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The Hyperborean Research Tradition in Early Modern Swedish

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The Hyperborean Research Tradition in Early Modern Swedish B 125 OULU 2014 B 125 UNIVERSITY OF OULU P.O.BR[ 00 FI-90014 UNIVERSITY OF OULU FINLAND ACTA UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS ACTA UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS ACTA SERIES EDITORS HUMANIORAB Tero Anttila ASCIENTIAE RERUM NATURALIUM Anttila Tero Professor Esa Hohtola THE POWER OF ANTIQUITY BHUMANIORA University Lecturer Santeri Palviainen THE HYPERBOREAN RESEARCH TRADITION IN EARLY MODERN SWEDISH RESEARCH CTECHNICA ON NATIONAL ANTIQUITY Postdoctoral research fellow Sanna Taskila DMEDICA Professor Olli Vuolteenaho ESCIENTIAE RERUM SOCIALIUM University Lecturer Veli-Matti Ulvinen FSCRIPTA ACADEMICA Director Sinikka Eskelinen GOECONOMICA Professor Jari Juga EDITOR IN CHIEF Professor Olli Vuolteenaho PUBLICATIONS EDITOR Publications Editor Kirsti Nurkkala UNIVERSITY OF OULU GRADUATE SCHOOL; UNIVERSITY OF OULU, FACULTY OF HUMANITIES, ISBN 978-952-62-0713-1 (Paperback) HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND IDEAS ISBN 978-952-62-0714-8 (PDF) ISSN 0355-3205 (Print) ISSN 1796-2218 (Online) ACTA UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS B Humaniora 125 TERO ANTTILA THE POWER OF ANTIQUITY The Hyperborean research tradition in early modern Swedish research on national antiquity Academic dissertation to be presented with the assent of the Doctoral Training Committee of Human Sciences of the University of Oulu for public defence in Kuusamonsali (YB210), Linnanmaa, on 14 February 2015 at 12 noon UNIVERSITY OF OULU, OULU 2014 Copyright © 2014 Acta Univ. Oul. B 125, 2014 Supervised by Doctor Maija Kallinen Doctor Erkki Urpilainen Reviewed by Doctor Anu Lahtinen Doctor Anna Wallette Opponent Doctor Carl Frängsmyr ISBN 978-952-62-0713-1 (Paperback) ISBN 978-952-62-0714-8 (PDF) ISSN 0355-3205 (Printed) ISSN 1796-2218 (Online) Cover Design Raimo Ahonen JUVENES PRINT TAMPERE 2014 Anttila, Tero, The power of antiquity. The Hyperborean research tradition in early modern Swedish research on national antiquity University of Oulu Graduate School; University of Oulu, Faculty of Humanities, History of science and ideas Acta Univ. Oul. B 125, 2014 University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland Abstract My thesis focuses on the incorporation of Hyperboreans, a mythical classical race, into the prevailing Gothic or Geatic narrative of national history in seventeenth and eighteenth century Swedish historiography. The beatific Hyperboreans were identified with ancient Swedes to emphasise that the Gothic ancestors of Sweden’s rulers had not been mere mediaeval barbarians. The most extreme proponents of this Hyperborean research tradition claimed that a high culture had thrived in Sweden before classical antiquity. They asserted that traces of this highly-developed northern civilisation could be found in the Bible, classical writings and mediaeval historiography, as well as the domestic antiquities such as runestones and Old Norse writings. By close-reading published and unpublished writings of historians and antiquaries, I examined the overarching and shared distinctive features within this Hyperborean research tradition. This involved an analysis of the main content of this research tradition in its learned, mostly Western European historiographical setting. I focused especially on understanding the Hyperborean research tradition within the intellectual traditions of constructing fabulous pasts. The seventeenth century was a period of institutionalisation of historical and antiquarian research in Sweden and Europe. Hence, I also studied the role of specific politico-historical and institutional conditions in the emergence, development and decline of the Hyperborean research tradition. By combining these two approaches, I attempted to strike a balance between research on long- term intellectual traditions and short-term immediate situations in which the ideas about the Hyperboreans were developed and used. Ultimately my thesis illustrates that the Hyperborean research tradition was a fairly coherent tradition of research. It arose in the early seventeenth century as part of the political pursuits and problems of Swedish monarchs in the domestic front and the Baltics. The tradition dominated Swedish historiography during the period of Swedish absolutism (1690–1720), before gradually crumbling from 1730s onwards. The emergence, development and decline of the Hyperborean research tradition were all a result of complex historiographical and politico-institutional factors. Keywords: ancient history, early modern history of ideas, gothicism, goths, history of historiography, history of Sweden, hyperboreans, national history, nationalism, patriotism Anttila, Tero, Muinaisuuden mahti. Hyperborealainen tutkimusperinne varhais- modernissa ruotsalaisessa muinaistutkimuksessa Oulun yliopiston tutkijakoulu; Oulun yliopisto, Humanistinen tiedekunta, Aate- ja oppihistoria Acta Univ. Oul. B 125, 2014 Oulun yliopisto, PL 8000, 90014 Oulun yliopisto Tiivistelmä Keskityn väitöskirjassani 1600- ja 1700-lukujen ruotsalaisen historiankirjoituksen ilmiöön, jos- sa antiikin kirjoitusten myyttiset hyperborealaiset sisällytettiin niin kutsuttuun goottilaiseen his- torianarratiiviin. Tämä varhaismodernissa Ruotsissa suosittu historianarratiivi perustui näke- mykseen Raamatun Maagogista sotaisten goottien sekä ruotsalaisten kantaisänä. Eurooppalaiset humanistit kuvasivat kuitenkin gootit keskiaikaisina barbaareina, minkä vastapainoksi oppineet Ruotsissa esittivät kotimaiset gootit sivistyneinä ja hurskaina hyperborealaisina. Hyperborealaisen tutkimusperinteen keskeisin tutkimuskohde oli muinaisen Ruotsin kulttuu- ri, jonka väitettiin levinneen Upsalasta aina Välimerelle saakka jo ennen kreikkalais-roomalais- ta antiikkia. Tukeakseen väitteitään oppineet käyttivät lähteinään antiikin kirjoitusten ohella Raamattua ja keskiajan historiantutkimusta. 1600-luvun mittaan he hyödynsivät kasvavassa määrin myös pohjolan alueen muinaismuistoja, kuten muinaisnorjalaisia kirjoituksia ja riimuki- viä. Tutkimukseni lähdeaineisto muodostuu hyperborealaiseen perinteeseen kuuluneiden oppinei- den julkaistuista ja julkaisemattomista kirjoituksista. Tarkastelen tutkimusperinteen yhtenäisyyt- tä analysoimalla sen keskeisimpiä yhdistäviä ja erottavia käsityksiä. Analyysini kattaa myös sen opillisten, lähinnä historiantutkimuksellisten puitteiden määrittämisen. Pyrin erityisesti ymmär- tämään hyperborealaista tutkimusperinnettä osana varhaismodernille ajalle tyypillisiä histori- anarratiiveja tarunomaisesta kansallisesta muinaisuudesta. Ruotsalainen historian- ja muinaistutkimus institutionaalistui 1700-luvulla. Täten tarkastelen työn pääasiallisen tutkimusongelman ohella, kuinka poliittiset ja institutionaaliset olosuhteet myötävaikuttivat hyperborealaisen tutkimusperinteen kehittymiseen, vakiintumiseen ja asteittai- seen murenemiseen. Osoitan tutkimuksessani, että hyperborealainen tutkimusperinne syntyi 1600-luvun alussa liittyen Ruotsin kuninkaiden poliittisiin pyrkimyksiin sekä kotirintamalla että Itämerellä. Sen valtakausi sijoittui aikavälille 1685–1720, jolloin Ruotsin itsevaltiaat kuninkaat hyödynsivät hyperborealaisiin liitettäviä teemoja propagandassaan. Tutkimusperinteen vaiheittainen murene- minen tapahtui 1700-luvun puolivälissä. Sen taustalla oli useita poliittisia, institutionaalisia ja opillisia tekijöitä. Asiasanat: aate- ja oppihistoria, gootit, goottilaisuus, göötit, gööttiläisyys, historiankirjoituksen historia, hyperborealaiset, muinaishistoria, nationalismi, patriotismi, Ruotsin historia, Ruotsin suurvalta-aika, varhaismoderni historia DEDICATED TO MY MUM AND DAD 8 Acknowledgements It is time to thank the major contributors to this thesis. I am very grateful to the following foundations for providing the necessary financial prerequisites for this research project: Alfred Kordelin Foundation, The Academy of Finland, The Faculty of Humanities at the University of Oulu, The University of Oulu Graduate School, The Science Fund at the University of Oulu, Swedish-Finnish Cultural Foundation and Oskar Öflunds Foundation. This thesis has been carried out in the “division” of History of Science and Ideas at the University of Oulu. I would like to express my gratitude to Dr Maija Kallinen and Dr Erkki Urpilainen, my research supervisors, for introducing me to the early modern universe. Your encouragement and guidance has been most appreciated. I am also grateful to Professor Petteri Pietikäinen. Your kindness and assistance have been critical in wrapping up my thesis. I am grateful to my re-examiners Dr Anu Lahtinen and Dr Anna Wallette for your many valuable comments and excellent suggestions. I would also like to extend my gratitude to Dr Timo Sironen for introducing me to the intriguing world of classical antiquity and always generously guiding me through it. Thank you to Dr Heini Hakosalo, Dr Kari Väyrynen, Dr Jarmo Pulkkinen, Dr Henry Oinas-Kukkonen and Professor Olavi K. Fält for your many good criticisms, perspectives and advice. In fact, I would like to express my gratitude to everybody at the “Department” of History at the University of Oulu. For years you all have heroically endured the pestering of this overly inquisitive and talkative student. Many thanks for Päivi and Leena for your friendly help and support with everything imaginable. Many thanks also for Kari Kaskela, the Chief Academic Officer in the Faculty of Humanities at the University of Oulu for your professional and kind help in the more practical matters related to the thesis. During the research project, I have had the financial support and opportunity to be able to live and work in the beautiful Swedish city of Uppsala. I would like to
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