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The Anti-Zionist Bridge: the East German
The Anti-Zionist Bridge: The East German Communist Contribution to Antisemitism's Revival After the Holocaust Author(s): Jeffrey Herf Source: Antisemitism Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Spring 2017), pp. 130-156 Published by: Indiana University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/antistud.1.1.05 Accessed: 29-07-2017 21:03 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms Indiana University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Antisemitism Studies This content downloaded from 142.160.44.49 on Sat, 29 Jul 2017 21:03:03 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms The Anti-Zionist Bridge The East German Communist Contribution to Antisemitism’s Revival After the Holocaust JEFFREY HERF Communist anti-Zionism was an ideological offensive against the State of Israel whose advocates insisted that the accusation that they were motivated by antisemitism was an imperialist or Zionist trick to defuse legitimate criticism of Israel’s policies toward the Arabs and the Palestinians. The associated rhet- oric of anti-fascism, anti-imperialism and anti-racism made it possible for anti-Zionism to burst beyond the bounds of European neo-Nazi circles as well as its Arab and Palestinian or Islamist boundaries and became an enduring element of global Communist, radical leftist and third worldist politics. -
The Formation of the Communist Party of Germany and the Collapse of the German Democratic Republi C
Enclosure #2 THE NATIONAL COUNCI L FOR SOVIET AND EAST EUROPEA N RESEARC H 1755 Massachusetts Avenue, N .W . Washington, D.C . 20036 THE NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SOVIET AND EAST EUROPEAN RESEARC H TITLE : Politics Unhinged : The Formation of the Communist Party of Germany and the Collapse of the German Democratic Republi c AUTHOR : Eric D . Weitz Associate Professo r Department of History St . Olaf Colleg e 1520 St . Olaf Avenu e Northfield, Minnesota 5505 7 CONTRACTOR : St . Olaf College PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR : Eric D . Weit z COUNCIL CONTRACT NUMBER : 806-3 1 DATE : April 12, 199 3 The work leading to this report was supported by funds provided by the National Council for Soviet and East Europea n Research. The analysis and interpretations contained in the report are those of the author. i Abbreviations and Glossary AIZ Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung (KPD illustrated weekly newspaper ) Alter Verband Mineworkers Union Antifas Antifascist Committee s BL Bezirksleitung (district leadership of KPD ) BLW Betriebsarchiv der Leuna-Werke BzG Beiträge zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung Comintern Communist International CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Unio n DMV Deutscher Metallarbeiter Verband (German Metalworkers Union ) ECCI Executive Committee of the Communist Internationa l GDR German Democratic Republic GW Rosa Luxemburg, Gesammelte Werke HIA, NSDAP Hoover Institution Archives, NSDAP Hauptarchi v HStAD Hauptstaatsarchiv Düsseldorf IGA, ZPA Institut für Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung, Zentrales Parteiarchi v (KPD/SED Central Party Archive -
REFORM, RESISTANCE and REVOLUTION in the OTHER GERMANY By
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Birmingham Research Archive, E-theses Repository RETHINKING THE GDR OPPOSITION: REFORM, RESISTANCE AND REVOLUTION IN THE OTHER GERMANY by ALEXANDER D. BROWN A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Modern Languages School of Languages, Cultures, Art History and Music University of Birmingham January 2019 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract The following thesis looks at the subject of communist-oriented opposition in the GDR. More specifically, it considers how this phenomenon has been reconstructed in the state-mandated memory landscape of the Federal Republic of Germany since unification in 1990. It does so by presenting three case studies of particular representative value. The first looks at the former member of the Politbüro Paul Merker and how his entanglement in questions surrounding antifascism and antisemitism in the 1950s has become a significant trope in narratives of national (de-)legitimisation since 1990. The second delves into the phenomenon of the dissident through the aperture of prominent singer-songwriter, Wolf Biermann, who was famously exiled in 1976. -
The East German Writers Union and the Role of Literary Intellectuals In
Writing in Red: The East German Writers Union and the Role of Literary Intellectuals in the German Democratic Republic, 1971-90 Thomas William Goldstein A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2010 Approved by: Konrad H. Jarausch Christopher Browning Chad Bryant Karen Hagemann Lloyd Kramer ©2010 Thomas William Goldstein ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii Abstract Thomas William Goldstein Writing in Red The East German Writers Union and the Role of Literary Intellectuals in the German Democratic Republic, 1971-90 (Under the direction of Konrad H. Jarausch) Since its creation in 1950 as a subsidiary of the Cultural League, the East German Writers Union embodied a fundamental tension, one that was never resolved during the course of its forty-year existence. The union served two masters – the state and its members – and as such, often found it difficult fulfilling the expectations of both. In this way, the union was an expression of a basic contradiction in the relationship between writers and the state: the ruling Socialist Unity Party (SED) demanded ideological compliance, yet these writers also claimed to be critical, engaged intellectuals. This dissertation examines how literary intellectuals and SED cultural officials contested and debated the differing and sometimes contradictory functions of the Writers Union and how each utilized it to shape relationships and identities within the literary community and beyond it. The union was a crucial site for constructing a group image for writers, both in terms of external characteristics (values and goals for participation in wider society) and internal characteristics (norms and acceptable behavioral patterns guiding interactions with other union members). -
Central Europe
Central Europe WEST GERMANY HE WEST GERMAN ECONOMY continued to expand between July 1955 and TJune 1956. After June, production declined slightly. The gross national product rose 11 per cent in 1955, to 60 per cent above 1950. Industrial pro- duction, up 16 per cent, doubled that of 1950. The index (1936= 100) was 221 by June 1956. But West Berlin only regained the 1936 level. Employment in the Federal Republic was more than 800,000 above the previous year. In part, this was due to the influx of almost 300,000 refugees from East Germany during 1955-56. Unemployment, at 479,000, or 2.5 per cent of the labor force of 18.4 million, was the lowest since the end of World War II. West Berlin unemployment fell, but was still 11.3 per cent. Output per man was up 17 per cent in 1955, while wages rose only 12 per cent. The July 1956 cost of living index (1950 = 100) at 113, was 2.3 per cent above July 1955. National consumption rose 12 per cent during 1955-56, but old age pensioners, war invalids and widows, and the lowest categories of un- skilled workers, were barely touched by the "economic miracle," and contin- ued to exist near the subsistence level. Steel production, exceeding that of either France or Britain, reached a post- war high of 21,700,000 tons in the twelve months under review. Some of the Ruhr steel and coal combines, split up by the Allies to destroy "dangerous concentrations of economic power," recombined in new forms. -
Approach/Avoidance: Communists and Women in East Germany, 1945-9 Author(S): Donna Harsch Source: Social History, Vol
Approach/Avoidance: Communists and Women in East Germany, 1945-9 Author(s): Donna Harsch Source: Social History, Vol. 25, No. 2 (May, 2000), pp. 156-182 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4286643 Accessed: 24-04-2018 15:00 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms Taylor & Francis, Ltd. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Social History This content downloaded from 35.176.47.6 on Tue, 24 Apr 2018 15:00:46 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Social History Vol. 25 No. 2 May 2000 0* Donna Harsch Approach/avoidance: Communists and women in East Germany, 1945-9 In July 1945, a German Communist scolded fellow members of the KPD for how they talked to women in the Soviet zone of occupation. According to Irene Girtner (aka Elli Schmidt), her comrades opened lectures to female audiences with the question: 'Is it not a fact that Hitler came to power only because a high proportion of women succumbed to the poison of Nazi propaganda?'l A year later, Schmidt rued, Communists continued to make the 'error' of expounding on the guilt women bore for the fascist seizure of power.2 As late as May 1947, another woman in the party felt the need to point out that, infact, women had voted at a lower rate for Hitler in I928, only catching up to the male vote in I93I-2.3 For her part, Elli Schmidt did not question the accuracy of the charge but its political acumen. -
Zwischen Kriegsende Und Gründung Der Bundesrepublik
Klaus J. Becker Zwischen ultralinker Parteiopposition und titoistischer Verfemung Die pfälzische KPD 1919-1956 Die revolutionären Nachkriegsphase 1919-1924 Die Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands wurde am 1. Januar 1919 zum Abschluß einer dreitägigen Reichskonferenz des von Karl Liebknecht und Rosa Luxemburg geführten Spartakusbundes und der Internationalen Kommunisten Deutschlands ins Leben gerufen. Unter den 127 Delegierten des Gründungsparteitages fand sich zwar kein offizieller Vertreter aus der Pfalz, aber mit Karl Minster ein gebürtiger Edenkobener1. Da die Siegermächte des Ersten Weltkriegs in ihren Besatzungszonen der KPD zunächst jegliche Tätigkeit untersagten, war ihren wenigen Sympathisanten in der Pfalz nur eine Fraktionstätigkeit innerhalb der USPD möglich. Entsprechend mußten auch Ende 1919 die ersten drei Ortsgruppen in Speyer, Ludwigshafen und Mechtersheim illegal gegründet werden. Erst im März 1920 wurde die KPD in der Pfalz offiziell zugelassen2. Auf einem Wahlzettel in der Pfalz fand sich die Partei erstmals am 6. Juni 1920 bei den Wahlen zum ersten Reichstag der Weimarer Republik sowie bei den Neuwahlen zum bayerischen Landtag. Beide Wahlkämpfe wurden von der KPD zur Gründung von neuen Ortsgruppen in Frankenthal und Kaiserslautern genutzt. Trotzdem lag das Wahlergebnis der KPD bei den Reichtagswahlen in der Pfalz mit 0,8 % noch unter ihrem Reichsdurchschnitt von 1,7 %. Dies entsprach 2.782 Wählerstimmen, wovon ihr allein 1.227 (3,2 %) in Ludwigshafen, 498 (4,3 %) in Speyer, 245 (2,3 %) in Frankenthal und 208 (0,9 %) in Kaiserslautern zugefallen waren. Das Ergebnis der Landtagswahl ergab keinen wesentlichen Unterschied. Damit ist offensichtlich, daß die Basis der Wählerschaft der KPD unmittelbar mit den bereits vorhanden Ortsgruppen in der Pfalz verknüpft war. -
KPD in Frankreich Funkt Via Moskau 5
Horst LaudeJKPD in Frankreich funkt via Moskau 5 2 KPD in Frankreich sozialistische Regime fortsetzen. Am 7./8. funkt via Moskau November sind englisch-amerikanische Truppen in Marokko und Algerien gelandet. Zu Fakten, Zusammenhängen und Zwei Wochen später hat sich der sow- Hintergründen einiger Dokumente von . jetische Kessel um die 6. deutsche Armee 1942/43 bei Stalingrad geschlossen, und folgeneiche militärische Entscheidungen stehen bevor. HorstLaude Die Mitteilung, unterzeichnet von einem ge wissen "Rene", ist mit Hilfe der Leitung der französischen KP auf einem Funkweg zur Bei den Recherchen für die. Publikation Komintern an ihr Ziel gelangt. Die Mos "Nach Hitler kommen wir - Dokumente zur kauer Zentrale wir~ über Leistungen und Programmatik der Moskauer KPD-Führung Möglichkeiten antifaschistischer Tätigkeit, 1944/45 für Nachkriegsdeutschland" (hrsg. die von französischem Boden aus prakti v. Peter Erler, Horst Laude und Manfred ziert werden, ins Bild gesetzt und um ihre Wilk.e, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1993) Meinungsäußerung dazu ersucht. Vom Ein stießen wir im Archiv der Stiftung Parteien satz französischer Kommunisten und und Massenorganisationen der DDR auf Gesinnungsgef"ahrten anderer Nationalitäten eine Reihe von Dokumenten, die in mehr - Spanier, Italiener, Polen, Tschechen - ist facher Hinsicht aufschlußreich sind. die Rede, "die in den wichtigsten Betrieben Am 15. Dezember 1942 - der Zweite und Städten Deutschlands arbeiten und Weltkrieg geht ins vierte Jahr, und die Hit öfters nach Frankreich auf Urlaub zu ihren lerwehrmacht bekommt zum zweiten Mal Familien kommen". Durch die französische seit ihrem Marsch gen Osten die Geißel des KP ist die Verbindung mit ihnen geknüpft. russischen Winters zu spüren, die Strategie Sie bewähren sich als Mittler von Informa des Blitzkrieges ist gescheitert und die Rote tionen, Lageeinschätzungen und Hand Armee im Begriff, die strategische Initiative lungsdirektiven im Kampf gegen das Nazi an sich zu ziehen - empfängt der Parteivor regime. -
Anti-Fascism, Anti-Communism, and Memorial Cultures: a Global
ANTI-FASCISM, ANTI-COMMUNISM, AND MEMORIAL CULTURES: A GLOBAL STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL BRIGADE VETERANS by Jacob Todd Bernhardt A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History Boise State University May 2021 © 2021 Jacob Todd Bernhardt ALL RIGHTS RESERVED BOISE STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE COLLEGE DEFENSE COMMITTEE AND FINAL READING APPROVALS of the thesis submitted by Jacob Todd Bernhardt Thesis Title: Anti-Fascism, Anti-Communism, and Memorial Cultures: A Global Study of International Brigade Veterans Date of Final Oral Examination: 08 March 2021 The following individuals read and discussed the thesis submitted by student Jacob Todd Bernhardt, and they evaluated the student’s presentation and response to questions during the final oral examination. They found that the student passed the final oral examination. John P. Bieter, Ph.D. Chair, Supervisory Committee Shaun S. Nichols, Ph.D. Member, Supervisory Committee Peter N. Carroll, Ph.D. Member, Supervisory Committee The final reading approval of the thesis was granted by John P. Bieter, Ph.D., Chair of the Supervisory Committee. The thesis was approved by the Graduate College. DEDICATION For my dear Libby, who believed in me every step of the way. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Throughout the writing of this thesis, I have received a great deal of support and assistance. I would first like to thank my Committee Chair, Professor John Bieter, whose advice was invaluable in broadening the scope of my research. Your insightful feedback pushed me to sharpen my thinking and brought my work to a higher level. I would like to thank Professor Shaun Nichols, whose suggestions helped me improve the organization of my thesis and the power of my argument. -
Hitler's Rise to Power
Key questions -» Wasdemocracy desperately desired in Germanyin 1918,or was its implementation partof a scheme by Germany's wartime leaders (Field MarshalsHindenburg and LudendorfF] to avoida punitivesettlement after Germany'ssurrender? Wasthe constitution established in 1919 a hindranceto successful democraticpractice? What role did economic distress play in polarizing and brutalizing German political life during the period? Howvalid is AJPTaylor's view that "only the GreatDepression put the wind into the sailsof National Socialism"? What elements in Germany after 1918 were either actively hostile or simply apathetic towards the new system? Wasthe riseto powerof a party committed to a totalitarian system a story of the "irresistible rise" of National Socialism? Key concepts Change Consequences Causes Significance Hitler's rise to power The Weimar democratic system, established in Germany after the First World War, preceded the establishment of the single-party National Socialist state, which was effectively consolidated in 1934 when Adolf Hitler became Fiihrer of Germany. National Socialism gained the support of the military, which eliminated domestically the last major obstacle to Hitler's ambition to establish his "Thousand Year (Third) Reich". In explaining the emergence of the "Hitler state", it was common to describe the Weimar Republic "as a troubled interlude between two eras of greater andmore sinister importance: the WilhelminianKaiserreich, which saw the consolidation of a unified Germany, and the Third Reich, whichdestroyed it". Weimarwas seen as "a desperate and grudging experiment in democracy whose decisive failure had consequencesnot only for Germany but the world". Suchinterpretations are linked to a pessimisticview of German history, in which the triumph of National Socialism is accepted as an inevitable and irresistible force welcomed by most Germans. -
Thesis Reference
Thesis Engagement et identité : les militants antifascistes des organisations Freies Deutschland de l'exil à l'Ouest (Belgique, France, Suisse) à la RDA des années 1970 (1943-1975) HEINIGER, Alix Abstract Les exilés allemands en Europe de l'Ouest ont cherché à poursuivre leur engagement contre le régime qui les a poussé à fuir leur pays de diverses manières. En 1943, une partie d'entre eux ont fondé les organisations Freies Deutschland en Belgique, en France et en Suisse. Cette thèse analyse les modalités de leur engagement militant et les conditions de sa perpétuation entre la Seconde Guerre mondiale et l'après guerre en RDA. Elle pose également la question de l'identité de ces militants et de sa reconfiguration au fil du temps. La majorité d'entre eux étant communistes, ils ont suivi l'exemple de leurs dirigeants réfugiés à Moscou qui ont créé le Nationalkomitee "Freies Deutschland". A leurs débuts, ces trois organisations sont clandestines et poursuivent une lutte multiforme contre le régime nazi façonnée par les possibilités d'action offertes par leur espace d'exil. A l'approche de la fin de la guerre, les Freies Deutschland accèdent à la légalité et reconfigurent leurs activités et leurs objectifs en fonction de cette nouvelle situation. Elles tentent de rassembler les Allemands [...] Reference HEINIGER, Alix. Engagement et identité : les militants antifascistes des organisations Freies Deutschland de l'exil à l'Ouest (Belgique, France, Suisse) à la RDA des années 1970 (1943-1975). Thèse de doctorat : Univ. Genève, 2012, no. L. 756 URN : urn:nbn:ch:unige-226123 DOI : 10.13097/archive-ouverte/unige:22612 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:22612 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. -
Integration of East German Resettlers Into the Cultures and Societies of the GDR
Integration of East German Resettlers into the Cultures and Societies of the GDR Doctoral Thesis of Aaron M.P. Jacobson Student Number 59047878 University College London Degree: Ph.D. in History 1 DECLARATION I, Aaron M.P. Jacobson, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 2 ABSTRACT A controversy exists in the historiography of ethnic German post-WWII refugees and expellees who lived in the German Democratic Republic. This question is namely: to what extent were these refugees and expellees from various countries with differing cultural, religious, social and economic backgrounds integrated into GDR society? Were they absorbed by the native cultures of the GDR? Was an amalgamation of both native and expellee cultures created? Or did the expellees keep themselves isolated and separate from GDR society? The historiography regarding this controversy most commonly uses Soviet and SED governmental records from 1945-53. The limitation of this approach by historians is that it has told the refugee and expellee narrative from government officials’ perspectives rather than those of the Resettlers themselves. In 1953 the SED regime stopped public record keeping concerning the Resettlers declaring their integration into GDR society as complete. After eight years in the GDR did the Resettlers feel that they were an integrated part of society? In an attempt to ascertain how Resettlers perceived their own pasts in the GDR and the level of integration that occurred, 230 refugees and expellees were interviewed throughout the former GDR between 2008-09.