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THE BAROQUE PAPACY Ary Papal Court, the Roman Curia and the Papal State Were Constructed

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THE BAROQUE PAPACY Ary Papal Court, the Roman Curia and the Papal State Were Constructed is work leads the reader into one of the most exciting chapters of the history of the papacy. It delineates the behaviour and dilemmas of ❧ Rome in the ghts against the Turks, in the irty Years’ War, and in ) the struggles with the Protestants and the numerous con icts with the éter usor Catholic States. In addition, the book describes in detail the rst real example of globalisation, namely the worldwide spread of missions, in addition to providing accounts of the formation of new religious move- – ments, Galileo’s trial and the ordeals of the Institute of the Blessed Virgin ( Mary. Furthermore, the chapters o er insights into the nature of papal nepotism, how the Roman inquisition worked, and how the contempor- THE BAROQUE PAPACY ary papal court, the Roman Curia and the Papal State were constructed. (–) Péter Tusor, PhD, DSc, was born in 1967. He is currently an Associate Professor at the Institute of History at the Péter Pázmány Catholic Uni- versity and a Research Group Leader at the Hungarian Academy of Sci- ences. THE BAROQUE PAPACY THE BAROQUE ISBN 978-88-7853-715-6 éter usor 9 788878 537156 , Sette Città Barokk pápaság.indb 2 2016.05.24. 9:52:59 Péter Tusor THE BAROQUE PAPACY (1600–1700) Sette Città 2016 Barokk pápaság.indb 3 2016.05.24. 9:52:59 All rights reserved. Reproduction in any form, storage or transcription by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or in any other ways, including movie, radio, television or internet) is prohibited without the written permission of the publisher. © 2016 edition of Sette Città Via Mazzini, 87 • 01100 Viterbo Tel 0761.304967 Fax 0761.303020 www.settecitta.eu • [email protected] Translated by Ágnes Gátas-Palotai Proofread by Melissa Karges, Krisztina Tóth ISBN: 978-88-7853-715-6 ISBN ebook: 978-88-7853-595-4 Finished printing in May 2016 The project was conducted in the frame of the ‘Impetus’ Church History Research Insti- tute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Péter Pázmány Catholic University and was sponsored by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA TKI). This book was published by the ‘Impetus’ Church History Research Institute in col- laboration with the Centro Studi sull’Età dei Sobieski e la Polonia Moderna (University of Viterbo). Barokk pápaság.indb 4 2016.05.24. 9:52:59 Table of Contents Preface. .. .9 Prologue ................................................... .13 I. Introduction. .. 19 The Tridentine Papacy . .. 19 The Baroque Papacy. ................................... 26 National States, Churches ................................... 30 II. The Holy See and the European politics ....................... 35 From Vervins to Westphalia. The Stages of the Papal Power’s Fading . ................. 36 The Pope of the “Long Turkish War”: Clement VIII. .. 36 Paul V: the Slight Turn towards Italy ........................ 39 The Last Military Reformist Pope: Gregory XV .............. .44 The Acceleration of the Loss of Power: Urban VIII ............ .48 Innocent X: Rome’s Elimination from the New Power System. 66 The French Hegemony and the Squadron Volante. 72 Alexander VII: the Humiliating Struggle with France. .. 73 Clement IX and X: the Decade of Clementia .................. 76 The Provisional Return to the Role of Great Power: the Initiation of the Holy League ........................... 79 The Last Padre Commune: Innocent XI ..................... .80 Alexander VIII and Innocent XII: Again on the Verge of Power Politics ........................ 87 III. The Society, Economy and Finances of the Papal State ........... 91 General Economical and Social Tendencies. 91 The Sacred College, the Papal Court and the Roman Society . 94 The Papal Budget. .110 The State Incomes of the Papacy: “Steady and Precarious Revenues”. .. .111 The Church Revenues of the Papacy ........................ .119 Barokk pápaság.indb 5 2016.05.24. 9:52:59 6 Table of Contents The Expenditures of the Papal Budget ....................... 125 The Total Balance of the Papal Budget. .. 129 Buildings: City-planning and Development. 130 IV. The Papal Nepotism. .. 135 Functions and Dysfunctions ................................. 136 The Golden Age. .. 140 The Borgheses and Ludovisis. .. 140 The Barberinis and Pamphilis. 146 The Decline .............................................. 152 The Chigis, Rospigliosis and Altieris. .. 152 The Odescalchis and Ottobonis. .. 156 Innocent XII: Romanum decet Pontificem. 159 V. The Decision Making of the Holy See and its Main Institutions. 163 Offices and the Tribunals. 163 The System of the Congregations ............................. 168 Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition (Sanctum Officium). .. 169 The Congregation of Rites, of the Council, the Consistorial and Other Sistine Congregations. 173 The “Newer” Congregations. The Sacra Congregazione de Propaganda Fide ................. 179 The Papal Secretariat of State ................................ 190 The Establishment of the Personal Administration of the Popes. 191 The Secretariat of State in the Borghese and Barberini Era. 195 The Strengthening of the Cardinal Secretary of State’s Position ..................... 199 The Official Procedure ................................... 201 The Relations with the Secretariats of Briefs and Other Curial Offices. 206 The Apostolic Nunciatures .................................. 213 VI. The Roman Church Administration, Church Politics ............ 225 Some Theses and Examples .................................. 225 The Inner Life of Papacy and the Church ...................... 229 The Relations with the National Churches, States ................ 243 Crown-cardinals and the “Royal Patronage and Supremacy”. 243 The Threads of Connections .............................. 252 Rome and the Spanish, French, German Catholicism. 259 VII. Other Perspectives ....................................... 275 Barokk pápaság.indb 6 2016.05.24. 9:52:59 Table of Contents 7 Appendix. .. 283 I. The Archontology of the Popes and Important Curial Officials (cca 1600–1700). .. 283 II. Currencies and Values. 293 Bibliography ................................................ 295 Abbreviations. ............................................... .327 Register. 329 Barokk pápaság.indb 7 2016.05.24. 9:52:59 Barokk pápaság.indb 8 2016.05.24. 9:52:59 Preface In the third volume of the series Storia del cristianesimo edited by Emanuela Prin- zivalli, Vincenzo Lavenia pointed out that the brief Modern Age ranging from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century cannot be characterized by the debate between Reformation and Counterreformation, but by the common endeavour of Protestants, Catholics and Orthodox to impose the obedience to one single Church on any single European territory and in this way to create a homogenous credo on territorial level, as well as by the hope of the European Christian Churches to control the New World after its discovery. 1 Former works, while having shared this approach, suggested however a more detailed chronology. For example, the same period is discussed in two separate vol- umes of the Cambridge History of Christianity: in the sixth, the Reform and Expansion 1500–1660 edited by Ronnie Po-Chia, and in the seventh, the Enlightenment, Reawaken- ing and Revolution 1660–1815 edited by Stewart J. Brown and Timothy Tackett.2 In the present book, Péter Tusor deals with the history of the Papacy even more in details. In fact, the Hungarian scholar proposes the return to an older historiographical model, according to which the Medieval Papacy was followed by a Renaissance, then a Baroque, and an Eighteenth Century Papacy. Such return, however, is not slavish, but is based on the same historiographical approach as Lavenia’s: the idea of a European Christianity characterized by confessionalism, by the denominational differences and by Christian expansionism in the overseas territories and in the areas beyond the Ural and the Caucasus Mountains. The method applied by Tusor: the combination of the traditional reflection and of the recent approaches is determined by the chosen field of observation. Namely, while the above mentioned works aim at drawing such picture about the history of the European Christianity, which takes into account equally each denomination, Tusor focuses on the Catholic component, more specifically on its pontifical leadership. The baroque era, the period between the pontificate of Clement VII (1592–1605) and Innocent XII (1691–1700), is for him the interval in which the above mentioned phenomena, confessionalism and colonialism, pushed the Holy See to the margins of the European political situation. 1 L’età moderna (Storia del cristianesimo 3), ed. by Vincenzo Lavenia, Roma 2015. 2 Reform and Expansion 1500–1660 (Cambridge History of Christianity 6), ed. by Ronnie Po-Chia, Camb- ridge 2007 and Enlightenment, Reawakening and Revolution 1660–1815 (Cambridge History of Christianity 7), ed. by Stewart J. Brown–Timothy Tackett, Cambridge 2006. Barokk pápaság.indb 9 2016.05.24. 9:53:00 10 Preface In the background there was the fact that between the Peace of Vervins (1598) and the Peace of Westphalia (1648) the new Protestant and Catholic powers refused unanimously to allow the papacy any spiritual or political superiority. As a consequence, in the second half of the century the Holy See had to content itself with being a small Italian state and was not being able to compensate its political and military inferiority invoking the divine power. As Antonio Menniti Ippolito pointed out, in those decades the word of the pontiff was
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