HINSHAW. Did that have anything to do with the President and the Senate would put none but lawyers on these President's reference to Alexander Hamilton as a great man courts and none but men of the highest order. Recent events during his recent Jackson Day dinner speech? have shown that they slipped a little there. At any rate, Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. I do not know. I cannot follow there are nine members of the Supreme Court and probably the devious mental processes of the President. 200 additional Federal judges. The founding fathers also Adams had no chance for a third term. knew that there must be a legislative branch, so they set up Jefferson refused it emphatically. Someone has said that a House of Representatives and a Senate. The House was to he wrote to Lafayette indicating that he might accept a third be close to the people and Members were to be elected for term. Let us see what he said in this connection. His words short terms, leaving it to the people to decide who should rep­ are: resent them. The Senate was to represent the States so as to There is, however, but one circumstance which could engage my make clear the dual form of our Government. There are now acquiescence in another election, to wit, such a division about a 435 Members of the House and 96 Senators. But there is but successor as might bring in a monarchist. But that circumstance one Executive. He is the executive branch. Dictatorships is impossible. have never come through the judiciary or the legislative Jefferson's most passionate hatred was of a monarch for his • branch. They have always come through the executive. And country. the first act of every dictator is to dissolve the courts and the Not a single President has ever sought a third term in suc­ legislative branch. There have been thousands of Members cession. Every President that could have done so refused to of Congress since the beginning of the Government, yet most do so. The two who sought a third term not in succession­ of the influential Members of Congress have been Members Grant and Theodore Roosevelt-have some extenuating cir­ with extended service. Our Speaker is serving his twelfth cumstances connected with their third-term efforts. Grant 284 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JANUARY 11 was succeeded by Hayes, who favored only one term for Pres­ The House of Representatives, as you know, usually decides idents. The reconstruction days were trying ones, and be­ all major political controversies. We decided this matter cause of Grant's great popularity he was prevailed upon to long, long ago. On December 15, 1875, by a vote of 234 to 18, permit his name to be used, but stated: the House adopted the following resolution: I would not accept the nomination if tendered to me unless it Resolved, That in the opinion of this House, the precedent estab­ should come under such circumstances as to make it an imperative lished by Washington and other Presidents of the United States, duty, circumstances not likely to arise. ·in retiring from the Presidential otllce after their second term, has become, by universal concurrence, a part of our republican system Theodore Roosevelt, who ·succeeded to the unexpired term of government, and that any departure from this time-honored of McKinley, and was elected to succeed himself, was not a custom would be unwise, unpatriotic, and fraught with peril to full-fledged second termer yet he stated long before the our' free institutions. expiration of his full term: This resolution was introduced by Congressman Springer, The wise custom which limits the President to two terms regards an able Democrat. the substance, and not the form, and under no circumstances will On numerous other occasions resolutions of the same im­ I be a candidate for or accept another nomination. port have been introduced in the House of Representatives. In spite of this strong pronouncement he did contest with The Senate, usually following the example of the House, Taft, and he thought-although I did not agree with him­ took action on this subject when Mr. Coolidge was President. that there was a principle at stake, and that he must fight it In 1928 Senator Robert La Follette introduced a resolution out. This, too, was after a term had intervened. which after considerable debate was adopted by a vote of 56 Since no President has asked a third term in succession, to 26. This resolution reads as follows: why should we think that the present incumbent intends to Resolved, That it is the sense of the Senate that the precedent do so? I have never thought that the present Roosevelt established by Washington and other Presidents of the United would run for a third term in view of his emphatic statement States in retiring from the Presidential otllce after their second term, has become, by a universal concurrence, a part of our repub­ on the subject. When he entered upon his second term, he lican system of government, and that any departure from this said: time-honored .custom would be unwise, unpatriotic, and fraught I am by no means satisfied with having twice been elected Presi­ with peril to our free institutions; and be it further dent of the United States by very large majorities. I have an Resolved, That the Senate commends observance of this prece- even greater ambition. My ambition relates to January 20, 1941. dent by the President. . My great ambition on January 20, 1941, is to turn over this desk I am sure you will be interested in knowing the names of and chair in the White House to my successor. some of those who voted for this resolution. Lo! as it was To keep his word he must "turn over this desk and chair" with Abou Ben Adhem long, long ago, so it was with Dear as he promised. ALBEN BARKLEY, for his name led all the rest. Among other I shall not tire you with a recitation of the statements made Senators, who voted for that resolution were CARTER GLAss, by the various Presidents from Washington down, but with PAT HARRISON, CARL HAYDEN, and Senators McKELLAR, NEELY, permission,, I shall insert some of them in the RECORD at this PITTMAN, SHEPPARD, TYDINGS, WAGNER, and WHEELER. point. · Then, too, I must not omit another distinguished Senator, Andrew Jackson, true to form, sniffing the tyranny of at present unattached politically, Senator GEORGE NORRIS, monarchs, in burning words, strongly favored a single term who apparently has changed and is now a persi~tent advo­ of 4 to 6 years. cate of a third term. Also let me give you the names of William Henry Harrison took office pledged . to a single some who voted for that resolution and are yet in the Senate term. Hayes favored election for one term only. Cleveland, and no doubt ready to vote as they did before: Senator BoRAH the only man to serve two nonconsecutive terms, iri vigorous and Senator HIRAM JoHNsoN. words and deeds, strongly opposed a third term. Senator HoLT, of West Virginia, will introduce a resolution McKinley said: in this session of Congress which will contain the same I am not and will not be a candidate for a third term. language as the La Follette resolution. He claims his reso­ President Taft said: lution will be voted on in this session. It will be interesting to watch that vote. l'fo doubt, many Senators will change I am strongly inclined to the view that it would have been a wiser provision, as it was at one time voted in the convention, to their positions. That may be what it means to be a new make the term of President 7 years, and render him ineligible dealer. thereafter. The great Democratic Party surely has not come to such a The Calvjn Coolidge economy was never more strikingly low state as to have but one man great enough to be Presi­ demonstrated than when he eloquently, and with an economy dent. My distinguished Democratic friend from Massachu­ of words, told the world his position. "I do not choose to run," setts [Mr. McCoRMACK] has just come into the room. He is a national classic. His brief sente:pce has been the theme would be splendid timber for the Presidency. You do not of practically every second-term President from Washington have to hang your hat on one peg, because you have any to the present time. number of men in your party who can do this job. The great Democratic Party has, on many occasions, taken Mr. McCORMACK. Will the gentleman yield? a strong position against a third term. I read a plank out Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. I yield to the gentleman from Mas­ of the Democratic platform adopted in the convention of sachusetts. Mr. McCORMACK. I assume my friend is nominating me 1896: for the presidency of some social club in my district? We declare it to be the unwritten law of this Republic, estab­ lished by custom and usage ·of a hundred years, and sanctioned by Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. I do not want the gentleman to the example of the greatest and wisest of those who founded and assume that at all. I k:pow he could grace the presidency of maintained our Government, that no man should be eligible for a any social club with distinction, but I meant the Presidency of third term of the Presidential otllce. the United States. If your party has run out of capable Forthrightly the convention nominated William J. Bryan people, you had better get into another party. as its candidate. Mr. LUDLOW. Will the gentleman yield? Again in 1912 the great Democratic Party declared in its Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. I yield to the gentleman from platform: Indiana. We favor a single Presidential term, and to that end urge the Mr. LUDLOW. Is that a pledge to vote for the gentleman adoption of an amendment to the Constitution making the Presi­ from Massachusetts in case he runs? dent of the United States ineligible for reelection, and we pledge Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. No; but I will tell the gentleman the candidate of this convention to this principle. what I will do. I will agree to vote for him under certain Woodrow Wilson ran on that platform. It is quite possible circumstances, and those circumstances would be that he that many of my distinguished colleagues voted for Mr. come over on my ticket. If he runs on your ticket, will you Wilson. vote for him? · 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 285 Mr. LUDLOW. Your conditions are too hard. However, Mr. Chairman, in view of the almost unanimous opposition in reply to your last question, if our national convention of all classes of ,people from Washington down to the present nominates the gentleman from Massachusetts [Mr. McCoR­ time, why keep the people agitated? The President should MACK] I will support him with great energy and enthusiasm. not temporize further or keep the people agitated. With He is a very able man and stands high in the estimation of great unrest in the world we, of all nations, should not en­ the country. courage internal unrest and discord. Dictatorship is stalking Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. The Governors of the States across the world, recognizing neither right nor justice, dis­ usually reflect the sentiment of their people. The election of regarding all promises however solemnly entered into, de­ 1936 brought Democratic Governors to 38 States, while 7 fying nature, and denying God. All this comes from a States elected Republican Governors. The United Press usurpation of executive power. To break the time-honored . polled these 38 Governors as to their views on whether a custom of two terms for a President and to elect him for a President, including Roosevelt, should have a third term. third, a fourth, and a fifth term would launch us on a course Three openly declared themselves against a third term; 29 that might irresistably lead us to national destruction. The refused to say that they would favor a third term for any executive branch is one man only. This one man is the President, including Roosevelt; 6 of these 38 declared _for a Commander in Chief of the Army and the Navy. He names third term for Roosevelt. Among these 6 are Murphy, of the Secretary of the Treasury that might improperly take Michigan, now Attorney General; Earle, of Pennsylvania; from the people the power to control the purse strings of the and Leche, of Louisiana. Nation. He names the Attorney General, who is the legal In April 1938, before the present war hysteria, Dr. Gallup representative of the Government. To give him the addi­ took a poll of the country on the question, "Would you favor tional power that comes from the control of a million Federal a third term for President Roosevelt?" The poll showed 30 employees by controlling their action for a long and uncertain percent for and 70 percent against. It showed 54 percent of tenure is a danger which we should recognize before it is too the Democrats against. This poll also grouped the people as late. Totalitarianism inevitably displaces individual free­ to their economic station in life, with the result that of those dom of action in business and chokes free speech and stifles "above the average" only 14 percent favored, while of those free worship. God forbid that the time may ever come in listed as "average" only 24 percent favored. and of those listed America when one man shall call himself the state. [Ap­ as "poor" only 40 percent favored. plause.] Another Gallup poll was taken on August 20, 1939, among [Here the gavel fell.J none but young. Democrats betweeiJ, the ages of 20 and 29. Mr. STEFAN. Mr. Chairman, I yield 2 minutes to the No more favorable conditions for the approval of the third­ gentleman from Ohio [Mr. BENDER]. term idea could possibly be arranged. This poll showed only Mr. BENDER. Mr. Chairman, I am sorry I have not more 52 percent for a third term_for President Roosevelt, with 48 time, for I should like to answer the question asked of my percent against. . good friend, the gentleman from Ohio [Mr. JENKINS]. Mr. HOUSTON. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? I come from the city of Cleveland, regarding whose relief, Mr. JENKINS of · Ohio. I yield to the gentleman from situation a question has been raised. Cleveland is one of the Kansas. cities of America that has always taken care of its poor and. Mr. HOUSTON. Will the gentleman be kind enough to unfortunate. Long before Mr. Roosevelt became President, dwell just a little bit on the relief situation in Ohio? whenever there were needy persons, we provided for them. Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. Yes; I shall be pleased to tell the Cleveland was the first city in America to establish the com­ gentleman about that, but it is not apropos to this discussion. munity fund. I shall make it short. The only thing in the relief situation Since Mr. Roosevelt has become President we have had in Ohio is Democratic politics. That is the whole story. Is emergency after emergency, wherein thousands upon thou­ that a sufficient answer? Does that answer the gentleman? sands of our people have been unemployed. This unemploy-· l.Y.lr. HOUSTON. Does the gentleman mean that the Gov­ ment was created as a result of his economic philosophy or ernor is a Democrat? his lack of an economic philosophy. During these 41 emer­ Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. No; the gentleman understands gencies-and we have felt every one of them-there has what I mean. I mean that, boiled down, the whole situation been a large influx of population into our city as the result . comes from Democratic politics. In Cleveland, before the of the good treatment of our people. · In spite of the situa­ elect~on, it was clearly manifest that the· relief situation was tion created by Mr. Roosevelt and his new dealers, we have full of politics. I cannot give you the exact figures, but, for managed to struggle along. When the Federal and county example, I should say that if there were 85,000 persons on governments stepped away from handling direct relief, 3 relief during the month before the election there were about years ago, the city of Cleveland stepped in. 35,000 on relief during the month following the election. That [Here the gavel fell.J is the situation in Ohio. Does the gentleman wish to elabo­ Mr. STEFAN. Mr. Chairman, I yield 5 additional minutes rate on that? to the gentleman from Ohio. Mr. HOUSTON. Does the gentleman mean the Democrats Mr. BENDER. Our city administration, operating on a reduced the relief load that quickly? very limited budget, had to assume the additional relief Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. The situation explains itself. The burden created by the Federal administration at Washington. gentleman can draw his own conclusions. We have been doing a marvelous job, and we resent the Mr. BATES of Massachusetts. It would be relatively an implications in the statements of Mr. Ickes and Mr. Roose­ easy matter to feed the people of Ohio if the Federal Gov­ velt that Cleveland, or Ohio, has not been taking care of ernment paid practically all the bills, as it does in many its job. States of the Union. Mr. BATES of Massachusetts. Mr. Chairman, will the Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. Certainly, as in some of these gentleman yield? States where about 90 percent of the relief load is carried by Mr. BENDER. I yield to the gentleman. the Government. This is not the condition in Ohio. Ohio Mr. BATES of Massachusetts. Can the gentleman tell the pays to the Federal Treasury much more than it draws out. Members of the House how much money the city of Cleveland It is true that there is much distress in Ohio; I deplore this spent for relief last year or the year before? very much. But there is no more distress there than in Mr. BENDER. I have not the exact figures before me. other States. It is all due to the fact that there are about Mr. BATES of Massachusetts. Just roughly. 9,000,000 people out of work and naturally some of them are .Mr.- BENDER. I believe that practically one-third of the in Ohio. To relieve this unemployment is the first duty of all entire budget of the city has been use_d for relief purposes. of us. The gentleman's party has been in power now about 8 Mr. BATES of Massachusetts. One million dollars or five years and it has not made much headway in relieving this hundred thousand dollars? situation. Mr. BENDER. Oh, a lot more than that. 286 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 'JANUARY 11 Mr. BATES of Massachusetts. The only thought I had fn Governor Bricker pointed out-- mind is that if it was one-half a million dollars, there is much was in Cleveland, the very place that relief needs are greatest. The more being spent for relief in Cleveland than in the cities State has recognized this fact and has distributed this year 35 per­ cent of the State's total relief appropriation to Cleveland's county, and towns of many other States of the United States, where although that county contains only about 18 percent of Ohio's the Government itself is paying from 95 to 99 percent of the population. Throughout all these months, by resolution and by entire cost of relief. visits of the mayor of Cleveland to the national administration, Mr. BENDER. Let me say further that Washington re­ requests were made, demands were sent that this discrimination by W. P. A. against Cleveland must cease. As this process of duced the number of W. P. A.-ers far in excess of the reduc­ punishing Cleveland continued after the election last year, the tion in any other State in the Union, because we have a State relief rolls in Cleveland steadily increased. They increased Republican administration in Ohio. from 15,744 cases in October 1938 to 28,060 cases in October 1939. Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman Keep in mind that W. P. A. is the Federal program and direct relief is carried at the cost of the State and local communities. yield to me? Mr. BENDER. Certainly. Governor Bricker demonstrated, too, that W. P. A. opened Mr. JENKINS of Ohio. Let me ask the gentleman from its rolls in Cleveland and elsewhere in Ohio to nonrelief Ohio to do this. I know that what the gentleman is saying clients, although the Federal law requires that preference be is absolutely true, and will not the gentleman put the exact given on the basis of relative needs. To the argument that figures in his speech so that we can close the mouths of every­ the Federal Government has done its job while the State and body with respect to what we have been doing in Cleveland? its cities have failed to do their duty, the Governor replied: Mr. BENDER. I want to say this with regard to Governor Ohio this year has increased her appropriation for general wel­ Bricker: There is not a man in this country who is more fare and public assistance out of State and local funds. Ohio and sympathetic with the underprivileged than Governor Bricker Cleveland have taken care of their people, but the Federal Govern­ ment has failed miserably iri Ohio. There are only two answers [applause], but at the same time Governor Br~cker is inter­ to be given for this discrimination. It was either a deliberate ested in balancing the budget, and he has balanced the budget attempt to cut the W. P. A. employment in Ohio unfairly as a in Ohio. He is not playing politics with relief. punishment for not voting right last year or as an embarrassment "Ohio is still here." With these words as his battle cry, to a Republican administration. Possibly it was for the purpose of creating such a situation that the Federal administration, with Gov. John Bricl(er, of Ohio, completely routed the forces of a demagogic gesture of rushing to the rescue, could talte credit the New Deal in the sensational controversy centering about where blame was due. relief difficulties in Cleveland. Democratic spokesmen­ The people of America must awaken to a realization of how far , this Federal administration will go in playing politics with human prominently including President Franklin D. Roosevelt and misery and relief-how far it will go in its attempt to smear the Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes, aided and abetted good name of a State or an administration which dares to do a by Democrat-Republican-Socialist-New Dealer Fiorello La­ good job financially as well as in social service. The issue is clear­ Guardia, mayor of New York-did their utmost to discredit cut: Shall relief, including work relief, W. P. A., or whatever it may be called, be administered honestly, fairly, with due regard the Republican administration of the Buckeye State through to the needs of the people, or shall it be administered as a political a series of bitter and uninformed attacks upon the handling racket-padding the W. P. A. rolls in election years, and forgetting of relief in Ohio. Their worst was not enough to destroy the the needs in nonelection years, carrying the burden so the Federal Government can take credit when a national election is on, and · reputation of the State. passing the buck back to the States and local communities in the Speaking before the Ohio Society of New York, Governor other years? This is a question which the American people must Bricker, a vice president of the society, rallied to the New answer; and in it is involved a fundamental question of public Deal attack and returned far weightier clouts than his State morals. •, had received. In unmistakable terms he made it clear that Denouncing the tactics of the New Deal in assailing him, there was no disposition on the part of any Ohio official to the Governor asserted that- minimize the importance of a constructive relief program. Most new dealers have contempt for any government authority He left no doubt that the State administration had cooper­ or public official who does balance a budget, does administer relief ated fully with the local representatives of Cleveland and honestly, does save public money, or shows any interest whatever other troubled areas of the State to solve their problems. His in the taxpayer. national radio audience heard him describe the solution of Constructively, Governor Bricker proposed that the system ·Cleveland's difficulties on precisely those lines laid down by of Federal control and domination in each relief area of the him in a series of conferences with the city's officers. United States should be reformed: But more than this, Governor Bricker did not hesitate to Work-relief programs in the various States should be adminis­ attack the basic evils which have given rise to constant emer­ tered locally and financed by local, State, and Federal participation, gencies and almost 4 years of pressing troubles. He assailed with the assistance of Federal grants in the same manner as pre­ the New Deal administration of W. P. A. as a "political vails in all other pubic-assistance programs. This principle has the endorsement of the Committee on Mobilization for Human racket," and pointed to its padded pay rolls in election years, Needs, the National Association of Community Chests, and a great followed by sharp decreases in the "off years." To replace majority of the welfare administrators in the various States. The this partisan system he demanded a new organization of President has rejected this program for work relief, although the same principle of Federal grants is applied to the other forms of relief, to be administered locally and to be financed by local, public assistance, such as aid for the aged, and to dependent State, and Federal participation. children, and aid to the blind. It seems significant to me that Answering the slanders cast at him by his Democratic the program which involves the largest expenditure of Federal opposition, he announced his unwillingness to be "clubbed" moneys and which directly applies to the largest number of voters is operated under a system and on a principle entirely contrary into silence by "maligners" and "falsehood, innuendo, and to the other Federal programs. propaganda" or to "flinch before a public crack-down from the White House." He refused to permit Ohio relief to be­ The Governor declared that he would not be- come the "football of disgraceful partisan politics in Wash­ Clubbed into a position of fear or silence in the conduct of affairs ington, New York, and the Department of the Interior." in the State of Ohio when the very foundations of public morality, political decency; simple honesty, and fundamental human integrity Ohio had not been "taken over by the White House," or Mr. are being eaten away by the unblushing political immorality of the Ickes, and the inference was obvious that so long as Governor New Deal in its relations to human needs and relief. As Governor Bricker sat in the Governor's office at Columbus, he did not of Ohio, I do not propose to condone with official silence a scheme of political manipulation which threatens the very integrity of the bal­ propose .to turn over his key to the Secretary of the Interior lot simply because that scheme has been bundled up in the glittering or his superiors. trappings of omcial demagoguery and offered to the Nation in the The Cleveland predicament came in for its share of ex­ name of relief. amination. In Cleveland during October 1938, just before In Ohio- the congressional elections, there were 74,225 men and women He concluded- employed on W. P. A. · One year later this figure ·had been we are doing our part. For 7 years promises, experiments, pump­ cut by 60 percent, down to 30,000. priming, and political manipulation have failed to bring satisfac­ The biggest cut in Ohio-- tion to the hopes of the people of the United States. Nor can our 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 287 social and economic problems be solved by name calling, crack­ Mr. McCORMACK. No; I know the gentleman does not down, and purge. Their solution requires integrity, intelligence, mean to make an intentional misstatement, but the gentle­ and tolerance. The political "pork barrel" never can become the wheel of Amer­ man's statement does constitute a misstatement as to the true ican progress. America wants to get off relief. America wants to conditions, and there was more than one State involved. go to work. Mr. BENDER. I am sorry to disagree with the gentleman. Mr. HOUSTON. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? He is entitled to his opinion and I to mine. Mr. BENDER. I yield to the gentleman. The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Ohio Mr. HOUSTON. The good people of Ohio do not resent the has again expired. Roosevelt administration going in there for the purpose of Mr. WOODRUM of Virginia. Mr. Chairman, I yield the .benefiting the people seeking relief, do they? gentleman 2 minutes more in order to. ask a question or two . Mr. BENDER. The people of Ohio pay a lot more than I understood the gentleman to say that Governor Bricker had they get in return for relief or for W. P. A. or for any other succeeded in balancing the budget of the State of Ohio. purpose. Mr. BENDER. That is correct. Mr. HOUSTON. What relief? Mr. WOODRUM of Virginia. Does the gentleman think Mr. BENDER. We in Ohio contribute a far greater per­ that reflects a bad economic condition if Ohio is living on a centage of money than we receive in return, and I will be balanced budget? pleased to supply the gentleman with the figures, because I Mr. BENDER. The Governor of Ohio cut down the num­ have them here. ber of unnecessary jobs and he cut down the pay rolls. He Mr. HOUSTON. Would there be any money put into Ohio did what the President has recommended, if we are able to for theW. P. A. if they did not ask for it? understand his Budget. The Governor did everything essen­ Mr. BENDER. Because Roosevelt creates a condition tial to be done-and the thing that the gentleman from where the people cannot find jobs in private industry and Virginia was praying for-in taking a lot of New Deal pap breaks down the efforts of those engaged in private industry suckers off the pay roll that were entirely unnecessary on that and makes it impossible for them to employ persons in gain­ roll. ful occupations, of course, all of these makeshifts follow under Mr. WOODRUM of Virginia. Does not the gentleman such an administration. think that if the State of Ohio has balanced the State budget, Mr. HOUSTON. Did Roosevelt create the flood condition it has a pretty large obligation to take care of its own unem­ in Ohio? ployment relief and that it should not ask anything of the Mr. BENDER. No; of course not. That is absurd. Federal Government? Mr. HINSHAW. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield Mr. BENDER. We are making a very great contribution to me? to the general welfare of the country in Ohio in paying taxes Mr. BENDER. I yield. into the Federal Goyernment funds far in excess of the Mr. HINSHAW. I would like to ask the gentleman from amount of money we receive in return to take care· of our Missouri a question. I would like to ask the gentleman from unfortunate people in Ohio. Missouri what happened to the $1,500,000 that was sent out Mr. COCHRAN. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? there to pay for a bridge job but the people who did the work Mr. BENDER. Gladly. have not yet been paid? Mr. COCHRAN. · Will the gentleman tell the House if the Mr. HOUSTON. Where was that? statement in the newspaper to the effect that . when that Mr. HINSHAW. At Kansas City, acute situation existed in Cleveland the President issued Mr. HOUSTON. I resent that. I am from the great State orders for tl)ousands of men to be placed on the W. P. A. of Kansas. is correct? Mr. HINSHAW. I have the facts in my office and I can Mr. BENDER. The orders were there for the men to be show them to the gentleman. on the W. P. A., but they were not taking care of them as Mr. BENDER. The United States Senate today has just agreed after the passage of the last appropriation. passed an appropriation bill sponsored by the gentleman from Mr. COCHRAN. I mean just recently when you had that Ohio [Mr. JENKINS] appropriating $1,300,000 to pay the State bad situation in Cleveland. Did not the President then issue of Ohio money that was due it when Davey was Governor and orders that theW. P. A. go into Cleveland and put the unem­ Roosevelt was President. They began squabbling among ployed to. work? themselves and created a shortage of $1,300,000 that was due Mr. BENDER. No. the old people under the old-age pension fund. Mr. COCHRAN. Is not that true? Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman Mr. BENDER. Wait a moment. I would like to have my yield there? time extended, in order to answer the question. Mr. BENDER. I yield. Mr. COCHRAN. That question can be answered by yes Mr. McCORMACK. I do not mind a lot of general state­ or no. ments being made here, but I do not think that statement fairly Mr. BENDER. No. represents a true picture. There was an honest misunder­ Mr. COCHRAN. He did not? standing and the members of the Ways and Means Commit­ Mr. BENDER. No. tee, myself included, joined with my friend the .gentleman Mr. COCHRAN. Then the gentleman means to say that from Ohio [Mr. JENKINS], but the statement the gentleman theW. P. A. Administrator did not follow out the orders of from Ohio is now making, by itself, is not correct. I know the President? the gentleman does not intend to make any incorrect state­ Mr. BENDER. TheW. P. A. Administrator had not been ment, but that statement does ·not reflect the true situation. following out the orders that were in the instructions in the Such things can easily happen and that was the result of bill that passed in the last session. the State legislature failing to act within a certain time limit, Mr. COCHRAN. I am not talking about the bill; I am and we provided in this measure that the money should be talking about the order of the President. paid back which, of course, should be done, and my Demo­ The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Ohio cratic colleagues on the Ways and Means Committee were has again expired. pleaSed to join with our friend from Ohio [Mr. JENKINS] in Mr. TABER. I yield 1 minute more to the gentleman from seeing that this was done. Ohio. . Mr. BENDER. And I am glad he did. Mr. BATES of Massachusetts. Mr. Chairman, if the gen­ Mr. McCORMACK. It was the fair thing to do, but it was tleman will permit, I ask the gentieman from Virginia this not the fault of the Governor or the fault of the President. question, which is in line with the question that he asked the Mr. BENDER. It was the fault of the Federal administra­ gentleman about the ability of the city of Cleveland to take tion having a squabble with the then Governor of the State of care of its own, because of present economic conditions. I Ohio, Mr. Davey. have given a good deal of thought to this problem. Does the 288 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 'JANUARY 11 gentleman from Virginia think there is any justification for tory of any organization or group or of representatives or officials of any organization or·group--which makes claim to be the Govern­ the Federal Government to step into any State where the ment o_f, or lJlakea. attemp_t upon the. territorial integrity of, the· industrial conditions have continually improved from ·1920 United States, its Territories, or possessions; not to form, subsidize, to 1929, 1935 and 1938, and ·where the gross farm income is support, or permit on its-territory military organizations or groups pretty nearly on a level with that of 1929, and pay from 95 to having the aim of armed struggle against the United States, its Territories, or possessions, and to prevent any recruiting on behalf 99% percent of the cost of relief? Does the gentleman think of such organizations and groups. that is right? 4. Not to permit the formation or residence on its territory of any -Mr. WOODRUM of Virginia. I do not. organization or group--and to prevent the activity on its terri­ Mr. BATES of Massachusetts. But that is so; that evidence tory of any organization or group, or of representatives or officials of any organization or group-which has as an aim the overthrow is before the gentleman's committee. or the preparation for the overthrow of, or the bringing about· Mr. WOODRUM of Virginia. It is not before my com­ by force of a change in, the political or social order of the whole mittee. or any part of the United States, its Territories, or possessions. I am, my dear Mr. President, Mr. BATES of Massachusetts. It was be{ore the gentle­ Very sincerely yours, man's committee last year, and there is a number of situations MAXIM LITVINOV. of that kind. Mr. BENDER. Ohio is doing its share, and Cleveland is The second is a wobbly effort to discuss religious freedom: doing its share. The trouble is right here in the city of WASHINGTON, November 16,· 1933. Washington. MY DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: In reply to your letter of November 16, 1933, I have the honor to inform you that the Government of the The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Ohio Union of Soviet Socialist Republics as a fixed policy accords the has again expired. nationals of the United States within the territory of the Union Mr. TABER. Mr. Chairman, I yield 15 minutes to the gen­ of Soviet Socialist Republics the following rights referred to by tleman from Wisconsin [Mr. BoLLES]. you: 1. The right to "free exercise of liberty of conscience and religious Mr. BOLLES. Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen of the ·worship" and protection "from all disability or persecution on Committee, on Wednesday, January 3, I introduced a joint account of their religious faith or worship." resolution in this Chamber. Its purpose was to stop all ap­ This right is supported by the following laws and regulations existing in the various republics of the Union: propriation for maintaining an embassy of these United States Every person may profess any religion or none. All restrictions in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and estop all of rights connected with the profession of any belief whatsoever, expenditures from the State Department for diplomatic or with the nonprofession of any belief, are annulled (decree of agents of the United States to the Soviet Russian Govern­ Jan. 23, 1918, art. 3). Within the confines of the Soviet Union it is prohibited to issue ment. The resolution was as follows: any local laws or regulations restricting or limiting freedom of con­ Resolved, etc., That no moneys appropriated for the fiscal years science, or establishing privileges or preferential rights of any kind ending .;June 30, 1940, and June 30, 1941, shall be used ~or the .pur­ based upon the religious profession of any person (decree of Jan. pose of maintaining an embassy in the Union ?f ~oviet SoCla~ist 23, 1!H8, art. -2). . Republics of Russia or for the purpose of · assignmg or sendmg 2. The right to "conduct without annoyance or molestation of diplomatic officers or employees of the State Departme~t as r~p~e­ any kind religious services and rites of a ceremonial nature." sentatives of the United States to the Union of Soviet Socialist This right is supported by the following laws: Republics of Russia or for the compensation or maintenance of A free performance of religious rites is guaranteed as long as it such officers or employees within that country. . does not interfere with public order and is not accomuanied by interference with the rights of citizens of the Soviet Union. Local There is neither ambiguity nor equivccation about the res­ authorities possess the right in such cases to adopt all necessary olution. It means what it says--a closing o · plomatic rela­ measures to preserve public order and safety (decree of Jan 23, tions with the Soviet for the 2 years specified. 1918, art. 5). . I have not introduced this because we have heard in Interference with the performance of religious rights, insofar as t~ey do not endanger .Public order and are not accompanied by in­ America the Macedonian cry of Flnland, "Come over and help frmgements on the nghts of others is punishable by compulsory us." This resolution in no way places the United States in labor for a period up to 6 months (Criminal Code, art. 127). the position of an ally of Flnland nor does it mean the exten­ 3. "The right and opportunity to lease, erect, or maintain in con­ venien~ ~ituations" churches, houses, or other buildings appropriate sion of aid with American armed forces across the sea. But for rellgwus purposes. it does say to the Soviet that we can no longer abide the This right is supported by the following laws and regulations: violation of the agreements made by Russia when we gave Believers belonging to a religious society with the object of mak­ her recognition 7 years ago. That recognition was not by ing provision for their requirements in the matter of religion, may lea:se _under contract, free of charge, from the town soviet, special act of Congress. It did not have the support or confirmation bmldmgs for the purpose of worship and objects intended exclu­ by this House or Senate. It was done by correspondence sively for the purp~es of their cult (decree of Apr. 8, 1929, art. 10). between President Roosevelt and the Commissar of National Furthermore, believers who have formed a religious society or a Affairs for the Soviet Republics, Maxim Litvinov. group of believers may use for religious meetings other buildings which have been placed at their disposal on lease by private per­ At this point, Mr. Chairman, I desire to insert in this sons or by local soviets and executive committees. All rules estab­ address the two most important commitments made by the lished for houses of worship are applicable to these buildings. Soviet Government through Commissar Litvinov. Contracts for the use of such buildings shall be concluded by indi­ vidual believers, who will be held responsible for their execution. The first has to do with Communist propaganda and or­ In addition, these buildings must comply with the sanitary and ganization of subversive movements in the United States. technical building regulations (decree of Apr. 8, 1929, art. 10). WASHINGTON, November 16, 1933. The place of worship and religious property shall be handed over MY DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: I have the honor to inform you that for the use of believers forming a re.ligious society under a con­ coincident with the establishment of diplomatic relations between tract . c~ncJuded in the name of the competent district executive our two Governments it will be the fixed policy of the Government committee or town soviet by the competent administrative de­ of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: partment or branch or directly by the subdistrict executive com­ 1. To respect scrupulously the indisputable right of the United mittee (decree of Apr. 8, 1929, ·ar-t. 15). States to order its own life within its own jurisdiction in its. own The construction of new places of worship may take place at the way and to refrain from interfering in any manner in the internal desire of religious societies, provided that the usual technical build­ affairs of the United States, its. Territories, or possessions. ing regulations and the special regulations laid down by the Peo­ 2. To refrain and to restrain all persons in Government service ple's Commissariat for Internal Af!airs are observed (decree of Apr. and all organizations of the Government or under its direct or 8, 1929, art. 45). indirect control, including organizations in receipt of any financial 4. "The right to collect from their coreligionists *" vol- assistance from it, from any act, overt or covert, liable in any way untary of!erings for religious purposes. whatsoever to injure the tranquillity, prosperity, order, or security ' This right is supported by the following law: of the whole or any . part of the United States, its Territories or Members of groups of believers and religious societies may raise possessions, and, in particular, from any act tending to incite or subscriptions among themselves and collect voluntary of!erings, encourage armed interventlon or agitation or propaganda, having both in the place of worship itself and outside it, but only amongst as its aim the violation of the territorial integrity of the United the members of the religious association concerned and only for States, its Territories or possessions, or the bringing about by purposes connected with the upkeep of the place of worship and force of a change in the political or social order of the whole or the religious property, for the engagement of ministers of religion any part of the United States, its Territories, or possessions. and for the expenses of their executive body. Any form of forced 3. Not to permit the formation or residence on its territory of contribution in aid of religious association is punishable under any organization or group-and to prevent the activity on its terri- the criminal code (decree of Apr. 8, 1929, art. 54). 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 289 5. Right to "impart religious instruction to their children either victory) cannot be limited to our country alone but is bound to singly or in groups or to have such instruction imparted by persons call forth a powerful movement toward socialism in all capitalist whom they may employ for such purpose." countries; and even if it does not coincide with the victory of the This right is supported by the following law: proletarian revolution in other countries, it must in any event lead The school is separate from the church. Instruction in religious to a strong proletarian movement of other nations to.ward . world doctrines is not permitted in any governmental and common schools, revolution. Such is the revolutionary outlook according to Lenin, nor in private teaching institutions where general subjects are if we think in terms of the outlook for the victory of the revolution, taught. Persons may give or receive religious instruction in a which, after all, is the question in which we in the party are private manner (decree of Jan. 23, 1918, art. 9). interested. Furthermore, the Soviet Government is prepared to . include in a consular covenant to be negotiated immediately following the I find this quotation which I have read to you in the state­ establishment of relations between our two ·countries provisions in ment of Carl Radelt., at that time one of the great leaders which nationals of the United States shall be granted rights with of the Soviet movement, but who, getting in the way of Stalin, reference to freedom of conscience and the free exercise of re­ ligion, which shall not be less favorable than those enjoyed. in the has been liquidated by a firing squad. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics by nationals of the nation most There is and has been from the beginning but one pur­ favored in this respect. In this connection I have the honor to pose in the action of the Soviet Union. And it was always call to your attention article 9 of the treaty between Germany and very ·_ciever. It was a creature of Marxian socialism. It built the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, signed at Moscow October 12, 1925, which reads as follows: itself into a nation on the doctrine of Karl Marx, and its bible "Nationals of each of the contracting parties • • • shall be was the Communist Manifesto. This position is inescapable. entitled to hold religious services in churches, houses, or other Without Marx, there would be no Soviet Union. It was taught buildings, rented according to the laws of the country, in their national language, or in any other language which is customary in by Marx that it could take any position or do anything for their religion. They shall be entitled to bury their dead in ac­ the purpose of making its way in the world and to build up cordance with their religious practice in burial grounds established the dictatorship of the proletariat. and maintained by them with the approval of the competent author­ We are interested here in America and all over the world ities so long as they comply with the police regulations of the other party in respect of buildings and public health." · in another statement which was made by Radek, and that is: Furthermore, I desire to state that the rights specified in the Never, and under no conditions, did it (the Soviet Union) par­ above paragraphs will be granted to American nationals immedi­ ticipate in the plundering of other nations, because participation ately upon the establishment of 1·elations between our two countries. in such a plunder would be contrary to the international solidarity Finally, I have the honor to inform you that the Government of of the workers. the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, while reserving to itself the right of refusing visas to Americans desiring to enter the Union 0 my frlends, two and a half million Poles, and others in of Soviet Socialist Republics on personal grounds does not intend Finland, cry out the falsity of that statement! to base such refusals on the fact of such persons having an In the correspondence between Litvinov and President ecclesiastical status. I am, my dear Mr. President, Roosevelt there is no mention of recognition. This corre­ Very sincerely yours, spondence is a series of agreements and understandings. One MAxiM L!TVINOV. author says that it was "unparalleled in the history of Amer­ The two most important paragraphs in these commitments ican diplomacy." And he adds naively "but not in the annals are in the first of these letters, dated November 16, 1933. Its of the S::>viet Union," and later: purpose was to stop all communistic propaganda in this The American settlement is almost unique in that there is no parallel treaty. More properly speaking, the settlement, while cast­ country. I warit to read to you particularly that paragraph ing nonunion treaties, form actually members' stipulations lifted 4, so that you will be familiar with what was agreed to, and almost bodily from well-known Soviet threats, and logically follows it requires no very great dissertation on what has actually the schema of the earliest Soviet powers. happened. Mr. Litvinov, for the Soviet Union, agreed: Strange as it may seem, there is under these early arrange­ Not to permit the formation or residence on its (the United ments for actual recognition but one mention of recognition States) territory of any organization or group; and to prevent the in any of the collateral doctrines, and that occurs in a note activity on its territory of any organization or group, or of repre­ sentatives or officials of any organization or group which has as an from Acting Secretary of State Phillips to Sirge Huget, the aim the overthrow or the preparation for the overthrow of or the residuary legatee of the Kerensky regime, referring, under bringing about by force of a change in the political or social order date of November 16, 1933, to "the recognition of the Union of the whole or any part of the United States, its territories, or possessions. of the Soviet Socialist Republics by the Government of the United States." That agreement has not been kept. It has been constantly It may still be a question whether we actually recognized violated. The communistic problem in this country has in­ Russia. We know that Congress took no action. It never was creased more than one hundred fold ever since this commit­ presented to Congress. It was done entirely by administra­ ment was made by the Soviet through its commissar. The tive action. time has arrived, my fellow Members of Congress and the A reading of this correspondence between President Roose- people of the United States, to make serious, emphatic objec­ velt and Litvinov discloses five distinct factors: tion to such violation. First. The promises of state collaboration. That is why I have introduced this resolution which has its Second. The pledges regarding propaganda. effect of breaking off our diplomatic relations and ending our Third. The guaranties of religious freedom. unnatural association with a government which has no sense Fourth. The stipulations regarding protection of nationals. of responsibility for its commitments. This resolution is at Fifth. The waiver and extrication of certain claims. least a notice to Russia and the Soviet Socialist Republics that It is not necessary for me to tell this House nor its Mem­ we no longer will tolerate this continuation of purpose, bers, nor the people of the United States, that the protection although that Government has agreed that the things that of this country against Soviet propaganda and communistic are done shall not be done. evangelism has not been kept. The stipulations and guar­ What is the real purpose of the Soviet? - In December 1926 anties in reference to religious freedom is, if you will read the Stalin, expanding upon the platform of Lenin, talked about Litvinoff answer carefully, a tricky statement. What has the victory of socialism within 10 or 20 years; and he said: happened has fully justified the statements of Secretary This victory will be a victory not only within the U. S. S. R. but Hughes and President Coolidge and many times reiterated a victory on the world scale. in their attitude against Russian recognition. The fact is, Then he proceeds to say-quoting Dictator Stalin: my fellow Members of Congress, that the very basis of Soviet diplomacy is deception. To those of us who opposed recogni­ And what is meant by "victory on the world scale"? Does it mean that such a victory is equivalent to the victory of socialism tion from the first has come justification for that attitude. in a single country? No; it does not. Lenin in his writings care­ The President of the United States, on November 16, 1933, fully distinguished the victory of socialism in a single country from addressed a note to Litvinov which in effect extended recogni­ victory "on the world scale." What Lenin really means when he speaks of "victory on the world scale" is that the success of social­ tion through him to his Government and expressed the desire ism in our country, the victory of consolidating socialism in our to reestablish normal diplomatic relations by the exchange of country, has such an immense international significance that it (the ambassadors. LXXXVI--19 290 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JANUARY 11 The President added: My colleagues of the House, can we longer be wedded to I trust that the relations now established between our people Muscovite barbarism or the butchery of Stalin? may forever remain normal and free, and that our nations hence­ I ask the Committee on Foreign Relations to make an early forth may cooperate for their mutual benefit and future pledges report on that resolution and that we be given opportunity of the people of the world.· to vote upon it promptly. [Applause.] The same day Litvinov replied, stating that his Govern­ Mr. GIFFORD. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? ment was glad to reestablish normal diplomatic relations and Mr. BOLLES. Yes. concurring in the hopeful views for the future as expressed Mr. GIFFORD. To whom is that resolution addressed-to by the President. And later we established diplomatic rela­ the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs? tions. Now, confronting the constant violation of these Mr. BOLLES. I introduced it here in the House. agreements, long subversive and submerged, and facing as Mr. GIFFORD. By any action of others, can the Depart­ we do the determination of Russia to carry out its world revo­ ment of State be instructed to withdraw the United States lutionary conquest based upon the direction of the dead represen tati ve? Karl Marx, it is our duty to resume our place as a nation Mr. BOLLES. I will show the gentleman how this is ac­ upholding justice, honesty, and morals. complished by reading the resolution. The resolution takes The great moving reason for this administrative executive all of the "biscuits off the table." It reads as follows: recognition was the almighty dollar. It was not diplomatic Resolved, etc., That no moneys appropriated for the fiscal years peace we were seeking; it was trade. It was dollar diplomacy ending June 30, 1940, and June 30, 1941, shall be used for the to the nth power. We have been selling the Soviet a lot purpose of maintaining an embassy in the Union of Soviet Socialist of machinery for the establishment of great mills and elec­ Republics of Russia or for the purpose of assigning or sending trical plants in Russia. Without recognition, we had sold diplomatic officers or employees of the State Department as at first $4,350,000 in 1923, and jumped to $114,398,587 in representatives- 1930. Mr. GIFFORD. The gentleman does not need to read any Here the Soviet Government had established a great trad­ further. That is the old-fashioned way of the Congress as­ ing and propaganda center. It was exposed by the evidence serting its rights by simply depriving them of the money; before the Flsh committee as not only a trading organiza­ but the thought I wanted to ask the gentleman to put over tion, but became the central financial agent for communistic is this: How can this administration criticize a great leader proselyting in the United States. There was never an even like Stalin for changing his mind because a very great man flow of trade. Russian demands were abnonnal because the at a later date, under different conditions, would have acted program in Russia was abnormal. Then came the question so differently? ELaughter.J You heard that at the Andrew of credits, and we were not in any position, nor had we the Jackson dinner if you listened in. desire to extend credits. We remembered that there were Mr. BOLLES. I did not listen in. I was very busy. $800,000,000 of debts, claims, and unpaid interest due the [Laughter.] I have read fiction so long that I do not like to United States, so credits were not available, and Russia listen to it. ELaughter.J wanted to buy where she could have credits, and the amount Mr. GIFFORD. I wanted to remind the gentleman that of their exports fell within 3 years to around $8,000,000. great men in a very short time-for instance, from 1932 to Wild and extravagant statements had been made as to. this date-will change their minds, and they should not be what we were going to do in trade with Russia. Mark criticized. Twain's Col. Mulberry Sellars, famous for his eyewater for Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman Egyptians---"there's millions in it"-was a piker compared yield? with some of these recognition addicts in their claims for Mr. BOLLES. I yield to the gentleman. increased trade. It did not pan out. While we increased trade with Russia so that last year we sold $69,000,000 worth Mr. McCORMACK. The gentleman has made a very fine of goods, there has been no year when we sold as much as contribution, and I am sorry to see his contribution in part we did before recognition. destroyed by facetious injections, but I want to try to make a contribution also to the gentleman's efforts. I was chair­ I want to approach the subject in no a~titude of intem­ perate language. Other nations than Russia have been man of a special committee 5 years ago that investigated founded on assassination, mass murder, and ruthlessness. communism, nazi-ism, fascism, and bigotry ih this country. No dictator can be a dictator without the purge of those who We made a report then that the Litvinov agreement had disagree. It has been so from the beginning of the human been violated. We uncovered direct evidence showing that it race. It matters not in whatever form dictatorship comes­ had been violated, and the gentleman's statement that there the formula for power is the same. It is the old Augustine has been a constant violation of the Litvinov agreement is doctrine that there are no inherent rights in any individual­ supported by the evidence. I join with tpe gentleman in that all rights come from the ruling force. We have thrown saying that the best way is to make a motion, when the away the historical calendar of 10 centuries and gone back appropriation bill comes before the House, to eliminate the to the days of the serf villein and the regimented individuals appropriation for the next fiscal year. I intend to make such in Russia, as in some other countries in Europe. a motion when the bill is taken up in the House. The soul of the world is upset. The struggle upward of Mr. BOLLES. I thank the gentleman. great peoples has been halted. Democracy is crying in the EHere the gavel fell.] wrecked streets of war-torn lands. Blood is on the lintel of Mr. TABER. Mr. Chairman, I yield the gentleman from millions of door posts. Fear possesses the minds of millions. Wisconsin 3 additional minutes. Sweden and Norway, in the pathway of the Soviet Union Mr. RANDOLPH. Mr. Chainnan, will the gentleman yield? ambitions, seeing what happened to Poland and what is going Mr. BOLLES. I yield. on in Finland, may well have visions of "red" armies despoil­ Mr. RANDOLPH. I assure the gentleman there are many ing their coasts and cities, villages, and people. of us on both sides of the aisle who are sincerely in sympathy We may well break off our diplomatic relations with Russia with the purpose expressed in the speech and resolution because, entirely outside these warlike movements of the offered by the gentleman who has just addressed the Com­ Soviet and devoid of any item of sympathy or financial aid mittee. I am very certain that the communistic Government in Finland, the solemn obligations because of which we estab­ of Russia has violated, as the gentleman from Massachusetts lished that diplomatic relationship have been violated. The [Mr. McCoRMACK] has so well said, the agreement made with marriage contract made by the Soviet Union with President the United States Government. I feel that although perhaps Franklin D. Roosevelt has been broken by the party of the we may be charged with being overly concerned, this Con- · second part, said Soviet Union. My resolution provides for a gress can well give prompt and careful consideration to such divorce, a mensa et thoro. Later it may be necessary to a resolution as has been presented, because I feel in my own make the divorce complete and permanent without alimony. heart that there has been an absolute disregard for the My proposal is that it be accomplished without bloodshed. pledge made by Russia to this country. I trust that some- 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 291 thing can be done to sever diplomatic relations with such a the gentleman referred to. Of course, it is needless for me to nation. [Applause.] say all States and cities were subject to the same reduction. Mr. BOLLES. I thank the gentleman for his contribution. Furthermore, the mayor of Cleveland made a speech over Mr. SCHAFER of Wisconsin. Mr. Chairman, will the the radio in which he said there were no politics in the han­ gentleman yield? dling of W. P. A. or in other relief in the city of Cleveland. Mr. BOLLES. I yield. The answer to the gentleman's charges is found in the state­ Mr. SCHAFER of Wisconsin. I do not believe that the ment of his mayor, who belongs to his own political party. New Deal will sever diplomatic relations with Soviet Russia, Mr. SECCOMBE. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? which were negotiated under Finklestein, who calls himself Mr. COCHRAN. My time has expired. Litvinov. Immediately following his negotiating the recog­ Mr. TABER. Mr. Chairman, I yield 3 minutes to the nition of Russia, the New Deal preached, practiced, and gentleman from Ohio [Mr. BENDER]. emulated the Soviet conception of regimental bureaucracy Mr. BENDER. Mr. Chairman-- as preached and practiced in Moscow. I want to ask the Mr. SECCOMBE. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? gentleman a question with reference to another related Mr. BENDER. I yield. matter. The New Deal administration's so-called neutral­ Mr. SECCOMBE. Would the gentleman mind telling me ity bill, the Bloom bill, was enacted in the special session of what date it was that the mayor of Cleveland made the state­ this Congress. This bill requires that the President issue a ment that there were no politics in W. P. A.? proclamation and apply the provisions of that act when he Mr. BENDER. I do not know. finds a state of war to exist. Do you not believe it is about Mr. SECCOMBE. It was early last year before the elec­ time that the President, if he has not been able to find that tion, was it not? war exists, should send an emissary to find that a state Mr. BENDER. I do not know. of war exists between the Communists of Moscow and the . Mr. SECCOMBE. But politics entered into it right after Polish people and the Communists of Moscow and the Fin­ that. nish people, and that he should then issue the proclamation Mr. COCHRAN. I will tell him when it was. required under his own so-called Neutrality Act? Mr. SECCOMBE. Why did the gentleman not give the Mr. BOLLES. May I say to the gentleman that a dis­ date when he made the statement on the floor? tinguished Member of this House called the State Depart­ Mr. COCHRAN. It was in the middle of 1939, and you ment and was informed that they did not know of any state have not had an election since then. Go down stairs and get of war existing between Russia and Finland. [Laughter .J the record. Mr. MURDOCK of Arizona. I am in favor of the gentle­ The CHAffiMAN. Does the gentleman from Ohio [Mr. man's resolution, and I shall support it. BENDER J yield for this purpose? [Here the gavel fell.] Mr. BENDER. I do not, Mr. Chairman. Mr. LUDLOW. Mr. Chairman, I yield 5 minutes to the The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from Ohio declines to gentleman from Missouri [Mr. CocHRAN]. yield. Mr. COCHRAN. Mr. Chairman, a few moments ago, while Mr. BENDER. Since the gentleman from Missouri and the the gentleman from Ohio [Mr. BENDER] was speaking, I asked gentleman from Kansas questioned me, I have checked the him if it was not a fact that when there was an acute situa­ record as to Ohio's performance, and the latest available tion in the city of Cleveland . recently the President of the information it is possible for me to get is that for the year United States issued orders for an additional quota under the 1938 Ohio paid in Federal taxes $287,289,233. Ohio received Works Progress Administration for that city. I was unable to for all purposes from the Federal Government in return get a direct answer from the gentleman f.rom Ohio at the out­ $165,072,954. In other words, we received from the Federal set, but when I insisted he could answer the question "Yes" Government only 57 percent of what we paid in. In that or "No," he said "No." same year the State of Kansas paid in $16,644,000 and re­ I have just talked to Mr. Emerson Ross, Chief of the Divi­ ceived $48,582,000, or 291 percent, of what was paid in. In sion of Statistics of W. P. A., and Mr. Ross told me that the Missouri they paid in $109,104,000 and received in return President did issue an order for 7,000 additional men to go to $84,044,000, or 77 percent, of what they paid to the Federal work in Cleveland immediately. If those 7,000 men have not Government in taxes that year. · been placed to work in the past 30 days, the fault lies solely Regarding W. P. A., apparently the administration of with the city of Cleveland for not providing the projects, W. P. A. in Cleveland was derelict in its duty when you say which, as we all know, is required under the law. and they say here in Washington that we are permitting The gentleman from Ohio also stated that because they had people in Cleveland to starve and at the same time they find a Republican Governor in Ohio the Democratic administra­ opportunity to place 7,000 more. This figure I say is incorrect. tion was not treating the State fairly in connection with If they prorate the need for additional W. P. A. employ­ W. P. A. I asked Mr. Ross what the situation was with refer­ ment for the current year we were far under our quota. ence toW. P. A. employment in Ohio in comparison with its [Here the gavel fell.J population. He told me the employment under W. P. A. in Ohio was 6.8, while the population in Ohio was 5.4. In other Mr. TABER. Mr. Chairman, I yield 2 additional minutes words, W. P. A. in Ohio has today more than the quota to to the gentleman from Ohio. which it is entitled under its population. Mr. HOOK. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? Now, let us see what the chief official of Cleveland says Mr. BENDER. I decline to yield. about W. P. A. As I understand it, the gentleman from Ohio I might inform the gentleman from Missouri that I am [Mr. BENDER] is Congressman at large, and being a Congress­ well informed as to conditions in Cleveland, because it is my man at large in a large State, naturally he cannot go into the home city. I know exactly how the mayor of Cleveland feels. conditions in his own home city as he could if his duties He was here, and he appeared before the committee. He related solely to that city. Undoubtedly his mayor, Mr. Bur­ is a Republican. He has to work with the gentlemen down ton, who is also a Republican, is competent to speak for his here and he is going to be just as nice to them as he possibly own city. Mr. Burton appeared before the Woodrum com­ can. For that I admire him and respect him. He is a fine mittee investigating W. P. A. What did he say? He said gentleman. I will say to you, however, that if you will ex­ there were no politics in W. P. A. in Cleveland. That was his amine the records for the year 1938, the election year, you language. Go get his testimony and find out what your mayor will find my statement verified by the record as to the num­ of Cleveland said before a committee of the present Congress. ber who were employed before election. Then you will see You will find it on page 424 of the printed hearings. The the number on the rolls immediately after the election and gentleman from Missouri [Mr. CANNON] asked Mayor Burton during the entire period since. the following question, "Has theW. P. A. projected itself into Mr. SCHAFER of Wisconsin. Mr. Chairman, will the gen­ the politics of your city?" Mayor Burton replied, "No, sir." tleman yield? This statement was made on May 8, 1939, after the reduction Mr. BENDER. I yield. 292 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JANUARY 11 Mr. SCHAFER of Wisconsin. I want to congratulate the Mr. Hoover states further: gentleman from Ohio for straightening out the record in the The indexes have been arranged not only alphabetically but controversy between the Republican Governor of Ohio and also geographically, so that at any time, should we enter into the the New Deal leaders. Governor Bricker of Ohio opened up conflict abroad, we would be able to go into any of these com­ munities and identify individuals or groups who might be a source both barrels on the New Deal and apparently hit the bull's of grave danger to the security of this country. Their backgrounds eye. That is why the New Deal leaders, from the President and activities are known to the Bureau. These indexes will be down, have been squawking, squealing, and apologizing since extremely important and valuable in grave emergency. the Governor's expose. I believe the New Deal crowd is more I submit that if Mr. Hoover has the names of those who are interested in trying to smear the Governor because of the guilty of or suspected of engaging in espionage or sabotage, 1940 and not the 1938 election. They no doubt· have observed it is Mr. Hoover's duty and it is the duty of the Department the reaction throughout the country and realize that Gov­ of Justice and other law-enforcement agencies to immediately ernor Bricker of Ohio is· an exceptionally formidable potential apprehend these people and put them in jail rather than dark horse Republican candidate for the Presidency in 1940. leave their names on mere index cards. If, on the other [Here the gavel fell.] hand, these people are not engaged in espionage or sabotage, Mr. WOODRUM of Virginia. Mr. Chairman, I yield 2 but their names are put down on these index cards simply minutes to the gentleman from Michigan [Mr. HooK]. because of the views they may entertain, which may be con­ Mr. HOOK. Mr. Chairman, I was rather surprised at the trary to the views entertained by Mr. Hoover and other people statement of the gentleman from Ohio. In the first place in power, then I submit the preparation of these indices is when he said that the 7,000 jobs that were authorized by the most dangerous to the constitutional rights of the American increased quota of theW. P. A. in Cleveland under the order people. They constitute a real serious menace to civil liber­ of the President was a responsibility of the W. P. A., and ties in the United States and they lay the foundation, I repeat, their fault that the men did not go to work, he misinformed for Palmer raids, for a Palmer system, and for a Gestapo the House. For the information of the gentleman from Ohio system in the United States. This innovation in the Federal and the Members of this body let me say that the Ohio State Bureau of Investigation can be correctly described as the relief organization, under control of the Republicans, must index-card menace to American liberty. certify them as eligible for W. P. A. work before they are [Here the gavel fell.] authorized to be placed at work on theW. P. A. That Repub­ Mr. WOODRUM of Virginia. Mr. Chairman, I yield the lican relief organization is responsible if they are not working, gentleman from New York EMr. MARCANTONIO] 1 additional not the President nor theW. P. A. minute. Mr. BENDER. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? Mr. MARCANTONIO. Mr. Chairman, furthermore, this Mr. HOOK. I cannot yield; the gentleman would not yield type of language creates the very kind of hysteria that leads to me. a country into war. The United States will go into war only I was astounded at the other remark when he intimated as a result of a hysteria which is engendered by those who that a great Republican mayor from the great city of Cleve­ .want to get us into war. This is hysteria language that will land would practically prevaricate in order to sustain his get us into war. Mr. Hoover uses the words "should we enter position. I am surprised at the confession. the conflict abroad." Then he paints the tremendous picture [Here the gavel fell.] of 10,000 communications being received monthly by this Mr. WOODRUM of Virginia. Mr. Chairman, I yield 5 · Bureau, as he testifies in these hearings; put that picture minutes to the gentleman from New York EMr. MARCANTONIO]. before the American people and you are engendering war Mr. MARCANTONIO. Mr. Chairman, in going over the hysteria. By this type of testimony given by an important hearings on this bill I find something which I believe the member of the Department of Justice two facts become obvi­ Members of Congress should examine very carefully. I want ous: First, we are preparing a general raid against civil rights, to read from page 304 of the hearings, the testimony of Mr. a black-out against the civil liberties of the American people, Edgar Hoover in support of his request for the appropriation a system of terror by index cards such as you have in the ~ontained herein. At the outset, may I say that I do not Gestapo countries of the world; second, we are engendering propose to oppose this appropriation. Any appropriation a war hysteria which is a menace to the peace of the United that is needed to fight espionage and sabotage against our States. EApplause.J national defense is well spent; at the same time, I feel very Mr. TABER. Mr. Chairman, I yield 10 minutes to the gen­ strongly that the operations of the Federal Bureau of In­ tleman from illinois EMr. DIRKSEN]. vestigation should be limited to the purposes and scope of uprooting spies, saboteurs, and other violators of the law. Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. Chairman, several items appear in However, when the activities of the F. B. I. are extended to the pending deficiency bill which raise a question of policy what to me smacks very much like the activities of a Gestapo with respect to national defense that I hope the Committee or any of the so-called intelligence bureaus that exist in the will indulge me very briefly as I seek to bring into this ques­ dictator countries, I submit the Members of Congress should tion such thought as I have devoted to it. In view of the pause and examine this situation very closely. I now read conflagration in Europe, the whole question of adequate from page 304, Mr. Hoover's testimony in which he states: national defense is going to receive major emphasis in this session of the Congress. Every Member of this House, of In September of 1939 we found it necessary to orga~ize a Gen­ eral Intelligence Division in Washington. The establlshment of course, is interested in a defensive establishment that is ade­ this Division was made necessary by the President's proclamation quate for our needs in the light of world conditions. I am directing that all complaints of violations of the national-defense more concerned, however, with the whole pattern that is statutes and proclamations be reported to t?e Federal Bu~eau of being projected, in view of the possible expenditures that Investigation. This Division now has comp1led extensive mdexes of individuals, groups, and organizations engaged in these sub­ may be entailed so far as the long-term future is concerned. versive activities, in espionage activities, or any activities that are When I think of the Army, I recall the story of a little town possibly detrimental to the internal security of the United States. or village that purchased a fire truck. They were going to This language is very wide and most dangerous and to me have suitable dedicatory exercises and they called on one indicates preparations for a drive that will be very similar member of the fire department to be ready to. state a toast to the activities of the Palmer days. This language indicates on the occasion of that dinner. He had great difficulty in to me the beginning of a disease which will make our demo­ contriving this toast, but on the night of the dinner, after cratic body very, very sick. The creation of a super secret they had been suitably invigorated by substantial viands, he service body in a democracy is injecting our democratic in­ stood up and stated: "Fellow citizens, I hope this fire truck stitutions with the virulent toxine of an antidemocratic ac­ may be like the old maids of the village, always ready but tivity under the guise of so-called protection of so-called never called for." national defense. Rimmler's super secret service in Germany I hope our defensive establishment may be like that­ has kept Hitler alive and German democrats dead or dying always ready but never called for. When we discuss the in concentration camps. question of readiness, it means readiness not only in the 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 293 light of what is happening in Europe today but it should be Many of these posts are a relic of frontier days. As the ready and it should follow a pattern under which we can dip frontier was pushed westward they went down into Kansas down into the structure of national defense any time, whether and Arizona or into North Dakota and established garrisons it be today or 10 or 20 years hence, and say it is ready. It there. Then little by little a larger increment of troops was is a state of high efficiency which is achieved through eco­ placed there, more buildings and facilities and structures nomical methods. · were erected, and so we took on a quality of permanency. There are two items in this bill that bring the whole This whole diffused set-up today is nothing else except testi­ question of policy to mind. The first one is an item of mony to a great patchwork of camps, garrisons, and·posts in $18,000,000 for field exercises, which are in a state of com­ the country, that does not make for an efficient military mencement already and probably will run until June of next structure. year. In addition thereto, there is an item of more than After all, when we talk about national defense the whole $22,000,000 for the purpose of transportation in order to purpose is to take a raw recruit and dump him into a system articulate this program of mass maneuvers that General of discipline and training and develop there an efficient fight­ Marshall has designed for the Army. ing unit, properly armed with all the implements and the It is interesting to read General Marshall's testimony. He requirements of warfare. That is simply translating the says, first, that transportation is the most expensive item in thing in terms of factory language. Yet I fancy, if you got connection with a mass maneuver to be held somewhere in some of the better organizers in the country together and laid the southeast part of this country; transportation, because this thing out on paper for them, they would say that we are you have to reach everywhere in this country, find your following a very inefficient and ineffective plan today that is troops in different garrisons, posts, and cantonments, and going to cost a great deal of maintenance money as time send them down into the section where this mass maneuver is goes on. to take place. That is No. 1. Look at what we have spent. When the National Industrial Secondly, he has stated that this is one of those infrequent Recovery Act was before the Congress some years ago we things, and that one of the weaknesses in our Army is the made available a great chunk of funds for Executive alloca­ fact that they can only plot these tactical diagrams on paper, tion. How much of it went to public works for national­ but that it is theoretical because it has never been translated defense purposes for the Army? One hundred and two mil­ into terms of terrain action. I rather agree with the Chief lion dollars. A good deal of that· money was used to build of Staff that you have to do more than merely shufile a lot of structures in different parts of the country. There came the colored pins around a map in order to make a good soldier Emergency Relief Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937. We gave the and develop the right kind of teamwork. Army $61,000,000 more for that purpose. In 1938 we gave The third point is this-and he emphasizes this. fact­ them $74,000,000 and in 1939, $51,000,000. So we have made that our Army units, in particular the Regular Army divi­ available for housing facilities for the Army $253,000,000, sions, are so diffused in .the country today that it becomes a expended in different sections of the country. matter of real expense to pick them up in one section or an­ When you set up a series of barracks, heating plants, light­ other and move them into the areas where a mass movement ing plants, hospitals, fire stations, and all the rest, do not or a mass maneuver must take place. forget that there is a continuing repair cost every year; do not forget that there is a continuing maintenance cost In the light of that testimony I took down the annual report every year; so that the further we project this building and of the Secretary of War last night in connection with the· construction program in all sections of the country, the more number of military posts we have in the country, and I found we add to the repair requirement in the Budget year after that it was not a new subject with me. In the current annual year, and, in my judgment, that does not constitute report of the Secretary he states that not so long ago the efficiency. War Department advocated the abolition of many of the smaller and more inconsequential garrisons in the country This bill will provide for maximum strength of the Army for the purpose of concentration, but that presently under of 227,000. Suppose that were allocated among 48 States of the system of training we are following, it probably lends the Union. Suppose you had one camp or one post in each itself to that system of training, and hence nothing has ever State in the Union. That would be 48. Suppose you had a little more than that, so that you had 100. It would make been done about it. it possible to eliminate almost 150 garrisons in this country May I emphasize that with the more than 250 military posts in the interest of efficiency and in the interest of efficient that we have in the country, which you can check from the expenditure of the taxpayers' money. Army Record, which I obtained from the Library yesterday, I am satisfied that a committee consisting of a few Mem­ you will find them scattered all over the country. Almost bers of the House, a few Senators, a few Representatives of every State has one. New York has 26, and Massachusetts the War Department, and a few very capable organization has 13, and they are of all shades and descriptions and sizes. experts, to be appointed by the President, could go through It seems to me that it is a hodge-podge pattern that ought to this whole military set-up and make recommendations that have the attention of Congress before we go too far in dump­ would save this country $100,000,000 a year, and not impair ing a lot of money into this program, only to find that ulti­ its efficiency. When you translate that in terms of years mately we have saddled the taxpayers of the country with a to come, it is going to mean a great deal as far as the tax­ tremendous depreciation and maintenance expense and that payer is concerned, and that is my principal interest. we cannot draw back. [Here the gavel fell.J I found one Army post, for instance, that has only 53 officers Mr. TABER. Mr. Chairman, I yield 2 additional minutes and 400 men. Consider what you have to maintain when you to the gentleman from Illinois. maintain an Army post. If you have 400 men, you have to Mr. DIRKSEN. There is not a · Member of Congress who have hospital facilities, you have to have a sewage system, is not interested in adequate defense, but I am satisfied that you have to have a heating plant, you have to have a lighting you want to get a dollar's worth for every dollar that is plant, you have to have all those auxiliary facilities that are expended. enjoyed by almost any municipality. I do not pretend to be an amateur tactician or a sapient Suppose we could take 10 or 15 such establishments and con­ strategist. Standing on the side lines I just look at the map centrate them somewhere. It would mean definite economies of the United States of America and see a camp in North as far as the taxpayers are concerned, and then it would get Dakota, several in Dlinois, several in Massachusetts and in close to the thing General Marshall emphasized in the hear­ Kansas and in Missouri and in North Carolina and elsewhere. ings, namely, that you do not have to reach way out hundreds It seems to me if the strategic spots in the country were picked of miles away in order to get enough Regular Army troops out and you had a camp there, and then probably one for and corps troops to have an effective maneuver and somehow every State so that the civilian military training system could articulate the things the strategists and tacticians have been be carried out and so that the National Guard maneuvers setting out on paper for a great many years. might be provided for, then you would take adequate care of 294 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JANUARY 11 the whole training program, reduce the tremendous and re­ things like that have happened.in my State that the State itself curring expense of maintenance and construction and repair, or the people are not responsible for. Time alone will take year after year, and then give us an efficient national-defense care of that, I hope. The point I wish to bring to the atten­ establishment for a whole lot less than it is costing at the tion of this House is that I have made it my business in the present time. past 2 years to visit many of these States and confer with Sooner or later, despite the fact that the people have a very the municipal officials, including the mayors of the cities, the sweet attitude on this thing now and are willing to have chairmen of the finance committees, and the city managers, themselves taxed for the purpose of a better and more effi­ in order to determine just what the local problem is insofar cient national defense, there will come a time when they will as relief is concerned; and in many of these States the total rebel as this thing continues to hug the $2,000,000,000 mark expenditures for direct relief is less than that for each of half every year for Army and NavY regular and supplemental a dozen cities I could name in my own State. When I men­ appropriations, and it occurs to me that the Congress might tion the relief cost of the State I mean the . total expendi­ well give attention to this program of reducing the number tures by all the cities and towns of the State for direct-relief of military posts in the country and then subserving the thing purposes. that General Marshall emphasizes in this report, the need for As we peruse the records and see how much revenue is mass maneuvers without the tremendous incidental cost of coming from those States, and then compare it with the huge transportation and all the other things that go with it. You sums the Federal Government puts back into them by way would then have the necessary requirement of troops in each of Federal grants, the question uppermost in my mind is, How section of the country and would not have to depend on the long can we continue that condition? There are many other delivery of motor transportation to the Army before that kind cases where the Federal grants run from 2 to 10 times the of mass maneuver can be properly carried on. So as we amount of the Federal internal-revenue collections from those address ourselves to national defense in this· session, let us States. The gentleman from Kansas seems to be complain­ have some regard for the establishment of a durable pattern ing this afternoon about relief conditions in the city of Cleve­ that will be just as good 25 years hence as it will be in 1940. land and in the State of Ohio. Yet, if the State of Ohio, [Applause.] which contributes nearly twice as much money to the Federal [Here the gavel fell.] , Government as it gets back, was used the same as the State Mr. TABER. Mr. Chairman, I yield 10 minutes to the gen­ of Kansas, it would have no complaint. The State of Kansas tleman from Massachusetts [Mr. BATES]. in 1938 contributed $16,000,000 to the Federal Government Mr. BATES of Massachusetts. Mr. Chairman, following up and received $48,000,000. Kansas certainly is used pretty well somewhat the discussion that is taking place on the floor of by the Federal Government. the House this afternoon with respect to the relief situation in the State of Ohio, I want to take just a few moments to If the Federal Government is willing to pay the bill and speak on the general problem of relief and also the outlook drag that money from the great industrial States of the the Members of Congress should have in approaching the Union, then, of course, we cannot. blame those States to whole question. which I have referred for taking the money. It is up to . I made the statement this afternoon that in the distribu­ us to put a stop to that particular situation, which is not only bringing ruination to these industrial States of the tion of relief money through the medium of W. P. A. the Federal Government is going into many States of the Union Union, but I believe is eliminating local responsibilty from and paying nearly the entire cost of relief. There are many · those who ought to assume it in this relief problem. instances of States wherein the Federal Government assumes Mr. DARDEN. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield? well over 95 percent, and this, mind you, in those States of Mr. BATES of Massachusetts. Yes. the Union where industrial conditions have consistently im­ Mr. DARDEN. I was interested in the gentleman's ob­ proved through the period from 1920, 1929, 1935, and 1937. servation in respect to taxes paid 1n contrast to relief Much of this information was before the Appropriations received. What has the gentleman to say about a situation Committee when it had the relief bill under consideration a such as this: Take the Ford Motor Co., for example. It pays year ago. I well recall on the floor of the House when the its income taxes in the State of incorporation, and yet that W. P. A. bill was under discussion that I quoted the Governor income tax is passed on to consumers in every State in the of one of the States, and I will read what he had to say in the Union, and is paid in part by every State in the Union. Is it newspaper, without naming the State again: a fair test to take States, say, like New York and New Jersey, If you come intent on material gains, bear in mind that-- or the small State of Delaware, where there is a tremendous number of incorporations, and use them as an indication Naming his State- that the State pays much more than it receives, while other is today the most prosperous State in the Union. States receive less than they pay? Despite this most prosperous situation, the Federal Govern­ Mr. BATES of Massachusetts. The only question I raise ment in that particular case in 1938 spent $23,413,000, or 95.1 in that respect is that the economic condition of these indus­ percent of the cost of relief. And bear this in mind, particu­ trial States is built up around the industries that come there. larly in relation to the city of Cleveland. We are informed When these industries come into our states, it is not all that that city has spent a great deal of money locally from "gravy." They bring many problems, not only relief but its own taxes for direct relief, and amounting, perhaps, to the need for sewers and schools and highways, and every $1,000,000 or more, whereas in the State that the Governor kind of municipal service, and when we directly attack that said was the most prosperous in the Union the Federal Gov­ source of revenue around which the economic condition of ernment in 1938 contributed over $23,000,000, while the State the State has been built, then we strike at the very basis on itself and all the cities and towns of that State were spending which they depend for revenue. only $1,199,000 during the same period for direct relief. But aside from that, I am speaking about those States Mr. SCHAFER of Wisconsin. What State was that? where, because of Federal contribution, Federal grants, Fed­ Mr. BATES of Massachusetts. Well, the State was Louisi­ eral subsidies, and so forth, there has come statutory exemp­ ana, but that is only one of many States. There are a tion of taxes for real estate on properties of from one to five number of others where the Federal Government pays from thousand dollars, assessed value, and in many States the 95 to 98 percent of the cost of relief. assessed value represents only 50 percent of the real value. Mr. TABER. Mr. Chairman, will the gentleman yield for When they exempt factories from taxation for 5 to 15 years, a question there? when they have no income or inheritance tax that many Mr. BATES of Massachusetts. Yes . . other States depend on for a major source of income, when Mr. TABER. That is the State where a bunch of them are they are getting to be tax-dodging States and refuse to raise under indictment for irregularities? locally sufficient money to take care of their relief problem, Mr. BATES of Massachusetts. I do not wish to comment then I resent the Federal Government reaching into these on that, because, otherwise, it is a pretty good State, and many other industrial States of the Union and impairing their 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 295 source of revenue upon which they must depend in order to I think, frankly, there is some question-and I hope to have exist under the most depressing economic conditions that an opportunity at a later time to say something about it-as exist at the present time. to the amount of money being spent in reference to the That is my complaint. No State ought·to expect the Fed­ neutrality patrol. Admiral Ellis is doing good work with his eral Government to pay 95 to 99 percent of the cost of relief command in the Atlantic, but I think there is grave question and then, by local tax exemption, get off scot free from as­ about the 300-mile limit set out in the declaration of Panama. suming the local responsibility that ought to be theirs and It has, of course, no legal basis; it is not an area that we would be theirs if our Members of Congress will see to it are called upon to defend, or in which we have any legal that they properly assume their rightful burdens of govern­ right superior to any other power. We h~ve no rights be­ ment. [Applause.] yond the territorial limits of the United States. We have Mr. WOODRUM of Virginia. Mr. Chairman, I yield 5 interests in our shipping wherever it may be. But to draw a minutes to the gentleman from Virginia [Mr. DARDEN]. line in the western part of the Atlantic and claim control over Mr. DARDEN. Mr. Chairman, we have had a great deal the water lying within it· is not only folly-it is a dangerous of discussion this afternoon on matters not bearing directly precedent. No step should be taken by this Government on the bill under consideration. I want to talk for only a that might tend to· embroil us within the limitation of 300 moment or two on some of the features included in this bill miles off our coasts. The seas are free. We have fought to with reference to the Navy. maintain this doctrine. Why should we seek to repudiate it I was very much interested in what the gentleman from now. Our interest lies in its assertion, not its denial, with Michigan [Mr. SHAFER] had to say about the Army. I think the exception of this expenditure-and it is not great-in this the same thing is true about the naval forces of the United bill, the request for some $150,000,000 for the United States States. I think we have an excellent Navy. It is a splendid Navy is a reasonable request. It is money that is needed, and force-both officers and men. The appointment of Mr. Edi­ it is money which I hope the Congress will be inclined to son only a few days ago as successor to Mr. Swanson was a make available, and available immediately. [Applause.] particularly happy one. [Here the gavel fell.J Mr. WOODRUM of Virginia. Mr. Chairman, I yield 5 There is no question about the fact that keeping up the minutes to the gentleman from Arizona [Mr. MURDOCK]. defense of the country entails a heavy financial .burden. I Mr. MURDOCK of Arizona. Mr. Chairman, I was pre­ think we all appreciate that, and we realize that it is a sacri­ siding at the time the gentleman from lllinois [Mr. DIRKSEN] fice which on account of the times must be met. We must spoke. I listened carefully and found myself agreeing quite make no mistake about the fact that these are desperate generally with his remarks in favor of an economy to be years in which we are living and that the only people who . brought about through a wise concentration of our Army will survive are the people who are able to take care of them­ camps and posts. I am aware of the fact that we have many selves. This country has nobody to whom it can turn in relics of an earlier date. I am also aware of the fact that time of grave emergency. It is of vital consequence that no Members of Congress, perhaps like myself, more or less nioney be wasted on the naval or military forces of the United locally minded, each feels the need in his own State or dis­ States, but it is equally important that they be kept on an trict of having an Army post. Perhaps the West today is adequate and well-prepared basis. I do not believe it an covered with Army posts which are relics of the day when extravagant statement to say that the genuine desire and the Indian wars made such posts necessary. So I want to effort on the part of the party in power in Great Britain­ express general approval of the proposal advanced by the the Labor Party in the first instance and later the Baldwin gentleman from Illinois [Mr. DIRKSEN] and others. Government-to forward the cause of peace by disarmament, I have ·a feeling, of course, that the Army, the Army offi­ and like views held by our own administrati.ons through this cers, the military organizations, taking all factors into ac­ same period, contributed as much to the unfortunate situa­ count, ought to lead the way in this sensible suggestion of tion abroad in the world today as any other single thing. reorganization for our physical defense plans, so to speak. Had we been able to keep our armament at a strength that I am aware, of course, that strategic locations will be thereby would have commanded respect of our views in the period considered. Do not smile if I may seem to blow hot and from 1922 down to 1933 or 1934, we would not now be faced cold in the same breath by wanting to consolidate and yet with the necessity of tremendous naval expansion and the keep all of mine-one. I recall that I mentioned to members very heavy cost incidental to it. It is my belief that the of the House Military Affairs Committee in the Seventy­ territorial integrity of China would have been preserved with­ Fifth Congress that I thought Fort Huachuca, down in out a shot being fired. Nor would Hitler have had the oppor­ southern Arizona-this was 2 years ago-ought to receive tunity to ruthlessly overrun his weak neighbors. The success some consideration and rehab.ilitation. Such has since been of Hitler has been due no more to the preparation of his done to a certain extent, but perhaps not to a sufficient own armed forces than to the failure of the western democ- extent. racies to arm. . One member of the committee asked me: "Why should we Dictatorship rests on armed force. It fears nothing except give any thought to that distant outpost down on the south­ power-power great enough to curb its lawlessness and ern desert?" I explained that it was the only military post oppression. we had between El Paso and the Pacific Ocean, a long stretch The requests that have been made in this bill are reason­ and a very strategic border. It is not that I am thinking able. Many of you know that during periods of peace it has .of our neighbor on the south, who might cause trouble, been the custom to keep the Navy on an 85-percent war basis. but I was thinking then, and am still thinking of this, that I have been of the opinion that the Navy, at all times, ought in the event of an Asiatic war, or an enemy striking us from to be on a war footing; that it ought to be manned 100 across the Pacific, that that particular back door, if left percent, because it is an arm of the national defense, and we unguarded or partially so, would be our vulnerable point. are not able, quickly, to bring it to 100 percent strength. I would say that it is one of the first ten which must be The training of the personnel of the Navy requires time. The kept up. construction of naval vessels is a very slow and tedious under­ I am not refuting the gentleman from lllinois [Mr. taking. It is a truism, almost, that all wars are fought with DIRKSEN] now, for I noticed he said that perhaps one post the naval power in existence at the outbreak of the war. ought to be retained in each State for the training of civil­ Countries are rarely able to add to their naval strength dur­ ians and for other purposes. Such a plan would take care ing a period of conflict. So, the requirements that are being of Fort Huachuca for Arizona, but I believe we should have met in this bill are simply those necessary to put our fleet, more protection along th~t border. I am calling attention the United States Fleet, on a war basis. A basis which will to . the fact that something more is needed besides the per­ permit us to deal immediately and effectively with an enemy. suasive power of a Congressman pulling for his district. 296 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE JANUARY 11 I have faith in the impartial, scientific judgment of our The motion was agreed to; accordingly Cat 3 o'clock and Army officials and those charged by us with the responsi­ 28 minutes p. m.) the House adjourned until tomorrow, bility of protecting our country. So, with this understand­ Friday, January 12, 1940, at 12 o'clock noon. ing, I want to express approval of the proposals made from the floor on this matter of economy. [Applause.] COMMITTEE HEARINGS [Here the gavel fell.] The CHAIRMAN. There being no further requests for COMMITTEE ON NAVAL AFFAIRS 'time the Clerk will read. There will be a hearing Friday, January 12, 1940, at 10 The Clerk read the bill down to line 11, page 2. a.m., before the Committee on Naval Affairs, on H. R. 7665, Mr. WOODRUM of Virginia. Mr. Chairman, I move that to establish the composition of the United States Navy, to the Committee do now rise. authorize the construction of certain naval vessels, and for The motion was agreed to. other purposes. Accordingly the Committee rose; and the Speaker having COMMITTEE ON MERCHANT MARINE AND FISHERIES resumed the Chair, Mr. JONES of Texas, Chairman of the The Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries Will hold Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union, hearings at 10 a. m. on the following dates on the matters reported that that Committee, having had under consideration named: the bill H. R. 7805, making supplemental appropriations for Tuesday, January 16, 1940: the M-ilitary and Naval Establishments, Coast Guard, and H. R. 6130, to provide for mandatory or com,pulsory inspec­ Federal Bureau of Investigation, for the fiscal year ending tion and permissive or voluntary grading of fish, fishery June 30, 1940, and for other purposes, had come to no resolu­ products, fishery byproducts, shellfish, crustacea, seaweeds, tion thereon. and all other aquatic forms of animal and vegetable life, and MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATEs--CONSERVA­ the products and byproducts thereof, and for other purposes. TION OF NATIONAL RESOURCES (H. DOC. NO. 561) Tuesday, January 23, 1940: The SPEAKER laid before the House the following com­ H. R. 200, to amend section 4370 of the Revised Statutes of munication from the President of the United States, which the United States CU. S. C., 1934 ed., title 46, sec. 316). was read and, with accompanying papers, referred to the Tuesday, January 30, 1940: Committee of the Whole House on tl)e state of the Union, The foliowing hearing was at first scheduled for Friday, and ordered to be printed, with illustrations. January 5, but was later postponed until Thursday, January The Clerk read as follows: 25. Now it has been postponed again, · this time being Tues­ day, January 30, at 10 a. m. To the Congress ot the United States: H. R. 7357, to amend section 4472 of the Revised Statutes The provision for the wise use and conservation of our CU. S. C., 1934 ed., title 46, sec. 465) to provide for the safe national resources must necessarily be one of the primary carriage of explosives or other dangerous or semidangerous responsibilities of the Federal Government at all times. articles or substances on board vessels; to make more effec­ Through research leading to the development of programs tive the provisions of the International Convention for Safety and recommendations, the National Resources Planning of Life at Sea, 1929, relating to the carriage of dangerous Board and its predecessors have been at work for the past 6 goods; and for other purposes. years in the interest of planning for resources conservation Tuesday, February 6, 1940: and use. This is democratic planning. It is decentralized; H. R.· 7527, to make effective the provisions of the Mini~ it is based on the wishes of the people, who, through their mum Age (sea) Convention (revised) , 1936, and for other elected representatives, decide what plans we will develop purposes. and follow; it is planning "from the ground up." Tuesday, February 13, 1940: . The accomplishments of the National Resources Commit­ H. R. 1780, to amend section 7 of the act of June 19, 1886, -tee in a large measure have been the results of cooperation as amended CU. S. C., 1934 ed., Supp. III, title 46, sec. 319), with Federal and non-Federal planning groups. Today relative to penalties on certain undocumented vessels and there are planning organizations by various names in many cargoes engaging in the coastwise trade or the f}.sheries, and Federal agencies; there are also 43 State planning boards for other purposes. and hundreds of county and city planning groups. The H. R. 5837, to amend section 221 of the Shipping Act, bar­ continuance in operation of these democratic planning ring certain aliens from participating in the benefits thereof. activities demonstrates the desire of our people for the H. R. 6770, to amend Revised Statutes 4311 CU. S. C. 251). utilization of long-range planning to conserve and develop H. R. 7694, to amend section 4311 of the Revised Statutes our resources. of the United States. The functions and duties of the National Resources Com­ COMMITTEE ON INVALID PENSIONS mittee, as you know, were transferred under Reorganization Plan No. I to the National Resources Planning Board in the The Committee on Invalid Pensions will hold public hear~ Executive Office. The story of the committee's work and a ings in the committee room, 247 House Office -Building, at 10 a.m., on the following dates on the matters named: picture of the r~sponsibilities that lie ahead of the National Resources Planning Board are presented in the progress re­ C~WAR port of the National Resources Committee, which I now Monday, January 15; Tuesday, January 16; and Wednes­ transmit for the information of the Congress. day, January 17, 1940: FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT. H. R. 917. A bill to amend Public Law No. 190 of the Sixty­ THE WHITE HOUSE, January 11, 1940. sixth Congress. H. R. 1666. A bill granting pensions and increase of pen~

- E~TENSION OF REMARKS sions to widows, former widows, and children of certain sol­ diers, sailors, and marines of the Civil War, and for other Mr. WOODRUM of Virginia. Mr. Speaker, I ask unani­ purposes. mous consent to revise and extend the remarks I made in the H. R. 2208. A bill to amend Public Law No. 190 of the Sixty­ committee today and to include therein certain statements sixth Congress. and brief extracts from the hearings. H. R. 3386. A bill to amend Public Law No. 190 of the Sixty­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the request of the sixth Congress. gentleman from Virginia [Mr. WooDRUliii]? H. R. 6716. A bill to recognize for the. purpose of the pen­ There was no objection. sion laws the service in the Civil War of certain members of ADJOURNMENT the Fifty-sixth Regiment Illinois Mechanic Fusileers. Mr. WOODRUM of Virginia. Mr. Speaker, I move that the H. R. 6909. A bill to amend Public Law No. 190 of the Sixty­ House do now adjourn. - siXth Congress. 1940 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 297 H. R. 6927. A bill to amend Public Law No. 190 of the Sixty- December 19, 1939, submitting a report, together with accom­ sixth Congress. · panying papers and an illustration, on a preliminary examina­ H. R. 7728. A bill granting an increase of pension to widows tion and survey of and review of reports on Little Manatee of veterans of the Civil War. River and inlets, Florida, and channel to navigable waters in SUBMARINE OR AIRCRAFT DISASTERS Tampa Bay, authorized by the River and Harbor Act ap­ Friday, January 19, 1940: proved June 20, 1938, and requested by resolution of the Com­ H. R. 6532. A bill to provide pensions at wartime rates for mittee on Rivers and Harbors, House of Representatives, disability or death incurred in line of duty as a direct result adopted April 7, 1938 (H. Doc. No. 552); to the Committee on of submarine or aircraft disasters. Rivers and Harbors and ordered to be printed, with an illus­ tration. INDIAN WARS 1252. A letter from the Secretary of War, transmitting a Monday, January 22, and Tuesday, January 23, 1940: letter from the Chief of Engineers, United States Army, dated H. R. 1006. A bill to adjust the rate of pension to soldiers December 15, 1939, submitting a report, together with accom­ of the Indian wars who served 90 days or more in active panying papers and an illustration, on reexamination of New service against hostile Indians, and for other purposes. River, Fla., with a view to determining whether any further H. R. 3996. A bill to pension men who were engaged in or improvement, including removal of shoals from the Intra­ connected with the military service of the United States dur­ coastal Waterway through the town of Fort Lauderdale to ing the period of Indian wars and disturbances. South Fork, is advisable at this time, requested by resolution H. R. 4924. A bill to adjust the rate of pension to soldiers of the Committee on Rivers and Harbors, House of Repre­ of the Indian wars who served 90 days or more in active sentatives, adopted April 29, 1937