Online Appendixes Public Disclosure Authorized Labor Mobility As a Jobs Strategy for Myanmar STRENGTHENING ACTIVE LABOR MARKET POLICIES TO ENHANCE THE BENEFITS OF MOBILITY Public Disclosure Authorized Mauro Testaverde Harry Moroz Public Disclosure Authorized Puja Dutta Public Disclosure Authorized Contents Appendix 1 Labor Exchange Offices in Myanmar 1 Appendix 2 Forms used to collect information at Labor Exchange Offices 3 Appendix 3 Registering jobseekers and vacancies at Labor Exchange Offices 5 Appendix 4 The migration process in Myanmar 6 The Myanmar-Thailand corridor 6 The Myanmar-Malaysia corridor 16 The Myanmar-Korea corridor 22 Migration corridors without labor attachés 25 Appendix 5 Obtaining an Overseas Worker Identification Card (OWIC) 29 Appendix 6 Obtaining a passport 30 Cover Photo: Somrerk Witthayanant/ Shutterstock Appendix 1 Labor Exchange Offices in Myanmar State/Region Name State/Region Name Yangon No (1) LEO Tanintharyi Dawei Township Office Yangon No (2/3) LEO Tanintharyi Myeik Township Office Yangon No (3) LEO Tanintharyi Kawthoung Township Office Yangon No (4) LEO Magway Magwe Township Office Yangon No (5) LEO Magway Minbu District Office Yangon No (6/11/12) LEO Magway Pakokku District Office Yangon No (7) LEO Magway Chauk Township Office Yangon No (8/9) LEO Magway Yenangyaung Township Office Yangon No (10) LEO Magway Aunglan Township Office Yangon Mingalardon Township Office Sagaing Sagaing District Office Yangon Shwe Pyi Thar Township Sagaing Monywa District Office Yangon Hlaing Thar Yar Township Sagaing Shwe Bo District Office Yangon Hlaing Thar Yar Supervisory Office Sagaing Katha District Office Yangon South Dagon Township Office Sagaing Kalewa Township Office Yangon North Dagon Township Office Sagaing KaleTownship Office Yangon Mawbe Township Office Kachin Myitkyina District Office Yangon Thanlin Township Office Kachin Bahmo District Office Mandalay Aungmyethazan Township Office Kachin Moenyin Township Office Mandalay Chanmyathazi Township Office Kayah Loikaw District Office Mandalay Chanayethazan Township Office Kayin Hpa-an District Office Mandalay Pyaygyidagun Township Office Kayin Myawaddy District Office Mandalay Amarapura Township Office Chin Hakha Township Office Mandalay Meiktila Township Office Mon Mawlamyein Distirct Office Mandalay Yemethin Township Office Mon Thaton District Office Mandalay Myingyan Township Office Mon Kyaikto Township Office Mandalay Kyaukse Township Office Mon Thanbyuzayat Township Office 1 State/Region Name State/Region Name Mandalay Pyin Oo Lwin Township Office Rakhine Sittwe Township Office Bago Bago Township Office Rakhine Thandwe Townhsip Office Bago Taungoo Township Office Rakhine Kyauk Phyu Township Office Bago Pyay District Office Rakhine Ann Township Office Bago Tharrawaddy District Office Rakhine Kyauktaw Township Office Bago Nyaunglebin Township Office Shan Taunggyi Township Office Ayeyarwaddy Pathein District Office Shan Lashio Township Office Ayeyarwaddy Ma-ubin Township Office Shan Kyaukme Township Office Ayeyarwaddy Hinthada Township Office Shan Kyaingtong Township Office Ayeyarwaddy Myaungmya Township Office Shan Loilem Township Office Ayeyarwaddy Kyangin tonwship Office Shan Tachilek Township Office Ayeyarwaddy Pyapon Township Office Shan Mu-Se Township Office 2 Labor Mobility As a Jobs Strategy for Myanmar Appendix 2 Forms used to collect information at Labor Exchange Offices Form Name Description Examples of information collected Recordkeeping Form 1 Worker’s Registers internal • Sequence number • Ledger Personal and international • Name • Database Record jobseekers • National registration card Card • Educational qualifications • Suitable occupation (ISCO code) Form 2 Labor Registration card • Labor registration card number • See Form 1 Registration issued to jobseeker • Name Card • National registration card • Fingerprint • Renewal date Form 3 Vacancy Collects information • Vacancy notification letter number • Ledger Notification from employer • Employer name • Database Letter about vacancies • Job title • Keep original record • Skill level in case file with • Number of vacancies serial number and • Job description and experience order number • Job location • Salary and working hours Form 4 Demand Registers demand • Demand letter number • Database Letter letters • Employer name • Form not used • Job title • Skill level • Number of vacancies • Job description and experience • Job location • Salary and working hours Form 5 Jobseeker Asks jobseekers • Jobseeker notification letter • May be recorded in Notification whether they are number ledger Letter interested in a • Name • Database (may not vacancy • Labor registration card number be entered) • Due date • Typically jobseekers are called Form 6 Sending Lists all jobseekers • Name • Ledger Jobseeker who are qualified • Occupation (ISCO code) • Database (may not Form for a vacancy • Labor registration card number be entered) (informs company • Education level • Keep original record of qualified in case file jobseekers) 3 Form Name Description Examples of information collected Recordkeeping Form Jobseekers Note from N.A. • No data entry 6 with Placed employer listing note jobseekers who have been hired Form 7 Employment Card issued to • Demand letter number • Ledger Card jobseekers who • Name • Database (may not have been hired • National registration card be entered) • Occupation (ISCO code) • Keep original record • Labor registration card number in case file Form 8 Letter of Informs employer • Demand letter number • Ledger incompeten- that the Labor cy on send- Exchange Office ing qualified cannot find workers qualified workers Form 9 Employer Collects employer • Employer name • Ledger Registration details upon • Type of business • Database Card registration of first • Type of products vacancy • Training opportunities • Public/Private/Etc. • Number of workers • DICA registration number • Public, private, or joint venture • ISIC code N.A. indicates not applicable. Source: Authors. 4 Labor Mobility As a Jobs Strategy for Myanmar Appendix 3 Registering jobseekers and vacancies at Labor Exchange Offices In order to obtain a jobseeker registration • Employer name card, both internal and international • Job title jobseekers must visit a Labor Exchange • Skill level Office (LEO) in person and provide their • Number of vacancies educational qualifications. They can• Job description and experience needed also submit their national registration • Job location card (NRC), although providing an NRC • Salary and working hours is optional. (If the NRC is provided, a household certificate may be requested Employers inform the LEOs when matches to verify it.) Different stamps distinguish have been made with jobseekers, although the jobseeker registration cards (Form 2) this currently cannot be tracked in the issued to local and overseas jobseekers. LEO Management System. Information on Jobseekers can obtain both cards if they jobseekers, employers, and job placements wish. The information recorded about the are collected in a series of forms, ledger jobseeker includes: books, and Excel spreadsheets, and with the exception of job placements, in the Labor • Name Exchange Office Management System. • National registration card (not mandatory) Appendix 2 lists the forms used and the data • Educational qualifications collected in the registration process at LEOs. • Suitable occupation (ISCO code) Although not mandated by law, private- Each jobseeker registration card has a sector employers typically require job unique ID number, which is generated applicants to show their jobseeker every time a jobseeker registers at a registration card; their national registration LEO. It is not possible to check whether card (NRC); a recommendation letter from a worker is already registered at another a ward administrator or a village head LEO or if they have received a jobseeker (obtaining this letter requires the household registration card in the past. All employers registration certificate) or a letter from a must register in-person the first time they sponsor (someone who lives near the job register job vacancies. At that time, private- site) certifying that the jobseeker is living sector employers can obtain a username with them; and a police recommendation and password for the LEO Management letter (obtaining this requires first System so that they can register vacancies obtaining the ward administrator letter). online (they can also continue to register Job applicants without NRCs and formal them in-person). Public employers must addresses sometimes borrow them from register all vacancies in person. The friends, use the household certificates information recorded about the job vacancy of acquaintances, or seek someone’s includes: sponsorship (DIIS 2017). 5 Appendix 4 The migration process in Myanmar The Myanmar-Thailand corridor The Myanmar-Thailand corridor is of migrants from Thailand. The ensuing Myanmar’s most important migration labor market shortages prompted the Thai route. A long border, weak enforcement government to reverse course and open capacity, significant demand in Thailand, a registration for irregular migrants. In and political and ethnic conflict have 2017, strict enforcement measures against made irregular migration attractive to irregular migration via the Royal Ordinance prospective migrants. The result is that a on the Management of Foreign Workers large number of undocumented Myanmar Employment B.E. 2560 (2017) prompted migrants now live in Thailand. Several migrants to again flee Thailand, which