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Grammatical Roles and Relations May Be Discussed, Combining a Great Clarity of Discussion and Evidence from an Enormous Number of the World's Languages

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Grammatical Roles and Relations May Be Discussed, Combining a Great Clarity of Discussion and Evidence from an Enormous Number of the World's Languages Frank Palmer's new book is a typological survey of grammatical roles, such as Agent, Patient, Beneficiary, and grammatical relations, such as Subject, (Direct) Object and Indirect Object, which are familiar concepts in traditional grammars. It describes the devices, such as the Passive, that alter or switch the identities between such roles and relations. A great wealth of examples is used to show that the grammatical systems of the familiar European languages are far from typical of many of the world's languages, for which we need to use such terms as 'Ergative' and 'Antipassive'. Professor Palmer provides an elegant and consis- tent framework within which grammatical roles and relations may be discussed, combining a great clarity of discussion and evidence from an enormous number of the world's languages. CAMBRIDGE TEXTBOOKS IN LINGUISTICS General Editors: J. BRESNAN, B. COMRIE, W. DRESSLER, R. HUDDLESTON, R. LASS, D. LIGHTFOOT, J. LYONS, P. H. MATTHEWS, R. POSNER, S. ROMAINE, N. V. SMITH, N. VINCENT GRAMMATICAL ROLES AND RELATIONS In this series p. H. MATTHEWS Morphology Second edition B. COMRIE Aspect R. M. KEMPSON Semantic theory T . B Y N o N Historical linguistics j. ALLWOOD, L.-G. ANDERSON, 6. DAHL Logic in linguistics D . B . FRY The physics of speech R. A. HUDSON Sociolinguistics j. K. CHAMBERS and P. TRUDGILL Dialectology A. J. ELLIOTT Child language p. H. MATTHEWS Syntax A. RADFORD Transformational syntax L. BAUER English word-formation s. c. LEVINSON Pragmatics G. BROWN and G . YULE Discourse analysis R. HUDDLESTON Introduction to the grammar of English R. LASS Phonology B. COMRIE Tense w. KLEIN Second language acquisition A. CRUTTENDEN Intonation A. J. WOODS, P. FLETCHER and A. HUGHES Statistics in language studies D. A. CRUSE Lexical semantics F. R. PALMER Mood and modality A. RADFORD Transformational Grammar M. G ARM AN Psycholinguistics w. CROFT Typology and universals G. G. CORBETT Gender H. J. GIEGERICH English phonology R. CANN Formal semantics p. J. HOPPER and E. c. TRAUGOTT Grammaticalization j. LAVER Principles of phonetics F. R. PALMER Grammatical roles and relations GRAMMATICAL ROLES AND RELATIONS F. R. PALMER PROFESSOR EMERITUS DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTIC SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF READING CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521452045 © Cambridge University Press 1994 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1994 Reprinted 1995, 1998 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Palmer, F. R. (Frank Robert) Grammatical roles and relations/F. R. Palmer. p. cm. - (Cambridge textbooks in linguistics) Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 0 521 45204 X (hardback). - ISBN 0 521 45836 6 (paperback) 1. Grammar, Comparative and general. 2. Typology (Linguistics) I. Title. II. Series. P201.P32 1994 415-dc20 93-15563 CIP ISBN 978-0-521-45204-5 hardback ISBN 978-0-521-45836-8 paperback Transferred to digital printing 2007 To Aidan, Frank, Edward and Jack CONTENTS Acknowledgements xiii Notation and abbrevations xiv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Predicates and arguments 2 1.2 Grammatical roles 4 1.2.1 Grammatical and notional roles 4 1.2.2 Types of marking 6 1.2.3 Agent and Patient 8 1.2.4 Other grammatical roles 10 1.3 Grammatical relations 11 1.3.1 Accusative, ergative etc. 11 1.3.2 Roles and relations (i) 14 1.4 Passive and antipassive 16 1.4.1 Promotion and demotion 16 1.4.2 Roles and relations (ii) 18 1.5 Other issues 21 2 Roles and relations 22 2.1 Agent and Patient 22 2.1.1 The universality of the distinction 22 2.1.2 Notional roles 25 2.2 Subject, Object and animacy 29 2.3 Beneficiary-Dative 31 2.3.1 Basic uses 31 2.3.2 Promotion and demotion 34 2.3.3 Animacy 36 2.4 Primary and Secondary Objects 37 2.5 Experiencers, 'modal subjects' etc. 40 2.6 Locatives and Instrumentals 44 2.7 Other roles and sub-roles 47 ix Contents 2.8 Problematic constructio 49 3 Accusative, ergative and agentive systems 53 3.1 Ergative marking 53 3.2 Conflicting criteria 56 3.3 Variation by grammatical category 57 3.3.1 Tense/Aspect 57 3.3.2 Class of nominal 59 3.3.3 Main/subordinate clause 61 3.4 Systems with three basic relations 63 3.5 Agentive systems 65 3.5.1 Basic systems 66 3.5.2 Meaning 70 3.5.3 Variation by grammatical category 73 3.5.4 Other types of agentivity 76 3.6 Georgian and Tabassaran 78 3.6.1 Georgian 79 3.6.2 Tabassaran 82 3.6.3 Semantic issues 85 4 Syntactic relation 88 4.1 Syntactic pivots 88 4.1.1 Coordination 89 4.1.2 Complementation 93 4.1.3 Relatives 96 4.1.4 Other constructions 100 4.2 Syntax vs. morphology 104 4.3 Pivots and 'dative subjects' 107 4.4 Imperatives 111 4.5 Pivots in an agentive system 113 4.6 The syntactic role of passive and antipassive 114 5 Passive 117 5.1 The identification of the passive 117 5.2 Promotion of Object 119 5.3 Promotion of oblique terms 125 5.4 Impersonal and 'affected' passives 127 5.5 Passives and topicalization 132 5.6 Functions of the passive 136 5.7 Varieties of passive 138 x Contents 6 Passive: related and problematic issues 142 6.1 Reflexives and indefinites as passives 142 6.2 Other passive-like constructions 145 6.3 The middle voice 150 6.4 Multiple functions of passive markers 156 6.5 Passives in ergative systems 158 6.6 Promotion to object 161 6.6.1 The applicative 161 6.6.2 Applicatives and passivization 163 6.6.3 The situation in English 169 6.7 Theoretical issues 171 7 Antipassive 176 7.1 Form of the antipassive 176 7.2 Functions of the antipassive 178 7.2.1 Creation of pivots 178 7.2.2 Detransitivization 181 7.3 Promotion of oblique relations 186 7.4 Detransitives without antipassive 187 7.5 Incorporation 191 7.6 Lexical issues 195 7.7 Antipassives in accusative systems 197 7.8 The typological status of ergative systems 199 8 Topic and inverse systems 201 8.1 Topic systems 201 8.1.1 Morphology 201 8.1.2 Syntax 204 8.2 Inverse systems 207 8.2.1 Basic systems 208 8.2.2 Inverse systems and passives 211 9 Causatives 214 9.1 Forms of the causative 214 9.2 The 'paradigm case' 218 9.3 Contrasting structures 221 9.3.1 'Active' and 'passive' causatives 221 9.3.2 'Single event' causatives 224 9.3.3 Periphrastic vs. morphological causatives 226 9.3.4 Other issues 227 xi Contents 9.4 Double causatives 231 9.5 Related constructions 232 9.6 Adversity passives 234 9.7 An alternative interpretation of causatives 236 9.8 Final observations 239 Glossary of terms 241 References and citation index 243 Language index 253 General index 255 xii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank Nigel Vincent, Masayoshi Shibatani and an anonymous (but identifiable?) referee, for reading the first draft of this book, pointing out errors and offering many very helpful suggestions. Although I have not accepted all the advice given, I am sure that they have helped me to produce a better book, but they are, of course, in no way responsible for any remaining errors or shortcomings. Xlll NOTATION AND ABBREVIATIONS In addition to the usual conventions for the use of italics, quotation marks and asterisks, the following notation is used. In the text Initial capitals grammatical roles and grammatical relations SMALL CAPITALS lexical items ('lexemes') - hyphen conjunction of role and relation = equals sign two roles identified as a single relation / oblique alternative terminology or alternating items 4- plus sign sequential elements in a construction In the inset examples SMALL CAPITALS grammatical categories - hyphen morphemic boundary in the language material and corresponding division in the gloss + plus sign combined categories in the gloss represented by a single element in the language material To a very large extent, the transcriptions, glosses and translations are those of the original authors, although some of the abbreviations used in the glosses have been changed for consistency. A list of abbrevations is given below; others are explained in the text. ABL Ablative ANIM Animate ABS Absolutive ANTIP Antipassive ACC Accusative AOR Aorist ACT Active APPL Applicative AGR Agreement marker ART Article AGT Agent(ive) ASP Aspect XIV Notation and abbreviations AUX Auxiliary MASC Masculine BEN Beneficiary MID Middle CAUS Causative NOM Nominative CIRC Circumstantial NONPAST Nonpast CL Classifier OBJ Object CLIT Clitic OBL Oblique COMPL Complement PART Partitive CONT Continuous PASS Passive DAT Dative PAST Past DECL Declarative PAT Patient(ive) DET Determiner PERF Perfect/Perfective DIR Directional PL Plural DO Direct Object POSS Possessive DS Different Subject POTEN Potential ELAT Elative PREP Preposition EMPH Emphatic PRES Present ERG Ergative P/P Past/Present FEM Feminine PRET Preterite FOC Focus PROG Progressive GEN Genitive PTCP Participle HAB Habitual PURP Purposive HUM Human REFL Reflexive IMP Imperative REL Relative IMPERF Imperfect/Imperfective SG Singular IMPL Implicative SS Same Subject INDIC Indicative SUBJ Subject INF Infinitive TOP Topic INSTR Instrumental TNS Tense IO Indirect Object TRANS Transitive LOC Locative XV 1 Introduction As the title suggests, this book is a typological study of grammatical roles, such as Agent, Patient, Beneficiary, and of grammatical relations, such as Subject, (Direct) and Indirect Object, which are familiar concepts in traditional grammars; in addition it is concerned with the devices, such as the passive, that alter or switch (or 'remap' - see 1.1) the identities between such roles and relations.
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