Dr. Francesco Gallo OUTSTANDING FAMILIES of Aiello Calabro (CS) Italy from the XVI to the XX centuries EMIGRATION to USA and Canada from 1880 to 1930 Padua, Italy August 2014 1 Photo on front cover: Graphic drawing of Aiello of the XVII century by Pietro Angius 2014, an readaptation of Giovan Battista Pacichelli's drawing of 1693 (see page 6) Photo on page 1: Oil painting of Aiello Calabro by Rosario Bernardo (1993) Photo on back cover: George Benjamin Luks, In the Steerage, 1900 Oil on canvas 77.8 x 48.9 cm North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh. Purchased with funds from the Elizabeth Gibson Taylor and Walter Frank Taylor Fund and the North Carolina State Art Society (Robert F. Phifer Bequest), 98.12 2 With deep felt gratitude and humility I dedicate this publication to Prof. Rocco Liberti a pioneer in studying Aiello's local history and author of the books: "Ajello Calabro: note storiche " published in 1969 and "Storia dello Stato di Aiello in Calabria " published in 1978 The author is Francesco Gallo, a Medical Doctor, a Psychiatrist, a Professor at the University of Maryland (European Division) and a local history researcher. He is a member of various historical societies: Historical Association of Calabria, Academy of Cosenza and Historic Salida Inc. 3 Coat of arms of some Aiellese noble families (from the book by Cesare Orlandi (1734-1779): "Delle città d'Italia e sue isole adjacenti compendiose notizie", Printer "Augusta" in Perugia, 1770) 4 SUMMARY of the book Introduction 7 Presentation 9 Brief History of the town of Aiello Calabro 16 Outstanding families of Aiello Calabro: Aloisio, Almagro, Amato, Arlia, Belmonte, Berardi, Buffone, Caferri, Caruso, Civitelli, De Dominicis, Del Corchio, Della Valle, Falascina, Gallo, Giannuzzi, Giannuzzi-Savelli, Iacucci, Le Piane, 50 Liguori, Lorelli, Manetti, Maruca, Naccarato, Parise, Pucci, Ripoli, Serra, Solimena, Vercillo, Viola and Vocaturo Churches 97 Cemetery 108 Castle 110 Sericulture 112 Aiellese emigration 117 List of Aiellese who arrived in New York 1892 to 1924 173 Demographic and immigration graphs and statistics 187 Major destinations: Salt Lake City, New York, Sault Ste. Marie, Pittsburgh, Bingham, Trinidad, Brooklyn, Sunnyside 192 Minor destinations: Altoona, Bayonne, Blue River, Boston, Carbondale, Castle Gate, Chicago, Crested Butte, Delta, Denver, Fairmont, Ford City, Frostburg, Gardiner, Garfield, Helper, Lawrence, Minneapolis, Morgantown, New Kensington, Montréal, North Bay, Northampton, North Mountain, 238 Philadelphia, Prince Rupert, Punxsutawney, Pueblo, Redstone, Revelstoke, Reynoldsville, Salida, San Francisco, Saugertis, Seattle, Segundo, Spokane, Springfield, Standard, Standardville, Steubenville, Thompsonville, Throop, Toronto, Trenton, Vancouver, Warren e Youngston Nostalgia of Aiello Calabro 284 Emigrants and famous descendents 286 Linguistic and cultural tradition Aiellese dialect 291 Aiellese cuisine and recipies 303 Conclusion 330 Bibliography 335 Index 339 5 Pacichelli's drawing of Aiello in the book "Il viaggio in Calabria dell'abate Pacichelli" of 1693 when Giulio Di Malta was an agent for the Duke of Massa Carrara. ("A" = St. Mary Major Church, "B" = Castle, "C" = Our Lady of Grace Church and St. Francis Convent, "D" = St. Clare's Convent, "F" = Parishes of St. Julian and St. Nicholas of Bari, "G"= St. John's Church, "I" = Soprana Gate and Pignatari Gate and "L" = Tubolo Gate and St. John's Gate 6 Introduction by Prof. Rocco Liberti: past publications regarding Aiello Calabro (summary of the original Italian version) by Rocco Liberti When on October 1st 1964 I started teaching in Aiello Calabro's schools, I had no idea of my future interest and involvement in becoming the town's first local history researcher. One day by chance I met Giulio Belmonte who was impressed in seeing my great interest in observing a XVI century tombstone found in his garden. We talked and he started showing me the town's famous castle, its churches and gates. I had little experience as a historian except for a series of articles I had written in various newspapers and a brief monograph on the city of Gioia Tauro dealing, however, with data obtained from other publications. I ignored the value of archives although my friend Gustavo Valente stimulated me to utilize parish records to study the local history of our forgotten Calabrese towns. So I started writing about Aiello thanks to the data I received from the Pastor, Father Ortenzio Amendola, Doctor Florindo Longo who shared with me his family documents, Cosenza's State Archives and Solimena's manuscripts. I am also indebted to Giovanni Solimena, Lorenzo Viola and Gabriele Turchi for having allowed me to use their documents and articles. Thus, I collected many facts and published in 1969 a first incomplete description of the most important historical facts of Aiello and to my surprise, I was chosen for the Villa San Giovanni Award. As was to be expected, some criticized the text but what is more important, is that it stimulated others to pursue along the same path. Many writers have contacted me and I was glad to send them the information they requested. Subsequently I spent long hours in collecting data from more complete archives as those found in Naples and Spain. With patience what at first seemed obscure, became clear. After my publications, many other Authors wrote about Aiello: Michèle Benaiteau with her interesting essay ―Le dependances feodales des di Tocco en Calabria Citerieure 1788-1810‖ in 1977 Fausto Cozzetto wrote three books ―La popolazione di Aiello Calabro nell’età moderna‖ in 1978, ―La natura e l’uomo: il feudo di Aiello‖ in 1987 and ―Lo Stato di Aiello-Feudo, istituzioni e società nel Mezzogiorno moderno‖ in 2001 Giuseppe Masi wrote "Socialismo e amministrazione nella Calabria contempranea" (Rosario Naccarato, primo sindaco democratico di Aiello Calabro: 1944-45) in 1987 Marcello Cammera wrote ―Ajello Calabro-Documenti Cybo‖ in 1993, ―Nuove fonti documentali sul castello di Aiello Calabro‖ in 1994 and ―Il cosiddetto palazzo Cybo Malaspina ad Aiello Calabro‖ in 1997 Raffaele Borretti wrote "Ajello: antichità e monumenti Guida storico-artistica" in 1994 Roberto Fuda wrote ―Lo Stato di Aiello: capitoli e magistrature di un feudo Cybeo nel Regno di Napoli‖ in 1994 Francesca Paolino wrote ―Cappelle gentilizie e devozionali in Calabria 1550- 1650‖ in 2000 7 Francesco Kostner wrote ―La tragedia di Aiello‖ in 2002 Massimiliano Cozzetto wrote ―Fascisti e vita civile: Aiello Calabro e Serra Aiello 1928-1937‖ in 2003 Ferdinando Marino wrote ―La famiglia Cybo Malaspina e il feudo di Aiello‖ in 2003 Antonio Piromalli wrote "Costume e poesia in Francesco Della Valle‖ in 2004 Gianfrancesco Solferino wrote ―Il grido muto di Ajello‖ in 2007 Mayor's Office in Lago in 1992: from lt to rt: Giuseppe Muto, Rocco Liberti, Francesco Kostner, Martino Milito, Gustavo Valente, Coriolano Martirano, Sergio Chiatto, Gabriele Turchi, Francesco Volpe and Francesco Bilotta (Lago's Mayor). Today, a new writer became interested in Aiello. He is Francesco Gallo, a physician- psychiatrist who practices his profession in Padua (Italy) but who has always been interested in the local history especially about Lago (Cosenza), his hometown. He is the author of the texts ―Guida storico-culturale di Lago (CS) con Dizionario dialettale laghitano-italiano-inglese‖ (written in 2004 together with his brother Gino Gallo), ―Laghitani nel mondo‖ (2005) and ―Le grandi famiglie di Lago (CS) del XIX e XX secolo‖ (2009). After Lago, he became interested in Aiello, the capital town of the Feudal State of Aiello to which Lago belonged until early XIX century. This new research which Dr. Gallo so graciously has decided to me, sheds new light on old topics, presents new ones about rich noble families but also those poor families who were forced to emigrate to attempt to offer a better future to their children. 8 Presentation of the book by the author This text deals with two Aiellese social groups, landowners who lived from the XVI to the XX centuries and farmers who emigrated between the year 1880 and 1930. THe farmers were poor illiterate people exploited by local landowners who employed them as farm hands, sharecroppers, shepherds, herdsmen, foresters, muleteers and millers and because of their ability to perform all these jobs, they were well prepared to survive and flourish in the Wild West of Utah and Colorado or Sault Ste. Marie (Ontario) Canada where many chose to settle. Overseas they continued to work as hard as they always did in Aiello and some became richer than their previous Aiellese employers. Panorama of Aiello Calabro in the Province of Cosenza in Calabria (Italy). 1 View from its Castle (the Church of Saint Mary Major can be easily seen) Aiellese society was once grouped into four separate social groups: nobles or rich people (most were landowners) professionals (physicians, pharmacists, lawyers, teachers) craftsmen farmers and shepherds who were the greater portion of the population Some rich inhabitants of Aiello belonged to noble families: Amato, Belmonte, De Dominicis, Di Malta, Gallo, Giannuzzi, Liguori and Maruca (in 1731 the Viola substituted the Amato's who had become extinct). They were granted nobility titles as a reward for having achieved important military deeds in defending the King or the Pope or after buying a county, marquisate, dukedom or princedom they obviously received the titles of count, marquis, duke or prince (as the Siscar and Cybo families had done in Aiello). Others became part