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Place Names in Romani and Bayash Communities in Hungary1 ONOMÀSTICA 6 (2020): 191-215 | RECEPCIÓ 27.10.2019 | ACCEPTACIÓ 15.1.2020 Place names in Romani and Bayash communities in Hungary1 Mátyás Rosenberg Research Institute for Linguistics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences [email protected] Gábor Mikesy Lechner Knowledge Centre [email protected] Andrea Bölcskei Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church in Hungary [email protected] Abstract: Research into Romani and Bayash toponyms in Hungary lags significantly behind the study of the place names of other minorities, a fact attributable to the only relatively recent appearance of Romani Studies and a number of other historical factors. Among the latter, it should be borne in mind that Romani and Bayash communities only became the dominant populations in certain areas of Hungary in the last few decades and that the standard written versions of the Romani and Bayash linguistic varieties are still being formed. This study describes the main features of the ethnic and linguistic divisions of the Roma communities in Hungary; the problems of Romani and Bayash literacy; and initial attempts at collecting Romani and Bayash toponyms in the country. Although an elaborate, widely used system of Romani and Bayash settlement names exists, the collection and analysis of the microtoponyms is hindered by the fact that the settlement of the Roma population is only a fairly recent event and that the communities have not typically been involved in agriculture, an occupation much more closely associated with the use of these names. This paper provides, for the first time, a summary of the results of several toponymic field studies conducted in Hungary’s Romani and Bayash communities. Key words: Romani studies, Romani and Bayash linguistic varieties, settlement names, microtoponyms 1 This paper was supported by the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund of Hungary (project no. K 129378). 197 Mátyás Rosenberg, Gábor Mikesy, Andrea Bölcskei Noms de lloc a comunitats romaní i bayash a Hongria Resum: La investigació sobre topònims romaní i bayash a Hongria va molt per darrere de l’estudi dels topònims d’altres minories. El fet és atribuïble a l’aparició relativament recent dels estudis romanís i a diversos factors històrics; entre aquests factors històrics hi ha la circumstància que les comunitats romaní i bayash s’han convertit en poblacions dominants a determinades zones d’Hongria tot just a les darreres dècades, i el fet que encara a hores d’ara s’estiguin formant les versions escrites estàndard de les varietats lingüístiques romaní i bayash. El present estudi descriu les característiques principals de les divisions ètniques i lingüístiques de les comunitats gitanes a Hongria, els problemes de l’alfabetització romaní i bayash i, finalment, els primers intents de recopilació de topònims romaní i bayash al país. Tot i que existeix un sistema elaborat i àmpliament utilitzat de noms de nuclis de població romaní i bayash, la recopilació i l’anàlisi dels microtopònims es veuen obstaculitzats pel fet que l’assentament de la població gitana és un esdeveniment bastant recent i per la circumstància que aquestes comunitats no han participat normalment en les activitats agrícoles –una ocupació molt relacionada amb l’ús d’aquests noms. Aquest document proporciona, per primera vegada, un resum dels resultats de diversos estudis de camp toponímics realitzats a les comunitats romaní i bayash d’Hongria. Paraules clau: Estudis sobre romaní, varietats lingüístiques romaní i bayash, noms de nuclis de població, microtopònims 1 The Roma in Hungary By way of introduction, we begin by providing some basic historical facts and by discussing the spatial distribution, relevant statistics and heterogeneity of the Roma minority in Hungary. 1.1 Some basic historical facts In Hungarian historical sources, the ethnic group known as “gypsies” first appeared at the end of the 14th century, and their presence in Hungary has been reported without interruption ever since. At the beginning of the 15th century, Sigismund of Luxembourg, King of Hungary and Holy Roman Emperor, is claimed to have given a letter of safe conduct granting protection and independent jurisdiction to the Vojvoda Ladislaus and his “gypsy” retinue in the territory of his empire: “You will afford them protection of any kind, so that the Vojvoda Ladislaus and the gypsies, his subjects, can stay within your walls without encountering difficulties […] should any unpleasant incident occur […] only the Vojvoda Ladislaus […] has the right to punish or acquit” (excerpt from the Letter of Safe Conduct from Sigismund of Luxembourg, issued on April 23rd, 1423, in Szepes/ 198 Place names in Romani and Bayash communities in Hungary Zipser Burg/Spišský hrad [Zips, Slovakia]; cf. http://rombase.uni-graz.at: Rombase » History and Politics » From India to Europe » Arrival in Europe). In the Ottoman–Hungarian wars Gypsies fought on both sides. During the period of Ottoman occupation, Hungary lost half of its population. In the 18th century, the Habsburg emperors repopulated the country with German and Slavic settlers, and a great many Roma people also arrived in Hungary, settling especially in the country’s central and eastern territories. Most of these immigrants adapted to the Hungarian culture and/or language, primarily as a result of their being forced to settle permanently. In the 19th century, the emigration of the Roma from the Romanian principalities, where they had lived in slavery, to Hungary was continuous, via both Transylvania and Serbia. In the second half of the 20th century, Roma communities, who had previously lived in isolation on the outskirts of settlements, were forced to move into the inner cores of the settlements. 1.2 Spatial distribution The Gypsy/Roma minority is broadly spread throughout modern-day FigHungary;ure 1. Gypsy however, (Roma) most population of the Roma (2001) live in [data the north-eastern based on self and-reporting, south- western counties of Kocsisthe country. & Schweitzer , 2011: 80] Their presence in certainFigure areas1. Gypsy is (Roma)especially population evident (2001) if – [data as opposed based on self-to using statistical data reporting, Kocsis & Schweitzer, 2011: 80] based on self-reporting – we take into consideration the impressions of the majority of society. 199 Figure 2. Roma population [data from 1984–1987, Papp-Váry, 1999: 69] 1.3 Statistical data According to the 2011 census, there are 31 settlements in Hungary in which more than 50% of the inhabitants are of Roma origin. The actual number of settlements concerned, however, is believed to be much higher. 3 Figure 1. Gypsy (Roma) population (2001) [data based on self-reporting, Kocsis & Schweitzer, 2011: 80] Their presence in certain areas is especially evident if – as opposed to using statistical data Mátyás Rosenberg, Gábor Mikesy, Andrea Bölcskei based on self-reporting – we take into consideration the impressions of the majority of society. Their presence in certain areas is especially evident if – as opposed to using statistical data based on self-reporting – we take into consideration Figure 2the. Roma impressions population of the majority [data offrom society. 1984 –1987, Papp-Váry, 1999: 69] Figure 2. Roma population [data from 1984–1987, Papp-Váry, 1999: 69] 1.3 Statistical data 1.3 Statistical data According to the 2011 census, there are 31 settlements in Hungary in which more than 50% of According to the 2011 census, there are 31 settlements in Hungary in which the inhabitants aremore of Roma than 50% origin. of the inhabitantsThe actual are numberof Roma origin. of settlements The actual numberconcerned , however, is believed to be muchof settlementshigher. concerned, however, is believed to be much higher. 3 200 Place names in Romani and Bayash communities in Hungary Table 1. Settlements with the highest proportion of Roma (Romani, Bayash) inhabitants [source: 2011 census, Hungarian Central Statistical Office (KSH)] Gypsies Gypsies Resident Settlement (romani, (romani, County population bayash) bayash) (%) Alsószentmárton 1 140 98.62 1 156 Baranya Pálmajor 318 91.91 346 Somogy Csenyéte 349 89.49 390 Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Kiscsécs 161 82.56 195 Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Szakácsi 118 80.27 147 Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Felsőregmec 252 77.78 324 Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Siklósnagyfalu 313 75.42 415 Baranya Adorjás 131 72.38 181 Baranya Pettend 93 69.92 133 Baranya Drávaiványi 131 69.31 189 Baranya Rakaca 520 67.18 774 Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Abaújszolnok 118 66.67 177 Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén Tiszabő 1 305 65.81 1 983 Heves Nyírpilis 534 65.76 812 Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg Tiszabura 1 733 59.86 2 895 Heves The highly variable nature of the statistical data can be explained by the tendency among the Roma minority to conceal their true identity because of fear of discrimination or loss of prestige in the eyes of society. The unreliable nature of the statistical data is well illustrated by census data for 2001 and 2011 on ethnicity in the settlements of Szőke (Baranya County) and Vécs (Heves County). In Szőke, just three inhabitants declared themselves as being Gypsies in 2011; yet, ten years earlier 35 people had claimed they were Gypsies. During recent fieldwork, both Gypsies and non-Gypsies reported that 70% of the inhabitants in the settlement are in fact Gypsies. 201 Mátyás Rosenberg, Gábor Mikesy, Andrea Bölcskei Table 2. Changes in minority data between 2001 and 2011 (Census 1, 2, 3, 4) Census 2001 Census 2011 Gypsies Gypsies Settlement Resident Resident (Romani, % (Romani, % population population Bayash) Bayash) Szőke (Baranya 159 35 22.01 143 3 2.1 County) Vécs (Heves 734 13 1.77 634 91 14.35 County) The settlement of Vécs, however, is perhaps a more characteristic case: the number of Gypsy inhabitants in the village having reported to have risen from 13 (2001) to 91 (2011). In general, the number of people claiming Roma identity in Hungary has grown from 190,000 in 2001 to 315,000 in 2011, which is a 66% increase.
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