CAMPANELLA IN NEAPOLITAN

AND ROMAN CASTLES : SEVEN NEW DOCUMENTS Leen Spruit

Summary After the publication of the reprint of Amabile’s monumental works on Campanella in 2006, seven new Inquisition decrees on the seventeenth-century proceedings have been discovered, which are here introduced and reproduced. They regard Campan- ella’s insistent requests for a more comfortable cell in 1607, the assessment by Roman censors of some of his works in 1621, and the reports by and local inquisitors about the spread of his works in the 1620s and 1630s.

t cannot be repeated often enough that Luigi Amabile’s monumental Ivolumes published in 1882 and 1887 mark a crucial stage in the biog- raphy of Tommaso Campanella. 1 Also Firpo’s I primi processi campanel- liani in una ricostruzione unitaria (1939), 2 based on the hundred decrees of the Roman Holy Ofce published in 1927 by Enrico Carusi, 3 represents still today an indispensable point of reference for historical studies on the Calabrian monk. Then, in the late 1940s, thanks to the intervention of Cardinal Giovanni Mercati, Firpo was allowed to carry out research in the Archive of the Holy Ofce, and acquired a new documentation, consisting of twenty-three Inquisition decrees. Finally, the opening of the Archive of the Congregation for the Doctrine of Faith lead to several dozen of new documents, published in the reprint of Amabile’s magnum opus in 2006. 4

© Copyright by Fabrizio Serra Pisa · Roma. Fabrizio editore, by © Copyright In the light of the new documentation certain events and issues assume particular importance, namely : (1) the attempted escape from the episcopal prison in Padua in July 1594 ; (2) Campanella’s attempts to evade the surveil- lance of his superiors in 1598 ; (3) the date of his abjuration in 1595 ; (4) the events of the summer of 1606 ; (5) the censorship and imprimatur of Atheis-

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1 See Amabile, Congiura ; Amabile, Castelli. 2 Firpo, Processi, pp. 44-95. 3 E. Carusi, Nuovi documenti sui processi di Tommaso Campanella, « Giornale critico della flosofa italiana », v, 1927, pp. 321-359. 4 L. Spruit and C. Preti, Documenti inediti e editi negli archivi del Sant’Ufcio e dell’Indice, in Amabile, Congiura, Reprint 2006, vol. i, pp. lxxxi-ccci.

«bruniana & campanelliana», xxii, 1, 2016

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© Copyright by Fabrizio Serra editore, Pisa · Roma. bibliografca the 1599conspiracyinCalabria. ace. Pal Sacred the of Master the of edict an with promulgated and reiterated verdict nor any hope of acquittal. conclusive a neither with Naples, in Nuovo Castel the of jail underground between life and death, and was fnally fned con to strict surveillance in the mus triumphatus mus him. whocondemn judges the with wouldlie fault the and lost, wouldbe soul his hence sins, his 124 sition decrees on the seventeenth-century proceedings have been discov been have proceedings seventeenth-century the on decrees sition ish authorities, which reacted with rapid repression. rapid with reacted which authorities, ish and the support of the Turkish navy, two partisans informers betrayed it to the of Span hundreds gathered had conspiracy the When . in Southern dominion Spanish the against plot the into himself threw Campanella ered, which are now published in the appendix. In the late 1590s, Tommaso his life. save would eventually that fction the maintained he year, a than more for part of a madman. Tortured again on 18 May, he did not betray himself and, the act to began he April, of beginning the at however, while, short a After torments. the resist to unable appearing of, accused was he charges the of most confessed Campanella torture, to submitted was he 1600 February 7 detailed revelations and lists of accomplices initially saved his life. When on to him press to hope the as well as tribunals, lay and ecclesiastical between peared as a rather desperate one even from the very start. Only the conficts ap case his Hence, heresy. and lese-majesty of charged was he revolt, the of leaders main the of one as recognized and, 1599 September 6 on rested 1980-2002, Droz, Librairie Renaissance, la de d’Études Centre Genève, ottobre 2006, a cura di G. e Ernst C. Fiorani, Roma, L’Erma di Bretschneider, 2007, pp. 85-104. Contesti, Iniziative in corso Sant’U fcio del dall’archivio documentazione nuova sulla Bujanda clared him legally mad. terrible torture of the in July of that year, after an attempted escape, Campanella was transferred was Campanella escape, attempted an after year, that of July in 3 6 5 1 4 2 After thepublicationofreprintAmabile’sbooks,sevennewInqui , Campanella succeeded in getting over the over getting in succeeded Campanella 1601, June 5 and 4 on When,

Amabile See E. A detailedr T Accor

6 hese issues have been analyzed in my in analyzed havebeen issues hese most of the friars involved in the rebellion were released and, released were rebellion the in involved friars the of most 1604 In Carusi Index des livres interdits livres des Index

3 and E. and ding to canon law, a madman cannot be put to death because he is unable to regret , « ,

Bruniana &Campanelliana Bruniana Congiura , art. cit. art. econstruction isin econstruction Canone

) the latest moves by Dionisio Ponzio, his accomplice in accomplice his Ponzio, Dionisio by moves latest the (6) ; , , n.37. ii , pp., 217 -223 , Atti del Convegno della Fondazione Camillo Caetani, Roma, 19-20 , veglia L’editto di proibizione delle opere di Bruno e Campanella. Un’analisi Campanella. e Bruno di opere delle proibizione di L’editto

4 Escaped from the scafold, he lived several months vols., Sherbrooke (Québec)- vols.,Sherbrooke 11 alii, et Bujanda De J.M. eds. , , his judges let him sign the formal act which de Amabile

; see also ivi,also see ; leen spruit

1

5 », In 1603, the prohibition of his works was viii , Tommaso Campanella e l’Inquisizione. Alcune note Alcune l’Inquisizione. e TommasoCampanella Congiura , 2002, 2p. 477. iii , pp., -501498 and , in , i , chap. 3. fa, Biogra Campanella. Laboratorio

2 Campanella was ar was Campanella Firpo , xi Processi 185 p. , , pp., -267247 .

; J. M. J. ; e D ------26/10/16 15:07 1_Impaginato1OK_bz1.indd 125

© Copyright by Fabrizio Serra editore, Pisa · Roma. 1 on set of set panella wrote to Paul V, ofering his services, and anticipating the out Spanish did not allow it. and the local government over Campanella’s extradition continued, but the Inquisition the of minister the between treaties the year this of August and leave the Sant’Elmo prison and the assignment of a non-Spanish confessor. ‘unburden his conscience’ his ‘unburden ernment refusedtohandhimovertheecclesiasticalauthorities. has written (probably written has ismo non retinendo panella’s cell and asked to prevent him from writing new works. new writing from him prevent to asked and cell panella’s erated his requests for a more humane and less restrictive imprisonment, restrictive less and humane more a for requests his erated 86 – a transfer to Castel dell’Ovo, Castel to transfer a – 1608 June before – obtaining in August 1607 a more comfortable cell (doc. 1), and subsequently and Gentileobtainedabettertreatmentoftheprisoner. ecclesiastical prison. an to transferred be to asked he and year, that of August in Ofce Holy the of minister the and the by visited was Campanella to Castel Sant’Elmo. Castel to and asked to be extradited to . to extradited be to asked and dropped the request. the dropped government the but prison, ecclesiastical an to transfer a for authorities ish Span the ask to Naples in minister the ordered Ofce In Holy the Rome. 1608, June to transfer a for battle long-lasting a started he Then years. six outlined the structure of his of structure the outlined did not appear to be mad anymore, transmitting some of his requests his of some transmitting anymore, mad be to Campanella appear not that did –, Inquisition the of Secretary then – Arrigoni Pompeo Cardinal informed Naples, in Ofce Holy the of minister Gentile, Deodato tion with legal value, he stopped the simulation of madness. On 2 June 1606,

13 12 10 ; seealsoE. In May 1606, Campanella pretended to be at death’s door and intended to scate the work Campanella work the confscate to ordered is Gentile 1607, April 19 On 8 6 5 4 3 2 1

st E. Amabile F V. V. V. E. Ibidem E. E. or discussion of this period,seeV.or discussionof June) and to transmit the manuscript to Rome. to manuscript the transmit to and June) L’ateismo trionfato L’ateismo Frajese Frajese Frajese Carusi Carusi Carusi Carusi

3 After some months the Pope conceded a non-Spanish confessor, non-Spanish a conceded Pope the months some After , n.48 campanella inneapolitanandromancastles , Carusi , , Congiura , , , , , art. cit. art. art. cit. art. art. cit art. art. cit. art. op. cit. op. cit. Profezia e machiavellismo.Campanella giovanee ProfeziaIl

; L. , arguing against the use of Aristotle in Catholic theology, Spruit , ., n.53. , p. 87 , pp. 121-122. art. cit. art. , n.43. , n.45. , n.46. , ii

1

12 , p. 354. His case was pending, however, as the Spanish gov Spanish the as however, pending, was case His Quod reminiscentur Quod , the Pope ordered the search of Cam of search the ordered Pope the 1609, June In and C. andC.

; L. .

14 7

, n.41. And in September, again addressing the Pope, he Pope, the addressing again September, in And Meanwhile, in 1609, Campanella wrote

; and once obtained the chance of a new deposi new a of chance the obtained once and ; Spruit

Monarchia del Messia del Monarchia Preti and C. andC. Frajese ,

Documenti ineditieediti...

9 During these years Campanella reit Campanella years these During Preti , , as , op. cit. ,

Documenti ineditieediti... L’ateismo trionfato L’ateismo , chap. 4. 14 11 7 9

Lettere 2010 Lettere 2010 Ibidem Ibidem

1607 March in (fnished 11 , pp.852002- , Carocci, Roma, , where he remained for remained he where

6 , nn.54-55. , n.48. August, Cam August, 13 On , cit.,n.99.

5 , letter9, pp.24-36. , pp., letter13 64-75. fnished was , cit.,n.90.

13 De gentil In July In

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© Copyright by Fabrizio Serra editore, Pisa · Roma. fscated byorderoftheNuncio. his of version Latin frst the wrote also tors qualifca of the Inquisition, the to commissioned was publications his of investigation ther fur year following the of January in and works, printed) and Campanella’s (manuscript of spread the about informed was Ofce Holy the 1626, of where he lived for two years in the prison of the Holy Ofce. From the Fall Here he was arrested by order of the Nuncio and secretly brought to Rome, ples and he was accompanied to the monastery of San Domenico Maggiore. quest byCampanellaforpermissiontoprinthisworks(doc.4). mostro Ridolf, Master of the Sacred Palace and known with the nickname of a commission Congregation the March, 16 on year, next whom the Nuncio in Cologne and the Inquisitor in , continued to continued Ferrara, in Inquisitor the and Cologne in Nuncio the whom and proposing a new foundation for Christian philosophy. Christian for foundation new a proposing and 126 Messiae approval astical ecclesi with print to and released be to request his reiterated Campanella Sant’Elmo. works. further composing or writing, of convenience any receive not should ella of manuscript the mit was transferredtoCastelNuovo. from composing other works, passing his case to the Holy Ofce. Holy the to case his passing works, other composing from the Congregation denied the August, 28 on but Congregation, the of Archive the in preserved been not have examinations Their Rocci. Ciriaco and Cappella, Marcantonio cardi, Ric Niccolò namely censors, other three to also then and Bellarmino, to reminiscentur the commissioned which Index the for Congregation the to manuscripts the transmitted Campanella May, 22 On 2). (doc. sessment tinued. of Campanella’s manuscript, while the latter’s battle for another prison con

nally released from Castel Nuovo in Na in Nuovo Castel from released fnally was Campanella 1626, May In 1621, in XV Gregory of election the with and V Paul of death the After the vice-roy ordered Campanella’s return to Castel to return Campanella’s ordered vice-roy the 1614 October 21 On ). In November of this year, the cardinals rejected another re another rejected cardinals the year, this of November In 3). (doc.

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3 E. Ibidem Amabile Firpo, See On 23 April 1615, the Pope asked the Nuncio in Naples to trans rst to Rober to frst – works two other the of also probably and – Carusi Ateismo , nn Quod reminiscentur Quod Bibliografa , , Castelli . -70. 69 art. cit. art. , i

, pp. 9 while bishops, local inquisitors and nuncios, among tesu triumphatus Atheismus ,

, p. 110. , nn.78 and81. i xxxix-xlii. , p. 174. imprimatur leen spruit

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6 , Atheismus triumphatus Atheismus Metaphysica and ordered Campanella to refrain 8 6 4 2

E. Amabile E. Ibidem ad ree ta Campan that ordered and , Carusi Carusi , p. 120. it was con was it 1610 in but , , , , Castelli art. cit. art. art. cit. art. censura and ,

1 , censura In this year he year this In , n.72. , n.67. i, p. 188. Monarchia to Nicola to of

8 In the In padre Quod ------26/10/16 15:07 1_Impaginato1OK_bz1.indd 127

© Copyright by Fabrizio Serra editore, Pisa · Roma. fce. O Holy the of or qualifcator nominated be to hoped he and Order, his of Chapter General the by 1629 in theology in order to compromise the author. the compromise to order in Riccardi, prepared an underground publication of book pointment his adversaries, tus his concerning doubts the to reply extensive an sented obtained greater freedom of movement. of freedom greater obtained he and these, correct to order in work his of copies received he month ing was transferred to the convent of Santa Maria sopra Minerva, in the follow in Italy(doc.7). Campanella’s works caused concern and worry among the local inquisitors « ence onthehealthofpontif. infu astral harmful thwart to VIII, Urban with Campanella by act in put been had rumours, the to according which, practices superstitious of cord Firpo 5-6). (docs. works his of presence the signalize falsely ascribed to Campanella. to ascribed falsely doctrinale éclipsée eiwd te oe ere is prohibition. its decreed Pope the reviewed, was able to frequent learned circles. When in 1636 his and Richelieu Cardinal by and XIII Louis King by favour with received was he Paris In him. regarding suspicions Spanish renewed following , approval. formal without appeared that works to ban total the restricting works, his

Rivistaa diFilosof 6 8 9 5 4 2 1 Rcad peetd a presented Riccardi 1629, December In

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7 L. L. Firpo See Lettere See L. E. the Congregation decreed a revision of the prohibition of prohibition the of revision a decreed Congregation the 1632 in and , Carusi Filosofa italianaecontroriforma Spruit Firpo eretta B F. ,

Spruit 2010 Processi

8 , Campanella was compelled to go into exile in exile into go to compelled was Campanella 1634, October In campanella inneapolitanandromancastles , and C. C. and , iain e controriforma e italiana Filosofa , letter105, pp.361-62 . art. cit. art. , « and C. andC.

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5 , cit.,p. 398. , the Master of the Sacred Palace Niccolò

4 * This book actually contained the re the contained actually book This

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2 : a riiin dle pr dl Campanella del opere delle proibizione La Campanella was made master of master made was Campanella 2013, 2pp. 445-462. censura

162 n. cit., , 9 lo fe hs et i 1638 in death his after Also 3 , cit.,nn.141-142.

See

1 Campanella 1628 July In Lettere 2010 f srlgcl works, astrological of Cento Thomisticus

; Atheismus triumpha Atheismus vii Opuscoli

3 To avoid this ap this avoid To of his , letter85, p. 327. 145-163 pp. , Astrologia was

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© Copyright by Fabrizio Serra editore, Pisa · Roma. len. Nullomodoimprimetur,sedcensuretur<...>. [92] Libri fratris Thomae Campanellae ord. Praed. videantur a Magistro Sacri Palatij. in notamsumpsitIdemDominusAssessor,etmihiNotariotradiditvidelicet[...] magistro Commissario Generali, in qua propositae fuerunt Causae Infrascriptae quas Theologiae Sacrae Praed. ordinis Lancio Maria Hippolito fratre et Ofcij, Sancti sore cialiter deputatis. Praesentibus Mario Filonardo utrius Signaturae Referendario Asses pravitatem in tota Republica Christiana Inquisitoribus haereticam Generalibus a Sancta Sede spe adversus Cardinalibus Ecclesiae Romanae Sanctae divinae miseratione Thomae inscriptusMonarchia Campanellaeord.diSpagna Praed. Millino, Carolo tituloSanctiCaesarijMadrutio Francisco tituloSanctiPraxedisdeSourdis Gervasio episcopusPraenestinensisBandinopraedicto minis Do Reverendissimis et Illustrissimis coram Martij Campi Regione in Bandini dinalis Car Domini Reverendissimi et Illustrissimi Palatio in Ofcij Sancti congregatio Fuit [90] Feria4.die16Martij1622 ] Compositio fratris Thomae Campanellae <...> <...> <...> <...> <...> Campanellae Thomae fratris Compositio [120] 1632. rio, frate Desiderio Scallia Desiderio frate Petro tituloSanctiThomaeinParioneCamporeoet Joanne GarciatituloSanctissimorumquatuorCoronatorumMillino 12 11 10 13 9 8 6 5 4 3 2 1 7

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F T Carlo Sinceo(ca.15 Ippolito Mario Filonar Gio Pietro Campori(1553-16 F Gio etfscali, Contempor Nicola Ridolf, Desiderio Scag Carlo GaudenzioMar rom the index of the codex it can be made up which work was referred to referred was work which up made be can it codex the of index the rom abrizio Veralli (1566/70-1624), created cardinal on24November 1608. he rest of the text is illegible because the paper isseriously becausethepaper damaged. thetext isillegible he rest of vanni Bonsi(1560-1621), created cardinal on17August 1611. vanni GarziaMillini(1562-1629), created cardinal on11September1606.

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(Rome, 16March1622) 3 Bonsio , 1621-1622, f.182 , Decreta

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v Cesar Guido Benti Gaspar deBor Contempor Die28Jan.1627 ), assessor of theHoly Ofcefrom1624 to1627e Monti(1593-1650),assessorof . a Decree oftheCongregationHolyOfce Decree oftheCongregationHolyOfce Novembris1622 ary copyary in voglio-1644 (1579 ), created cardinal on11January 1621 ja (1580-1645), created cardinal on17August 1611 acdf, so acdf, so (Rome, 2November1622) (Rome, 28January1627) Decreta , , Decreta Decreta leen spruit , 1621-1622, f.255 4 5 , 1627f. , 1622pp.320-321

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residenti qui reperiri curet infrascriptos libros eiusdem Campanellae videlicet Campanellae eiusdem libros infrascriptos curet reperiri qui residenti , then it was elaborated in several exseveral in elaborated was it then 1605, to back dates work this of version frst he his work was written in Italian in 1602 in 1620his work andin1623 translation . was published inaGerman he subtitleof Feria

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