Galileo in Rome Galileo in Rome

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Galileo in Rome Galileo in Rome Galileo in Rome Galileo in Rome The Rise and Fall of a Troublesome Genius William R. Shea and Mariano Artigas Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi São Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto Copyright © 2003 by Oxford University Press, Inc. First published by Oxford University Press, Inc., 2003 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Issued as an Oxford University Press paperback, 2004 ISBN 0-19-517758-4 (pbk) Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. The Library of Congress has catalogued the cloth edition as follows: Artigas, Mariano. Galileo in Rome : the rise and fall of a troublesome genius / Mariano Artigas and William R. Shea. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-19-516598-5 1. Galilei, Galileo, 1564-1642—Journeys—Italy—Rome. 2. Religion and science—History—16th century. 3. Astronomers—Italy—Biography. I. Shea, William R. II. Title. QB36.G2 A69 2003 520'.92—dc21 2003004247 Book design by planettheo.com 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper CONTENTS ACKNO W L E D G E M E N T S vii I N TRO D U C TIO N ix CHA P TER O N E Job Hunting and the Path to Rome 1 FIRST TRIP: 1587 CHA P TER T W O The Door of Fame Springs Open 19 SE COND TRIP: 29 MARCH–4 JUN E 1611 C H APT E R TH REE Roman Clouds 49 THIRD TRIP: 10 DE CEMBER 1615–4 JUNE 1616 C H APTE R FOU R Roman Sunshine 94 FOURTH TRIP: 23 APRIL–16 JUNE 1624 C H APTE R FIV E Star-Crossed Heavens 123 FIFTH TRIP: 3 MAY–26 JUNE 1630 CHA P TER S I X Foul Weather in Rome 158 SIXTH TRIP: 13 FEBRUAR Y–6 JULY 1633 REFERENCE S 201 P H OTO CR E D I T S 212 S E L E C T E D B I B L IOGRAP H Y 215 INDE X 217 This page intentionally left blank ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We wish to thank most warmly the Templeton Foundation for provid­ ing us with a grant to coordinate our work and carry out research in the archives in Rome and Florence. We are also grateful to Paolo Galluzzi and his staff at the Institute and Museum of the History of Science in Florence, to Monsignor Alejandro Cifres, who has made the Archives of the Holy Office in the Vatican a friendly place to work, and to the officials of the Vatican Library, the Biblioteca di Archeologia e Storia dell’Arte and the Biblioteca Vallinceliana in Rome. We owe special thanks to Lucia Caravale of the Società Dante Alighieri in Rome for making available documents regarding the Palazzo Firenze, where Galileo spent a great part of his time in Rome, and to several others whom we are pleased to mention here: Corrado Calisi of the Biblioteca della Camera dei Deputati, who introduced us to the Galileo Rooms that were formerly part of the convent of Santa Maria sopra Minerva, where Galileo was tried; Irene Trevor of the American Academy in Rome, who graciously allowed us to visit the Casa Rustica, where Cesi’s dinner in honour of Galileo took place in 1611; Cosimo di Fazio, who provided information on the Florentine residences of Galileo and en­ abled us to visit the Convent of San Mateo in Arcetri; Mario Sirignano, of the Accademia dei Lincei who taught us to walk in Galileo’s footsteps in Rome; the librarians of the Biblioteca Nazionale and of the Archivio di Stato in Florence; Rafael Martinez of the Pontifical University of the Holy Cross in Rome, who undertook a detailed study of a manuscript on Galileo that contains novel and exciting material that one of us (Mariano) came across in the Archives of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith in the Vatican (formerly the Holy Office). Special viii GAL I L E O IN R O M E thanks to Eugenio Calimani, the Dean of the Faculty of Science of the University of Padua, for providing a friendly and stimulating environ­ ment in which to complete our book. INTRODUCTION Galileo is the father of modern science and a major figure in the history of mankind. He belongs to the small group of thinkers who transformed Western culture, and his clash with ecclesiastical authorities is one of the most dramatic incidents in the long history of the relations between science and religion. In 1633 the Roman Inquisition condemned Galileo for teaching that the earth moves. The trial was the outcome of a series of events that are described in this book and are usually referred to as the Galileo Affair. It extended over a period of several years, during which different popes, cardinals, and civil personalities entered the scene and made their exit. We can even speak of two Galileo trials, one in 1616 and the other in 1633, although only the second was a trial in the legal sense. The new science, which today pervades our entire life, was just emerging, and very few were able to realize what was happening at the time. Most people were not ready to abandon cherished traditional ideas for daring hypotheses that had yet to be proved. Galileo made six long visits to Rome, totaling over five hundred days, during which he met the pope, high-ranking members of the Church and the nobility, as well as leading figures of the literary and scientific establishment. His career can be seen in a novel and fascinating way when studied from the vantage point of the city where he was most anxious to be known and approved. This is what our work does for the first time. Each chapter corresponds to one trip, thereby providing a clear frame- work for the main events of Galileo’s life and allowing a fresh insight into the nature of the problems that he faced. x GAL I L E O IN R O M E Galileo was deeply influenced by his close contacts with members of the ecclesiastical and the scientific community in Rome and, as time went on, he changed his agenda to fit new circumstances. He sometimes met with success, but he ultimately overplayed his hand and the outcome was dramatic. On the short term, his strategy was a failure; on the long term, he clearly emerged the winner. The six trips occurred over a period of 46 years. The first took place in 1587, when Galileo, then 23 years old, went to Rome to meet scientists who might help him obtain a university appointment. With the assistance of Christopher Clavius, a Roman Jesuit professor, he got his first job at the University of Pisa in 1589 and, in 1592, he moved to the University of Padua, where he spent the next 18 years. After the publication of his astronomical discoveries had transformed him into a celebrity, Galileo returned to Florence, where he became the mathematician and philoso­ pher of the grand duke of Tuscany. The next year, in 1611, he undertook a second and triumphal trip to Rome. He was made welcome by top-level members of the Church and the teaching profession. Unfortunately, his celebrity also gave rise to jealousy and opposition, especially when he began defending in public the Copernican view that the Earth is in motion and revolves around the Sun. This went against the commonsensical view that the Earth (and therefore humanity) is at the center of the universe, a belief that current scientific shared with tradition and Christian doctrine. The opposition first arose among Aristotelian professors, but they soon managed to involve clerics who did not relish having to reinterpret Scripture in the light of new ideas. Galileo found out that he had been denounced to the Holy Office, and he traveled to Rome for the third time in December 1615 in order defend himself and avoid the condemnation of the heliocentric theory. He was brilliant in discussion, but to no avail. Copernicus’s book on the motion of the Earth was banned in 1616, and Galileo was admonished not to teach it. He returned to Florence and was silent on the matter until his friend and admirer Maffeo Barberini was elected pope in 1623, taking the name of Urban VIII. A year later Galileo made his fourth trip to Rome, where he was received six times by the Introduction xi pope. This trip was another triumph, and Galileo felt he could now publish his ideas as long as they were presented as conjectures. This is how his celebrated Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems came to be written, and in 1630 Galileo made a fifth trip to Rome to request permis­ sion to print the book. A number of complications arose, and the work only appeared in Florence in 1632. A loud outcry was raised and Galileo was summoned to Rome, where he was put on trial in 1633. His book was censored, and he was condemned to prison, a sentence that was immedi­ ately commuted to house arrest. The Galileo Affair remains as fascinating as ever, and it has much to teach us that is relevant to our own day.
Recommended publications
  • Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu Table of Contents
    VOL. LXXIX FASC. 158 JULY-DECEMBER 2010 ARCHIVUM HISTORICUM SOCIETATIS IESU Paul Oberholzer, S.J. Editor Advisory Editors Sibylle Appuhn-Radtke (Munich) Julius Oswald S.J. (Munich) Pau! Begheyn S.J. (Amsterdam) Antonella Romano (Florence) Robert L. Bireley SJ. (Chicago) Flavio Rurale (Udine) Louis Boisset SJ. (Rome) Lydia Salviucci Insolera (Rome) Francesco Cesareo (Worcester, Ma.) Klaus Schatz SJ. (Frankfurt/M) Rita Haub (Munich) Nicolas Standaert SJ. (Leuven) Jeffrey Klaiber SJ. (Lima) Antoni J. Oçerler SJ. (Oxford) Mark A Lewis SJ. (New Orleans) Agustin Udias SJ. (Madrid) Barbara Mahlmann-Bauer (Bern) TABLE OF CONTENTS Sif?yl!e Appuhn-Radtke, Ordensapologetik als Movens positivistischer Erkenntnis. Joseph Braun SJ. und die Barockforschung 299 Matthieu Bernhardt, Construction et enjeux du savoir ethnographique sur la Chine dans l'oeuvre de Matteo Ricci SJ. 321 Heinz Sprof~ Die Begriindung historischer Bildung aus dem Geist des Christlichen Humanismus der Societas Iesu 345 Cristiana Bigari, Andrea Pozzo S.J. e la sua eredità artistica. Antonio Colli da discepolo a collaboratore 381 Lydia Safviucci, Richard Biise~ Mostra su Andrea Pozzo SJ., pittore e architetto 407 Elisabetta Corsi, ''Ai crinali della storia". Matteo Ricci S.J. fra Roma e Pechino 414 Emanuele Colombo, Jesuits, Jews and Moslems 419 Pau/ Beghryn SJ., Bibliography 427 Book Reviews 549 Jesuit Historiographical Notes 591 Scientific activity of the members of IHSI 603 Index 606 BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE HISTORY OF THE SOCIETY OF JESUS 2010 Paul Begheyn, S.J. I am grateful to the
    [Show full text]
  • Galileo and Einstein Text for Physics 109, Fall 2009
    Galileo and Einstein Text for Physics 109, Fall 2009 Michael Fowler, UVa Physics 8/21/2009 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS THIS COURSE ABOUT? ......................................................... 12 1.1 Some Basic Ideas .......................................................................................................................... 12 1.2 Babylonians and Greeks ................................................................................................................ 12 1.3 Greek Classics Come to Baghdad................................................................................................... 12 1.4 Monasteries and Universities ....................................................................................................... 13 1.5 Galileo .......................................................................................................................................... 13 1.6 Newton ......................................................................................................................................... 13 1.7 From Newton to Einstein .............................................................................................................. 13 1.8 What about Other Civilizations? ................................................................................................... 14 1.9 Plan of the Course ......................................................................................................................... 14 2 COUNTING IN BABYLON ...........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 1 '“Individualism” – a Word Unknown to Our Ancestors'
    Notes 1 ‘“Individualism” – a Word Unknown to our Ancestors’ 1 Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent: Original Text with English Translation, ed. H. J. Schroeder (St. Louis: B. Herder Book Co., 1941), pp. 214–17 and pp. 483–5. 2 Veronese’s trial is published in Philipp Fehl, ‘Veronese and the Inquisition: A Study of the Subject Matter of the So-Called Feast in the House of Levi’, Gazette des Beaux-Arts, ser. VI, 58 (1961): 348–54; English translation in Venice: A Documentary History, ed. David Chambers and Brian Pullan (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001), pp. 232–6. 3 David Rosand, Painting in Sixteenth-Century Venice: Titian, Veronese, Tintoretto (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, rev. edn 1997), p. 120 is correct to ask that we now call this work The Last Supper – a request that, thus far, has gone unheeded. 4 Jacob Burckhardt, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, trans. S. G. C. Middlemore, 2 vols (New York: Harper & Row, 1958); for the original German, I have used Die Kultur der Renaissance in Italien, ed. Horst Günther (Frankfurt am Main: Deutscher Klassiker Verlag, 1989). 5 Jacob Burckhardt, Der Cicerone: eine Anleitung zum Genuss der Kunstwerke Italiens (Leipzig: Alfren Kröner, 1927), pp. 932–5. 6 Burckhardt, Civilization of the Renaissance, vol. 1, p. 143 for both citations. 7 Among the more influential works inviting a rethinking of the history of the self – from antiquity to the twentieth century – see Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of Modern Identity (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989). 8 Douglas Biow, Doctors, Ambassadors, Secretaries: Humanism and Professions in Renaissance Italy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), p.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Religion & Society
    Journal of Religion & Society Volume 1 (1999) ISSN 1522-5658 Galileo and the Inquisition1 William E. Carroll, Cornell College (Mt. Vernon, Iowa) Abstract The story of Galileo's encounter with the Inquisition in the early 17th Century continues to be an important part of the story of modernity. Galileo is frequently seen as breaking with the scientific heritage of Aristotle to found a new science of nature and, in the process, he also had to do battle with an entrenched biblical literalism in the Catholic Church. According to the generally accepted view, Galileo's break with both Aristotle and the Inquisition is a founding feature of modern culture. This essay challenges such a view and argues that Galileo's science, at least in its principles, is Aristotelian in inspiration, and that Galileo and the theologians of the Inquisition shared first principles concerning both the complementarity of faith and reason as well as the authority of the Church to be the authentic interpreter of the truths of scripture. In fact, the controversy between Galileo and the Inquisition would be unintelligible were it not the case that all parties shared common first principles. Introduction [1] On the occasion of the publication, in March 1987, of the Catholic Church's condemnation of in vitro fertilization, surrogate motherhood, and fetal experimentation, there appeared a cartoon in a Roman newspaper, in which two bishops are standing next to a telescope. In the distant night sky, in addition to Saturn and the Moon, there are dozens of test-tubes. One bishop turns to the other, who is in front of the telescope, and asks: "This time what should we do? Should we look or not?" The historical reference to Galileo was clear.
    [Show full text]
  • Sons and Daughters Sent Abroad: Successes and Failures of Foreign Princes at the French Court in the Sixteenth Century
    Научный журнал Прослогион ISSN 1605-2137 Альманах Прослогион выходит дважды в год в Институте истории СПбГУ в Санкт-Петербурге. Альманах посвящен истории и культуре Средних веков и раннего Нового времени http://proslogion.ru Sons and daughters sent abroad: Successes and failures of foreign princes at the French court in the Sixteenth Century Spangler, J. Sons and Daughters Sent Abroad: Successes and Failures of Foreign Princes at the French Court in the Sixteenth Century, В кн.: Proslogion: Проблемы социальной истории и культуры Средних веков и раннего Нового времени. 2017. Вып. 3 (1). С. 48–89. Джонатан Спанглер, к. фил. н., Манчестерский столичный университет (All Saints, Manchester M15 6BH, United Kingdom) [email protected] УДК 94(430).03 Язык: англиский Ключевые слова: принцы, князья, дипломатия, суверенность, династицизм, Франция, Лотарингия, Савойя, Клевес, Мантуя Постоянная ссылка: http://proslogion.ru/31-spangler/ Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) Proslogion Scientific Journal ISSN 1605-2137 Proslogion journal is published twice a year by the department of Medieval Studies of Saint Petersburg State University (Russia) http://proslogion.ru/en Sons and daughters sent abroad: Successes and failures of foreign princes at the French court in the Sixteenth Century Spangler, J. Sons and Daughters Sent Abroad: Successes and Failures of Foreign Princes at the French Court in the Sixteenth Century, in: Proslogion: Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Social History and Culture, 2017. Vol. 3 (1). P. 48–89. Jonathan Spangler, Doctor of Philology (Oxon), Manchester Metropolitan University (All Saints, Manchester M15 6BH, United Kingdom) [email protected] Language: English Key Words: Foreign princes, diplomacy, sovereignty, dynasticism, France, Lorraine, Savoy, Cleves, Mantua URL: http://proslogion.ru/31-spangler/ Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) J.
    [Show full text]
  • Kepler and the Jesuits, Michael Walter Burke-Gaffney, S.J. (1944).Pdf
    ixNM^KrnrFRi^ mji iiiNir*! CO c >KU\ ic»n \f» v Mftimioriiu'.t n ( < nice r O Mai mi v* Nf amtouvs LHrJUULI m nc. xwii § m m > z a H m3C jftaUISp m en C H theJESU CD BY M.W. BURKE - GAFFNEY ST. IGNATIUS LIBRARY »**,.* ^ » 980 T- PARK AVENUE / »naT,„, oh NEW YORK CITY 28 "«w Vowk Date Loaned ©23 IM ^0*0v&*0v&A&*&*&*&H&*&*&*&K&r&*&*.&>»&*'&*&*,O'*'&*-0*&*&* Kepler and the Jesuits ^^<^W^Jl^X^lt^>C^lC^X^X^K^>t^X^5<^X^X^K^X^X^X^X^X^l<^)t^l<^> "My thoughts are with the Dead; with them 1 live in long-past years, Their virtues love, their faults condemn, Partake their hopes and fears, And from their lessons seek and find Instruction with a humble mind." — SOUTHEY. M. W. BURKE-GAFFNEY, S.J. 'I measured the skies." Johann Kepler THE BRUCE PUBLISHING COMPANY MILWAUKEE Imprimi potest: T. J. Mullai-ly, S.J. Nihil obstat: H. B. Rjes, Censor librorum Imprimatur: + Moyses E. Kiley. Archiepiscopus Milwaukiensis Die 11 Aprilis. 1944 CONTENTS Page Chapte f 1 I Introducing Kepler II The Imperial Mathematician 15 III . 26 IV V . 60 VI Sunspots ..... • 71 VII Mercury in the Sun . 8s 9i WAR FORMAT VIII Heliocentric Hypothesis • This book is produced in complete accord with the Governinem regulations for the conservation of paper and other essential materials. IX X Aids to Astronomy . 117 XI The Last Chapter 129 Bibli Copyright. 1944 The Bruce Publishing Company Indej Printed in the United States of America CHAPTER I INTRODUCING KEPLER Johann Kepler was enjoying a studentship at the University of Tubingen when the Parodies, the Lutheran school at Graz, applied for a teacher of astronomy.
    [Show full text]
  • Kada Je Bartol Kašić Počeo I Završio Svoj Prijevod Biblije Na Hrvatski
    SLOVO, sv. 56-57 (2006-’07), 559-570, Zagreb 2008. UDK: 22(=862)”16” WHEN DID BARTOL KAŠIĆ COMMENCE AND COMPLETE HIS TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE INTO CROATIAN? Francis J. THOMSON, Antwerp The second of the two decrees on Scripture and Tradition adopted at the fourth session of the Council of Trent on 8 April 1546 stated that of all the Latin versions in circulation the Vulgate because of its centuries-old use by the Church in public services, sermons, exegesis and disputations was to be considered the authoritative one and specifi cally insisted that future editions of the Vulgate should be corrected.1 In their letter of 26 April to Cardinal Alessandro Farnese (1520-1589) the Council legates reported that the Council had requested that the task of revision be entrusted to the Pope2 and in his reply the Cardinal very correctly pointed out the diffi culties involved and called it una impresa troppo larga et troppo indeterminata.3 It was not until 1569, six years after the work of the Council had fi nally come to an end with the twenty-fi fth and fi nal session on 3-4 December 1563, that the commission to revise the text was formed and in November 1588 the revised text was submitted to Pope Sixtus V (1585-1590), who was so displeased with the result that he reworked it, restoring many of the previous readings. The resultant text published in April 1590 left so much to be desired that on 5 September 1590, nine days after the Pope’s death on 27 August, the College of Cardinals forbade all further sales and withdrew as many copies as possible.
    [Show full text]
  • A Public Debate on Cyril of Alexandria's Views on The
    International Journal of the Classical Tradition https://doi.org/10.1007/s12138-019-00551-1 ARTICLE A Public Debate on Cyril of Alexandria’s Views on the Procession of the Holy Spirit in Seventeenth‑Century Constantinople: the Jesuit Reaction to Nicodemos Metaxas’s Greek Editions Nil Palabıyık1 © The Author(s) 2020 On a September afternoon in 1627, crowds gathered at the library of the Jesuit resi- dence in Constantinople to witness a lively public discussion between two repre- sentatives of the Roman Catholic Church concerning Cyril of Alexandria’s views on the procession of the Holy Spirit.1 It is interesting to see that a ffth-century church father’s writings in the context of a dispute dating back to the sixth century were still considered politically relevant, socially infuential and theologically compelling in seventeenth-century Constantinople. The primary aim of this rather ostentatious gathering was to adopt and promote a diferent (according to Eastern Christians an ‘erroneous’) viewpoint on Cyril of Alexandria’s writings on the procession of the Holy Spirit, and thereby to present a counter-argument to that of the Eastern Church. The Jesuit dispute ultimately targeted the theological stance and the reputation of Cyril Lucaris (1572–1638), the ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople and the of- cial head of the populous Greek Orthodox millet of the Ottoman Empire. 1 Cyril of Alexandria’s opinion on this question is still controversial, but lies beyond the scope of this article. For a succinct overview, see A. E. Siecienski, The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy, Oxford, 2010, pp. 47–50.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Galileo Galilei (1564–1642)
    1 Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) Introduction The playwright Bertolt Brecht labored for two decades over his anti–Third Reich play Leben des Galilei. The seventh scene is set on March 5, 1616, just as the Inquisition has censured the Coper­ nican texts positing the heliocentric model of the universe. Galileo learns of this event during a conversation with several cardinals at a dinner party in Rome. Brecht dramatically captures the heart of Galileo’s religious faith: Barberini: He’s [i.e., Galileo is] really dreadful. In all innocence he accuses God of the juiciest boners in astronomy! I suppose God didn’t work hard enough at His astronomy before He wrote Holy Scripture? My dear friend! Bellarmine: Don’t you think it likely that the Creator knows more about His creation than any of His creatures? Galileo: But, gentlemen, after all we can misinterpret not only the movements of the heavenly bodies, but the Bible as well. 4 - CHAPTER 1 Bellarmine: But wouldn’t you say that after all the interpreta­ tion of the Bible is the business of the Holy Church? (Galileo is silent.)1 Galileo is silent because in fact he believes that the business of biblical interpretation, in the hands of fallible humans, can prove to be highly fallible. He is silent because he does not believe the Bible is meant to be read literally, and biblical literalism has been hardening into a new position within some circles of the Counter- reformation Catholic Church following the Council of Trent. Far from being a biblical literalist, Galileo believed that the Bible was intentionally simplified by the Church so that lay people could access its meaning.
    [Show full text]
  • Van Dyck: the Anatomy of Portraiture,” on View at the Frick Collection Until June 5, Opportunities to Consider These Questions Abound
    TheVan Anatomy Dyck Of Portraiture By James D. Balestrieri NEW YORK CITY — A great portrait is a balancing act between capturing likeness and revealing inner character, between fidelity to appearance — verisimilitude — and exposing the sitter’s inner light to the light of day: the eyes of beholders, viewers, us. But in great portraiture there is another requisite element: mystery. The portraitist must hint at something else, something other, something that shimmers at the surface — often in the eyes, mouth or hands of the sitter — a moment that passed, perhaps, between the artist and the sitter, a secret we suspect but can never fully be in on. “Cardinal Guido Bentivoglio,” 1623, oil on canvas. Galleria Palatina, Palazzo Pitti, Florence, Italy. How can we know when a portrait has this quality? The simplest answer is that when a portrait moves us to try to bore into it, to decode its subject, the sitter, time and again, that mystery is present. But there is a more scientific method. If collectors and cultural institutions, over a lengthy period, single out, vie for and prize portraits of people they could never have known, people they have no relation to, people whose names may well be lost or mean little to history, then we may be sure that the artist has captured lightning in a bottle. When this is evident, as in the case of Flemish painter Anthony van Dyck (1599–1641), new questions emerge about the production and consumption of portraits, and about their place and meaning in disparate cultures over time. With more than 100 of the artist’s works in the exhibition “Van Dyck: The Anatomy of Portraiture,” on view at the Frick Collection until June 5, opportunities to consider these questions abound.
    [Show full text]
  • Behind the Scenes at Galileo's Trial
    Blackwell-000.FM 7/3/06 12:24 PM Page iii BEHIND THE SCENES AT GALILEO’S TRIAL Including the First English Translation of Melchior Inchofer’s Tractatus syllepticus RICHARD J. BLACKWELL University of Notre Dame Press Notre Dame, Indiana © 2006 University of Notre Dame Press Blackwell-000.FM 7/3/06 12:24 PM Page iv Copyright © 2006 University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 All Rights Reserved www.undpress.nd.edu Manufactured in the United States of America Behind the Scenes at Galileo’s Trial was designed by Jane Oslislo; composed in 10/13.3 Fairfield Light by Four Star Books; printed on 50# Nature’s Natural (50% pcr) by Thomson-Shore, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Blackwell, Richard J., 1929– Behind the scenes at Galileo’s trial : including the first English translation of Melchior Inchofer’s Tractatus syllepticus / Richard J. Blackwell. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. isbn-13: 978-0-268-02201-3 (acid-free paper) isbn-10: 0-268-02201-1 (acid-free paper) 1. Galilei, Galileo, 1564–1642—Trials, litigation, etc. 2. Religion and science— History—17th century. 3. Inchofer, Melchior, 1585?–1648. Tractatus syllepticus. 4. Catholic Church—Doctrines—History—17th century. 5. Inquisition—Italy. I. Inchofer, Melchior, 1585?–1648. Tractatus syllepticus. English. II. Title. qb36.g2b573 2006 520.92—dc22 2006016783 ∞The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. © 2006 University of Notre Dame Press Blackwell-01 5/18/06 10:01 PM Page 1 chapter one The Legal Case at Galileo’s Trial Impasse and Perfidy galileo’s trial before the roman inquisition is one of the most frequently mentioned topics in the history of science.
    [Show full text]
  • The Jesuits and the Thirty Years War
    P1: FPX CY154/Bireley-FM 0521820170 January 9, 2003 19:20 Char Count= 0 THE JESUITS AND THE THIRTY YEARS WAR KINGS, COURTS, AND CONFESSORS ROBERT BIRELEY Loyola University Chicago iii P1: FPX CY154/Bireley-FM 0521820170 January 9, 2003 19:20 Char Count= 0 published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom cambridge university press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon´ 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org C Robert Bireley 2003 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2003 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typeface Palatino 10/12 pt. System LATEX2ε [TB] A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Bireley, Robert. The Jesuits and the Thirty Years War : kings, courts, and confessors / Robert Bireley. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-521-82017-0 1. Jesuits – Europe – History – 17th century. 2. Thirty Years’ War, 1618–1648. 3. Europe – History – 17th century. 4. Europe – Church history – 17th century. I. Title. BX3715 .B57 2003
    [Show full text]