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Capdet, Mariana. 2012 12 21 Tesis Doctoral Biodiversidad de Ascomycetes sexuales y asexuales xilófilos sobre palmeras nativas en la República Argentina Capdet, Mariana 2012-12-21 Este documento forma parte de la colección de tesis doctorales y de maestría de la Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, disponible en digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. Su utilización debe ser acompañada por la cita bibliográfica con reconocimiento de la fuente. This document is part of the doctoral theses collection of the Central Library Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, available in digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. It should be used accompanied by the corresponding citation acknowledging the source. Cita tipo APA: Capdet, Mariana. (2012-12-21). Biodiversidad de Ascomycetes sexuales y asexuales xilófilos sobre palmeras nativas en la República Argentina. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Cita tipo Chicago: Capdet, Mariana. "Biodiversidad de Ascomycetes sexuales y asexuales xilófilos sobre palmeras nativas en la República Argentina". Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. 2012-12-21. Dirección: Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis F. Leloir, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Contacto: [email protected] Intendente Güiraldes 2160 - C1428EGA - Tel. (++54 +11) 4789-9293 Universidad de Buenos Aires Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental Biodiversidad de Ascomycetes sexuales y asexuales xilófilos sobre palmeras nativas en la República Argentina Tesis presentada para optar por el título de Doctor de la Universidad de Buenos Aires en el área de Ciencias Biológicas. Mariana Capdet Directora: Dra. Romero, Andrea Irene Consejera de estudios: Dra. Lopez, Silvia Edith Buenos Aires, 2012 1 Biodiversidad de Ascomycetes sexuales y asexuales xilófilos sobre palmeras nativas en la República Argentina. RESUMEN Se realizó un estudio sobre la diversidad de especies de ascomicetes sobre tres palmeras nativas: Butia yatay (Mart.) Becc., Euterpe edulis Mart. y Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman en los Parques Nacionales Iguazú en la provincia de Misiones y el Parque Nacional El Palmar en la provincia de Entre Ríos. Este estudio se planteó por la necesidad de conocer la diversidad de ascomicetes frente a la pérdida de la biodiversidad aún en áreas protegidas. Por lo tanto los objetivos principales de este trabajo fueron: - identificar, describir e ilustrar las especies fúngicas (en estado teleomórfico o anamórfico) halladas sobre los sustratos elegidos; - estudiar la presencia de ascomicetes sobre las diferentes partes de la palmera en descomposición y sobre folíolos verdes sólo se estudió al género Coccostromopsis; - comparar cualitativamente la diversidad hallada en las dos regiones una con clima subtropical y la otra con clima templado; - comparar cualitativamente la composición de especies fúngicas con las comunidades encontradas sobre palmeras de otras partes del mundo. Durante el año y medio de muestreo se observaron 921 muestras de las cuales se identificaron 96 especies de ascomicetes, siendo 32 de ellos anamorfos, 55 teleomorfos y 6 holomorfos. Se proponen 5 especies nuevas y 57 nuevas citas para el país. El sitio y la palmera de mayor biodiversidad fue el Parque Nacional Iguazú y Euterpe edulis. Palabras claves: ascomicetes, taxonomía, biodiversidad, palmeras nativas, Misiones, Entre Ríos. 2 Biodiversity of sexual and asexual Ascomycetes xylophilous on native palm trees from Argentina Republic. SUMMARY A study on the diversity of species of ascomycetes on three native palms: Butia yatay (Mart.) Becc., Euterpe edulis Mart. and Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman in Iguazú National Parks in the province of Misiones and the National Park El Palmar in the province of Entre Ríos was carried out. This study was set by the need to understand the diversity of ascomycetes against the loss of biodiversity even in protected areas. Therefore the main objectives of this study were: - to identify, describe and illustrate the fungal species (in teleomorph or anamorphic) found on the selected substrates chosen, - to study the presence of ascomycetes on the different decaying parts of the palm tree and green leaves only genus Coccostromopsis was studied, - to compare qualitatively the diversity found in the two regions with each other subtropical and temperate climate, - to compare qualitatively the composition of fungal species found on the palms of communities elsewhere. During the samplings, 921 collections were observed. From them, 96 species of ascomycetes were identified, 32 of which are amorphous, 55 teleomorphs and 6 holomorphic. Five species are proposed and 57 species are first recorded from the country. Iguazú National Park and Euterpe edulis were the most biodiverse site and palm. Keywords: ascomycetes, taxonomy, biodiversity, native palms, Misiones, Entre Ríos. 3 ÍNDICE 1.0 INTRODUCCIóN ................................................................................................. 6 1.1. Biodiversidad y Conservación .......................................................................... 6 1.2. Número estimado de especies fúngicas ............................................................ 6 1.3. Estado del conocimiento sobre Ascomycota en Argentina .............................. 7 1.4. ¿Por qué estudiar los Ascomicetes sobre palmeras? ........................................ 8 1.5. Hipótesis ......................................................................................................... 10 1.6. Objetivo general ............................................................................................. 10 1.6.1. Objetivos específicos .............................................................................. 10 2.0 Materiales y Métodos ......................................................................................... 12 2.1. Sitios de muestreos: ........................................................................................ 12 2.2. Descripción de los sitios de muestreo: ........................................................... 13 2.2.1. Parque Nacional Iguazú (PNI) ................................................................ 13 2.2.2. Parque Nacional El Palmar (PNEP) ....................................................... 15 2.3. Caracterización de los sustratos: .................................................................... 16 2.3.1. Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman (Fig. 3) ............................... 17 2.3.2. Euterpe edulis Mart. (Fig. 3) .................................................................. 18 2.3.3. Butia yatay (Mart.) Becc. (Fig. 3) .......................................................... 19 2.4. Colección de los ejemplares ........................................................................... 20 2.5. Tratamiento de las colecciones ....................................................................... 21 2.6. Ordenamiento y modalidad de las descripciones ........................................... 22 2.7. Aislamientos y cultivos .................................................................................. 22 2.8. Técnicas moleculares ...................................................................................... 23 2.9. Extracción de DNA ........................................................................................ 23 2.10. Amplificación ............................................................................................. 23 2.11. Secuenciación ............................................................................................. 23 2.12. Análisis filogenético ................................................................................... 24 2.13. Análisis cualitativos de los datos ................................................................ 24 2.14. Composición de la micobiota ..................................................................... 24 2.15. Especies de Ascomycota asociados con palmeras ...................................... 25 2.16. Modelos de nichos de las palmeras estudiadas y clasificación de las especies asociadas basadas en la frecuencia porcentual ............................................. 26 2.17. Caracterización de la biodiversidad ............................................................ 27 2.17.1. Riqueza absoluta ..................................................................................... 27 2.17.2. Diversidad ............................................................................................... 27 2.17.2.1. Índice para medir la diversidad alfa ........................................... 27 2.17.2.2. Índice para medir la diversidad beta .......................................... 28 2.17.3. Equitatividad ........................................................................................... 28 3.0 RESULTADOS .................................................................................................. 30 3.1. Lista de especies según el criterio de clasificación adoptado. ........................ 30 3.2. DESCRIPCIÓN DE LAS ESPECIES ............................................................ 35 4.0 ANÁLISIS CUALITATIVOS DE LOS DATOS ............................................ 145 4.1. Composición de la micobiota ....................................................................... 145 4.2. Especies de Ascomycota asociadas con palmeras ........................................ 152 4.3. Clasificación de las especies identificadas basadas en los modelos de nichos de
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