The Public Health Crisis in Occupied Germany
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OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 03/21/2015, SPi THE PERILS OF PEACE OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 03/21/2015, SPi OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 03/21/2015, SPi The Perils of Peace The Public Health Crisis in Occupied Germany JESSICA REINISCH 1 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 03/21/2015, SPi 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Jessica Reinisch 2013 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published in 2013 Impression: 1 Some rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, recording or otherwise, for commercial purposes without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press. This is an open access publication. Except where otherwise noted, this work is distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence (CC BY-NC-ND), a copy of which is available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- nc-nd/4.0/ Enquiries concerning use outside the scope of the licence terms should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the above address. British Library Cataloguing in Publication data Data available ISBN 978–0–19–966079–7 Printed in Great Britain by MPG Books Group, Bodmin and King’s Lynn Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work. OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 03/21/2015, SPi Acknowledgements While working on this book I have incurred a long list of debts. Generous research grants from the Wellcome Trust, the Leverhulme Trust and Birkbeck College made it possible for me to undertake such a big project in the first place. The research began at Imperial College, where I benefitted from advice from Andrew Warwick, David Edgerton, Andrew Mendelsohn and Rob Iliffe.C harmian Brinson kindly gave me access to her archive on Eva Kolmer and other useful sources. Charles Drage spent long hours helping me to translate barely legible Rus- sian typescript. Janis Lewis at Imperial College Library patiently arranged my fre- quent interlibrary loan demands for obscure East German pamphlets. Also at Imperial I was lucky enough to be surrounded by a cohort of fellow researchers, who during lively lunches, seminars and drinks helped to keep up morale and ponder the finer points of scholarship and life: thanks go particularly to Sabine Clark, Matt Godwin, John Heard, Becky Higgitt, Louise Jarvis, Jenny Marie, Emily Mayhew, Raquel Delgado-Moreira and Nafsika Thalassis. I am also grateful for many fruitful discussions and eye-opening conversations with colleagues at Birkbeck, particularly John Arnold, Joanna Bourke, David Feld- man, Mark Mazower, Daniel Pick, Lucy Riall, Jan Rueger and Nik Wachsmann. Frank Trentmann provided invaluable encouragement at various crucial stages and heroically offered advice on a complete draft of the manuscript. Claire Judde de Larivière gave up many hours and days to discuss and translate my French sources. I am also grateful to Mary Fulbrook and Paul Weindling for their ongoing interest in and support of the project. Other colleagues whose wisdom I have appreciated on countless occasions include Matthew Frank, Peter Gatrell, Ben Shephard and Dieter Steinert. Thanks also to Jen Baird,S erafinaC uomo, Sean Brady and Chris- tian Goeschel for their friendship and academic good sense. During the course of the research I have benefitted from the knowledge and as- sistance of many archivists and librarians. In London, the British Library, the Public Record Office, the GermanH istorical Institute in Bloomsbury, the Imperial War Museum and the Wellcome Library have all proved to be excellent resources, as has the Bodleian Library in Oxford, and my thanks go to the staff at these insti- tutions. Richard Temple at the Modern Records Centre at the University of War- wick was very helpful on a number of occasions. Many thanks to Frau Hübel and Dr Achim Baumgarten at the Bundesarchiv Koblenz, and Frau Fengler and Frau Löffler at the Bundesarchiv Berlin, for helping to make my many research trips so productive. At the Landesarchiv Berlin Dr Susanne Knoblich and Dr Luchterhand have been immensely helpful in locating relevant material. Dr Wolfgang Knoblich at the archive of the Berliner Akademie also has been very accommodating. I am grateful to Moritz Mebel in Berlin, who kindly agreed to be interviewed by me. Also in Berlin, Ruth Notowicz and Lutz Masernetz provided me with a friendly retreat after long days in the archives. In Washington, Sally Kuisel shared her OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 03/21/2015, SPi vi Acknowledgements impressive knowledge of the vast amounts of sources at the National Archives and Records Administration. My thanks also go to Marie Villemin at the World Health Organisation Archive in Geneva for her enthusiastic assistance. Finally, I had a wonderful time in the Archives of the Occupation of Germany and Austria in Colmar, not least because I was able to work unsupervised. At OUP, my thanks go above all to Christopher Wheeler for his encouragement and support. Stephanie Ireland, Cathryn Steele and Carol Carnegie ensured a wonderfully smooth and efficient production process.R owena Anketell and Mary Payne’s careful reading of the manuscript helped me to avoid some howlers. This has also been a family project, as Marion Kant and JonathanS teinberg can testify. They have repeatedly dropped their own work to read, comment, translate, criticise, suggest, nag or encourage. Finally, Rhodri Jones has suffered through the whole venture from beginning to end, read and improved multiple drafts and spent much time building me up, and to him I owe the greatest debt. OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 03/21/2015, SPi Contents List of Illustrations viii Abbreviations ix 1. Introduction 1 PART I: ALLIES AND GERMANS 2. A Hard Peace? Allied Preparations for the Occupation of Germany, 1943–1945 19 3. ‘Can we distinguish the sheep from the wolves?’: Émigrés, Allies, and the Reconstruction of Germany 59 4. ‘Now, back to our Virchow’: German Medical and Political Traditions in Post-war Berlin 95 PART II: COMPROMISES AND CONFRONTATIONS, 1945–1949 Introduction 149 5. Public Health Work in the British Occupation Zone 151 6. Public Health Work in the American Occupation Zone 188 7. Public Health Work in the Soviet Occupation Zone 220 8. The Forgotten Zone: Public Health Work in the French Occupation Zone 255 9. Some Conclusions 289 Bibliography 300 Index 317 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 03/21/2015, SPi List of Illustrations 1.1 OMGUS map of occupied areas of Germany, with zones and Länder 4 2.1 ‘Some Do’s and Don’ts’, British Control Commission paper ‘The German Character’, 9 March 1945 24 3.1 ‘Germany is Not Hitler!’, Inside Nazi Germany, February 1940 68 4.1 Farbwerke Hoechst advertising flyer [1947] 117 4.2 Top: Stamps from the series Personalities in politics, the arts and science (Deutsche Post, German Democratic Republic, 1952). Virchow features here among grandees of German Communism such as Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, August Bebel and G. W. Hegel. Bottom: Stamps from the series 150 years Humboldt University – 250 years Charité (Deutsche Post, German Democratic Republic, 1960) Virchow also featured in other commemorative stamp series, such as Men from the history of Berlin (Deutsche Post Berlin, 1952; and Deutsche Bundespost Berlin,1957) 144 7.1 Questionnaire for medical professions, Soviet zone [February 1946] 238 7.2 ‘Ärzte-Planung’, map for redistribution across the Soviet zone, 12 December 1945 245 Images and third party content included in this publication are not covered by the Creative Commons licence terms which govern the reuse of this publication. For permission to reuse, please contact the rights holder. OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 03/21/2015, SPi Abbreviations ACC Allied Control Council AMFA Corps d’Administration Militaire Française en Allemagne (French Administrative Corps for Germany) ASTO Assimilés Spéciaux pour les Territoires Occupés BAB Bundesarchiv Berlin BAK Bundesarchiv Koblenz BAOR British Army of the Rhine BBAW Archiv der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie Bod. Bodleian Library CALPO Comité Allemagne Libre Pour l’Ouest (Free Germany Committee for the West) CARE Cooperative for American Remittances to Europe CATS Civil Affairs Training School CCFA Commandement en Chef Français en Allemagne CCG(BE) Control Commission for Germany, British Element CDU Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands (German Christian Democratic Union) CFLN Comité Français de Libération Nationale (French Committee of National Liberation) CGAAA Commissariat Général aux Affaires Allemandes et Autrichiennes (Commissariat for German and Austrian Affairs) CIAAA Comité Interministériel des Affaires Allemandes et Autrichiennes (Interministerial Committee on German and Austrian Affairs) CNR Conseil National de la Résistance (National Resistance Council) CNRS Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (National Centre for Scientific Research) COGA Control Office for Germany and Austria COL Archives de l’Occupation Française en Allemagne et