DOCSLIB.ORG

Dimitrus Tsarouhas- Social Democracy in Sweden

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IN SWEDEN Dimitris Tsarouhas is Assistant Professor at the Department of International Relations, Bilkent University, Turkey. He has published on labour politics and social partnership, comparative social policy and Europeanization. SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IN SWEDEN The Threat from a Globalized World DIMITRIS TSAROUHAS Tauris Academic Studies LONDON • NEW YORK Published in 2008 by Tauris Academic Studies, an imprint of I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd 6 Salem Road, London W2 4BU 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 www.ibtauris.com In the United States of America and in Canada distributed by Palgrave Macmillan a division of St Martins Press, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 Copyright © 2008 Dimitris Tsarouhas The right of Dimitris Tsarouhas to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by the author in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Library of European Studies 6 ISBN: 978 1 84511 786 3 A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library A full CIP record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: available Printed and bound in India by Thomson Press from camera-ready copy supplied by Oxford Publishing Services Contents List of Tables and Figures vi Acronyms and Abbreviations vii Note on Transliteration x Acknowledgements xi 1. Introduction 1 2. The Growth Years 31 3. Decline: Labour Radicalism 62 4. Demise: Employers’ Radicalism 87 5. Globalization and Europeanization 118 6. The New Swedish Model 141 7. Conclusion 189 Notes and References 201 Bibliography 239 Index 267 List of Tables and Figures Tables 4.1 Union growth rates, percentage of union density 91 4.2 Union membership, growth by Confederation, in percentage 91 4.3 Union membership in thousands, 1950–1980 91 4.4 Public government outlays, percentage of GDP 93 5.1 Percentage of total Swedish foreign sales produced abroad, 1965–1990 120 5.2 Marginal tax rates on labour 122 Figures 6.1 Number of strikes in Sweden, 1985–2006 154 6.2 Strikes and lockouts in Sweden, days lost, 1985–2006 154 6.3 Lost working days as a result of labour conflicts in the EU, 1990–2000 162 6.4 Low-paid employees, selected countries 172 6.5 Wage dispersion, selected countries, 2003 173 6.6 Taxation levels, 1980–2000 186 Acronyms and Abbreviations ABF (Arbetarnas Bildningsförbund) Workers’ Educational Association AMK (Arbetsmarknadskommission) Labour Market Commission AMS (Arbetsmarknadsstyrelsen) Labour Market Board ATP (Allmänn Tilläggs Pension) Universal Supplementary Pension Scheme BI (Sveriges Byggindustrier) Construction Employers’ Association CF (Civilingenjörsförbundet) Swedish Association of Graduate Engineers CMEs Coordinated market economies ECJ European Court of Justice EMU Economic and Monetary Union EP European Parliament ERT European Round Table of Industrialists ESPRIT European Strategic Programme for Research and Development in Information Technology ETUC European Trade Union Confederation EVCA European Venture Capital Association FDI Foreign direct investment GDP Gross domestic product HI Historical institutionalism IA Industrial Agreement Kommunal (Kommunalsarbetareförbundet) Municipal Workers’ Union LAS (Lagen om Anställningsskkydd) The Security of Employment Act LF (Svenska Landstingsförbundet) Swedish Association of County Councils LMEs Liberal market economies viii SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IN SWEDEN LO (Landsorganisationen i Sverige) Swedish Trade Union Confederation MBL (Medbestämmandelagen) Co-Determination Act MEP Member of the European Parliament Metall (Metallarbetareförbundet) Metal Workers’ Union NÄFO (Näringslivets fond) Swedish Free Enterprise Foundation NÄSO (Näringslivets Sammanfogning) Joint Committee for Private Commerce and Industry OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development PPP Purchase power parity PTK (Privattjänstemannakartellen) Council for Negotiation and Co-operation R&D Research and development SAC Central Organization of Swedish Workers SACO (Sveriges Akademikers Centralroganisation) Swedish Confederation of Professional Associations SAF (Svenska arbetsgivareföreningen), Swedish Employers’ Confederation SAP Swedish Social Democratic Party (Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetarepartiet) SAV (Statens Arbetsgivarverk) National Agency for Public Employers SEA Single European Act SGP Stability and Growth Pact SIF (Svenska Industritjänstemannaförbundet) Swedish Union of Clerical and Technical Employees in Industry SIFO (Svenska Institutet för Opinionsundersökningar) Swedish Institute for Opinion Research SFN (Stiftelsen Fritt Näringsliv) Swedish Free Enterprise Foundation SK (Svenska Kommunförbundet) Swedish Association for Local Authorities SKAF Municipal Workers’ Union (see Kommunal) ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ix SNS (Studieförbundet Näringsliv och Samhället) Centre for Business and Policy Studies Statsföretag AB State Enterprise Corporation TCO (Tjänstemännens Centralorganization) Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees TNC(s) Transnational Corporation(s) TTR Total tax receipts UNICE (Union des Industries de la Communauté européenne) Union of Industrial and Employers’ Confederations of Europe VAT Value added tax VF (Verkstadsföreningen) Association of Swedish Engineering Industries VoC Varieties of Capitalism VPK (Vänsterpartiet Kommunisterna) Left Party (Communist) Note on Transliteration Swedish words have been translated into English in line with Norstedts Dictionary, Clays – England 2001 and according to the Collins English Dictionary (3rd edition), Random House Webster’s College Dictionary, Longman Pronunciation Dictionary and Norstedts Swedish Dictionary (2nd edition, 1988). All Swedish abbreviations are given in full in the main body of the text and then translated into English to facilitate the flow of the text. The bibliography’s alphabetical order follows the English rather than the Swedish alphabetical order to facilitate the search of authors for the English-speaking reader. Acknowledgements Many people have assisted the research that led to this book and I wish to mention a few of them as a sign of appreciation. The professionalism and encouragement of I.B.Tauris made things easier for me, and Allison McKechnie’s copy-editing proved very useful indeed. I also wish to thank Oxford Publishing Services for making sure that the final product is as orderly as I could never have imagined. The book would not have been possible without the help and cooperation of staff at the Labour Movement’s Archive and Library in Stockholm. I wish to single out Stellan Andersson for his help in accessing the archives of Olof Palme and Ingvar Carlsson. Immense thanks are due to Steve Ludlam who helped me throughout the thesis version of this book with patience and understanding. Andrew Gamble has supported this endeavour from day one. He has inspired a lot of thoughts generated through the course of this study. The University of Sheffield academic and administrative staff has provided the ideal environment for my work. Special thanks are due to Sarah Cooke for her efficiency and support. Mark Wickham Jones has also supported this book from its inception. A lot of the arguments herein are due to his provoking questions and thoughtful remarks. Grateful thanks are also due to Eva Berndtsson at the University of Sheffield who made sure that the language barrier became less of a problem, and Ulf Mörkenstam at Stockholm University who facilitated my visit there. I would also like to thank my interviewees for their patience and the wealth of information they shared with me. Jenny Andersson and Urban Lundberg have helped me clarify some of my thoughts on Swedish social democracy. Needless to say, the responsibility for the arguments developed in this book is solely my own. My parents, Nikiforos and Sylvia, and my sister Nicole have xii SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IN SWEDEN been tireless companions throughout my life. Their encouragement made my work so much easier and I hope they know how much I owe to them. My parents-in-law, Gülen and Erciyes Özdemir, and my sister-in-law, Ilgin Özdemir, have done a great deal to facilitate my new life in Turkey over the last few years. I wish to herewith thank them for their kind-heartedness, considering that professional work is inevitably intertwined with personal circumstances. Finally, I hope that my wife will forgive me for evoking this book’s main arguments and ideas in almost all of our conversations over the last few years. Without her understanding and support this book would have hardly reached publication stage. This is why it is dedicated to Umut, with all my love. Ankara, July 2007 1 Introduction Social democracy is in crisis. There is nothing new about this statement, considering how often such a crisis has been diagnosed in the past.1 It would seem, however, that at the beginning of the twenty-first century the inability of social democrats to cope with a fast-changing economic reality has imprisoned them in a world of limited political ambition. This is paradoxical considering how social democrats responded to earlier challenges. Prophecies of decline had earlier stressed the shrinking of the manual working class – the traditional constituency of the left – as well as the
Recommended publications
  • Den Socialdemokratiska Memoaren Som Retorisk Genre: Exemplen Palm, Erlander Och Persson

    Den Socialdemokratiska Memoaren Som Retorisk Genre: Exemplen Palm, Erlander Och Persson

    ”Från mörkret stiga vi mot ljuset” Den socialdemokratiska memoaren som retorisk genre: exemplen Palm, Erlander och Persson “From Darkness We Rise Towards the Light” The Social Democratic Memoir as a Rhetoric Genre: the Examples of Palm, Erlander and Persson Magnus Gustafson Masteruppsats i litteraturvetenskap Termin: HT 2014/2015 Kurs: LV 2311 Nivå: Master Handledare: Christer Ekholm Abstract Master’s Thesis in Comparative Literature Title: ”From Darkness We Rise Towards the Light” The Social Democratic Memoir as a Rhetoric Genre: the Examples of Palm, Erlander and Persson Author: Magnus Gustafson Academic Term and Year: Autumn 2014/2015 Department: Literature, History of Ideas and Religion Supervisor: Christer Ekholm Examiner: Dag Hedman Keywords: Political Memoirs, Rhetorical Reading, August Palm, Tage Erlander, Göran Persson Although Social Democratic Memoirs comprise an extensive material, these texts have not attracted any systematic analysis as a distinct and yet varied form of textual genre. The focus in this MA-paper is the Swedish Social Democratic Memoir as a rhetoric genre. The main primary material is memoirs of the pioneer August Palm (1849–1922), the father of the nation Tage Erlander (1901–1985) and the political leader Göran Persson (1949–), published 1905, 1972–82 and 2007, respectively. The general aim is to find out what is the driving power of the memoirs and, more specifically, to shed light on the images of the party history and the history of the welfare state. The method is a comparative analysis of these texts. The overarching rhetoric of Social Democratic Memoirs relate to a general ideological theme corresponding to the progression from darkness to light.
  • Det Förlovade Folkhemmet? En Studie Av Svensk Civilreligion Speglat I Socialdemokraternas Retorik 1928 - 2008

    Det Förlovade Folkhemmet? En Studie Av Svensk Civilreligion Speglat I Socialdemokraternas Retorik 1928 - 2008

    Beteckning: HRV:D08:3 Institutionen för humaniora och samhällsvetenskap Det förlovade folkhemmet? En studie av svensk civilreligion speglat i socialdemokraternas retorik 1928 - 2008 Thorbjörn Brehmer September 2008 D-uppsats, 15 högskolepoäng Religionsvetenskap Religionsvetenskap med inriktning mot kultur och identitet D Handledare: Peder Thalén Abstract The aim of this paper is to try Robert N. Bellahs theory of civil religion, within a Swedish societal context. Bellahs theory was designed in, and influenced by American culture. Therefore, the “translation” of Bellahs theory does not come without problems. A methodological discussion concludes with methods focusing on national self- conceptions. Through this method, the Swedish social democratic notion of the “folkhem” can be related to the notions included by “the American way of life”. The “folkhem” as well as “the American way of life” includes ideas of the nation, made up by specific historical events, in both nations. Those ideas are vital parts of the national self conception in both nations. Historical premises are constantly reborn through the rhetorical reinterpretation, and through the eyes of Bellah, the notion of the folkhem creates a national embracive, ethical value system. The notion of the folkhem still is viable in the Swedish society. Contemporary use of the folkhem- notion is discerned by the threats of globalization and neoliberlismic tendencies. In the light of these threats, the folkhem- notion includes the preservation of Puritanism ideals. Keywords: Civil religion,
  • Nordic Fascism

    Nordic Fascism

    Nordic Fascism Investigating the Political Project Behind Bollhusmötet Master’s thesis (45 credits) Author’s name: Erik Blohmé Name of supervisor: Heléne Lööw Semester: Spring 2021 Date of Submission: May 17, 2021 HISTORISKA INSTITUTIONEN Abstract This thesis investigates the political project behind the infamous tennis hall meeting, commonly referred to as Bollhusmötet, that took place in February of 1939 in Uppsala, Sweden. Gathering in the local tennis hall, the members of the Uppsala Student Union decided to send a resolution to the Swedish king protesting the reception of Jewish refugees into Sweden in the wake of the 1938 November Pogrom. The protest was widely influential, spurring similar resolutions at other universities and arguably influencing Swedish refugee policy on a national level. The event itself was orchestrated by a group of nationalist students as part of a political project aiming to establish a Nordic power bloc with Sweden as the central power. This political milieu rejected the geopolitics of both England and Germany to promote a specific form of Nordic fascism. Antisemitism was a central part of their ideology, both regarding short- and long-term goals, and antisemitism was also the ultimate motive behind the tennis hall meeting. The architects of these events joined the mainstream conservative milieu in 1940 as part of a strategy to abolish the Swedish political system from within and restructure the Swedish state according to a fascist model bearing many similarities to national socialism. Keywords: Bollhusmötet, Heimdal, Den Svenska Linjen, Arvid Fredborg, fascism, antisemitism, national socialism, Nazism. Acknowledgments I would like to express my gratitude to Heléne Lööw who has supervised this thesis with patience, honesty, and great care.
  • Swedish Folk Music

    Swedish Folk Music

    Ronström Owe 1998: Swedish folk music. Unpublished. Swedish folk music Originally written for Encyclopaedia of world music. By Owe Ronström 1. Concepts, terminology. In Sweden, the term " folkmusik " (folk music) usually refers to orally transmitted music of the rural classes in "the old peasant society", as the Swedish expression goes. " Populärmusik " ("popular music") usually refers to "modern" music created foremost for a city audience. As a result of the interchange between these two emerged what may be defined as a "city folklore", which around 1920 was coined "gammeldans " ("old time dance music"). During the last few decades the term " folklig musik " ("folkish music") has become used as an umbrella term for folk music, gammeldans and some other forms of popular music. In the 1990s "ethnic music", and "world music" have been introduced, most often for modernised forms of non-Swedish folk and popular music. 2. Construction of a national Swedish folk music. Swedish folk music is a composite of a large number of heterogeneous styles and genres, accumulated throughout the centuries. In retrospect, however, these diverse traditions, genres, forms and styles, may seem as a more or less homogenous mass, especially in comparison to today's musical diversity. But to a large extent this homogeneity is a result of powerful ideological filtering processes, by which the heterogeneity of the musical traditions of the rural classes has become seriously reduced. The homogenising of Swedish folk music started already in the late 1800th century, with the introduction of national-romantic ideas from German and French intellectuals, such as the notion of a "folk", with a specifically Swedish cultural tradition.
  • Guide to the Victor G. Reuther Papers LP000002BVGR

    Guide to the Victor G. Reuther Papers LP000002BVGR

    *XLGHWRWKH9LFWRU*5HXWKHU3DSHUV /3B9*5 7KLVILQGLQJDLGZDVSURGXFHGXVLQJ$UFKLYHV6SDFHRQ0DUFK (QJOLVK 'HVFULELQJ$UFKLYHV$&RQWHQW6WDQGDUG :DOWHU35HXWKHU/LEUDU\ &DVV$YHQXH 'HWURLW0, 85/KWWSVUHXWKHUZD\QHHGX Guide to the Victor G. Reuther Papers LP000002_VGR Table of Contents Summary Information .................................................................................................................................... 4 History ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 Scope and Content ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Arrangement ................................................................................................................................................... 7 Administrative Information ............................................................................................................................ 8 Related Materials ........................................................................................................................................... 9 Controlled Access Headings .......................................................................................................................... 9 Collection Inventory ....................................................................................................................................... 9 Series I: Reuther Brothers,
  • From Democratic Socialism and Rational Planning To

    From Democratic Socialism and Rational Planning To

    NORDIC COUNTRIES IN FINNISH PERSPECTIVE FROM DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM AND RATIONAL PLANNING TO POSTMODERN IDENTITY POLITICS AND MARKET-ORIENTATION Ideological Development of the Social Democrats in Sweden and Finland in the Late 20th Century Sami Outinen D.Soc.Sc., University of Helsinki Democratic socialism and planning of term goal was a “socialist society” and “equality the economy between people”, which would be achieved by This article will deconstruct the ideological de- seeking the support of the majority of citizens. velopment of the Swedish Social Democratic Finland’s Social Democrats also favoured the ex- Party SAP (officially, “the Social Democratic pansion of public services, state companies and Workers’ Party of Sweden”) and the Social cooperatives, “democratic economic planning Democratic Party of Finland SDP. This will […] including the effective regulation of capital be done by analysing their own alternative movements” and “the societal control of com- scopes of action in relation to the concepts mercial banks and insurance companies”.1 The of major ideologies and economic theories SAP committed similarly in 1975 at its Party such as socialism, capitalism, economic plan- Conference to long-term planning of the econ- ning, market economy, postmodernism and omy (planmässig hushållning). It positioned Keynesianism as well as researching how Nor- itself as the representative of democratic social- dic social democrats redefined their conven- ism between communist planned economy and tional ideological meanings. capitalism.2 Accordingly, one of the motives for The SDP stressed at the Party Conference in stressing democratic socialism by the SDP was 1975 that democratic socialism was the basis to win the support of the radicalised post-war of its programmatic identity.
  • In the Absence of a Public Accounts Committee

    In the Absence of a Public Accounts Committee

    In the absence of a Public Accounts Committee The Swedish Experience Louise Bringselius Associate Professor, PhD Lund University School of Economics and Management [email protected] Chapter 7 in the book “Making Governments Accountable” (2015), edited by Zahirul hoque. London/New York: Routledge. Abstract Sweden is one of the countries which does not have a Public Accounts Committee. Since the Swedish National Audit Office was formed in 2003, two non-PAC models for the channelling of audits to Parliament have been tested. This chapter discusses the Swedish experience from these. It suggests that one reason why Sweden has avoided forming a PAC is the wish to preserve a political culture focused on collaboration and pragmatic improvement, rather than confrontation and accountability debates. The current model is successful in this regard. Findings emphasise the importance of a fit between political culture and systems for accountability. Key words: Public Accounts Committee; Swedish National Audit Office; political culture; performance audit; parliamentary control 1 Introduction Public accountability is a corner stone in modern democratic governance, helping both citizens and parliaments to oversee government activities (Diamond & Morlino 2005; Przeworski, Stokes & Manin 1999). A key arena, where these accountability issues typically are played out, is the Public Accounts Committee (PAC). The PAC helps to balance the power of the government and the opposition, but it also has a symbolic function, representing a willingness among these parties to cooperate in matters of accountability (Pelizzo & Stapenhurst 2008). This is an important function, given the incentives of the PAC members - typically Members of Parliament (MPs) - to instead, act in partisan interest.
  • Download Download

    Download Download

    Iconographisk Post • Nordisk tidskrift för bildtolkning Nordic Review of Iconography Nr 3/4, 2020. issn 2323-5586. pp. 157–205. Iconographisk Post Fred Andersson Nordisk tidskrift för bildtolkning Ph.D. in Art History, Adjunct prof. (Docent), Senior lecturer, Art History & Visual Nordic Review of Iconography studies, Åbo Akademi University, Finland. Email: [email protected] Nr 3/4, 2020 Iconography of the Labour Movement. Part 2: Socialist Iconography, 1848–1952 innehåll / contents Abstract: This is Part 2 of a two-part study which aims at preliminary conclusions re- garding the iconography of the international labour movement. Earlier research in the Förord / Editorial 3 fields of social history, art history and visual rhetorics has been consulted for this pur- pose. After 1848, emerging socialist parties and labour unions depended on republican Søren Kaspersen “Quale sit intus in his” – A Note about Abbot Suger's 9 iconography for their manifestation of collective identity. The republican virtues of Bronze Doors in Saint-Denis Liberty, Equality and Fraternity remained important, but Fraternity was gradually re- placed or merged with Unity and Solidarity. In a process akin to the identification of Anders Ödman the goddess of Liberty with a more common “Marianne”, the representation of Unity Östra Sallerups kyrka i Frosta härad, Skåne: 27 and manual work in socialist iconography became focused on images of individual kolonisation och kulturella kontakter male or female workers. In earlier prints and illustrations, these representations have Ragnhild M. Bø strong affinities with how the concept of labour was personified in official monuments Miracle, Moral and Memory: Situating the Miracles 53 of the same period.
  • Constructing Labour Regionalism in Europe and the Americas, 1920S–1970S*

    Constructing Labour Regionalism in Europe and the Americas, 1920S–1970S*

    IRSH 58 (2013), pp. 39–70 doi:10.1017/S0020859012000752 r 2012 Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis Constructing Labour Regionalism in Europe and the Americas, 1920s–1970s* M AGALY R ODRI´ GUEZ G ARCI´ A Vrije Universiteit Brussel/Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) Pleinlaan 2-5B 407d, 1050 Brussels, Belgium E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: This article provides an analysis of the construction of labour regionalism between the 1920s and 1970s. By means of a comparative examination of the supranational labour structures in Europe and the Americas prior to World War II and of the decentralized structure of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU), I attempt to defend the argument that regionalism was a labour leaders’ construct that responded to three issues: the quest for power among the largest trade-union organizations within the international trade-union movement; mutual distrust between labour leaders of large, middle-sized, and small unions from different regions; and (real or imaginary) common interests among labour leaders from the same region. These push-and-pull factors led to the construction of regional labour identifications that emphasized ‘‘otherness’’ in the world of international labour. A regional labour identity was intended to supplement, not undermine, national identity. As such, this study fills a lacuna in the scholarly literature on international relations and labour internationalism, which has given only scant attention to the regional level of international labour organization. This article provides a comparative analysis of the construction of regional identifications among labour circles prior to World War II, and to the formalization of the idea of regionalism within the International Con- federation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU1) after 1949.
  • Fackföreningsrörelsens Digitala Omvandling. Att Bevara Organisationsmaterial I Den Digitala Tidsåldern

    Fackföreningsrörelsens Digitala Omvandling. Att Bevara Organisationsmaterial I Den Digitala Tidsåldern

    Fackföreningsrörelsens digitala omvandling. Att bevara organisationsmaterial i den digitala tidsåldern Jenny Jansson Statsvetenskapliga institutionen RJ-finansierat infrastrukturprojekt Vad händer med material som skapats på internet? Allt fler aktiviteter sker online och det finns inget system för arkivering av dessa aktiviteter. Vårt mål är att arkivera material genererat av svenska fackföreningar på internet. Vi laddar ner och indexera svenska fackföreningars hemsidor, Facebook-gruppsidor, Twitterflöden, youtubefilmer osv. Vad gör vi som andra inte gör? - KulturArw3, Internet Archive etc. • Regelbunden nedladdning (jämna intervall) • Hamnar hos organisationernas egna arkiv • Sökfunktion - Sociala medier – finns det någon som arkiverar flöden? Varför fackföreningar? • Gammal rörelse med exceptionellt bra (pappers)arkiv • En rörelse som är lätt att identifiera Vad gör vi? Fas 1: Förarbete 1. Samla in adresser till Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube 2. Intervjuer med sociala medieansvariga på förbunden 3. Samlat in samtycke (ej klart) Fas 2: Hemsidor • Börjat nedladdning av organisationernas hemsidor • Förenklat sker detta genom tre steg: – Ett skript som laddar ned – Ett skript som kollar om det skett förändringar sedan förra nedladdningen – Ett skript för indexering Hela processen Nedladdning • NetArchiveSuite, heritrix3 – Danska KB • Hela webplatsen: en gång i månaden • Förstasidan: en gång per dag Indexering •Solr – Fulltextsökning – Indexering Gränssnitt 1: SHINE Gränssnitt 2: Wayback Machine Sammanfattning hemsidorna • Beprövad
  • ACTA UNIVERSITATIS STOCKHOLMIENSIS Stockholm Studies in Economic History 51

    ACTA UNIVERSITATIS STOCKHOLMIENSIS Stockholm Studies in Economic History 51

    ACTA UNIVERSITATIS STOCKHOLMIENSIS Stockholm Studies in Economic History 51 Fordismens kris och löntagarfonder i Sverige Ilja Viktorov Stockholm University © Ilja Viktorov, Stockholm 2006 ISSN 0346-8305 ISBN 91-85445-51-7 Typesetting: Intellecta Docusys Printed in Sweden by Intellecta Docusys, Västra Frölunda, 2006 Distributor: Stockholm University Library Omslagsbild: Demonstrationen mot löntagarfonder den 4 oktober 1983, Stockholm (© foto från Svenskt Näringslivs arkiv, Centrum för Näringslivshistoria) Till min Mamma Посвящается моей маме Innehåll Förkortningar .............................................................................x Erkänsla / Acknowledgments...................................................11 Kapitel 1. Inledning ..................................................................15 Bakgrund .......................................................................................................................15 Syfte...............................................................................................................................19 Tidigare forskning..........................................................................................................19 Teori och begrepp. Den fordistiska debattens tre riktningar .........................................25 Metod.............................................................................................................................30 Avgränsning...................................................................................................................30
  • ESS9 Appendix A3 Political Parties Ed

    ESS9 Appendix A3 Political Parties Ed

    APPENDIX A3 POLITICAL PARTIES, ESS9 - 2018 ed. 3.0 Austria 2 Belgium 4 Bulgaria 7 Croatia 8 Cyprus 10 Czechia 12 Denmark 14 Estonia 15 Finland 17 France 19 Germany 20 Hungary 21 Iceland 23 Ireland 25 Italy 26 Latvia 28 Lithuania 31 Montenegro 34 Netherlands 36 Norway 38 Poland 40 Portugal 44 Serbia 47 Slovakia 52 Slovenia 53 Spain 54 Sweden 57 Switzerland 58 United Kingdom 61 Version Notes, ESS9 Appendix A3 POLITICAL PARTIES ESS9 edition 3.0 (published 10.12.20): Changes from previous edition: Additional countries: Denmark, Iceland. ESS9 edition 2.0 (published 15.06.20): Changes from previous edition: Additional countries: Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden. Austria 1. Political parties Language used in data file: German Year of last election: 2017 Official party names, English 1. Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs (SPÖ) - Social Democratic Party of Austria - 26.9 % names/translation, and size in last 2. Österreichische Volkspartei (ÖVP) - Austrian People's Party - 31.5 % election: 3. Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (FPÖ) - Freedom Party of Austria - 26.0 % 4. Liste Peter Pilz (PILZ) - PILZ - 4.4 % 5. Die Grünen – Die Grüne Alternative (Grüne) - The Greens – The Green Alternative - 3.8 % 6. Kommunistische Partei Österreichs (KPÖ) - Communist Party of Austria - 0.8 % 7. NEOS – Das Neue Österreich und Liberales Forum (NEOS) - NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum - 5.3 % 8. G!LT - Verein zur Förderung der Offenen Demokratie (GILT) - My Vote Counts! - 1.0 % Description of political parties listed 1. The Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs, or SPÖ) is a social above democratic/center-left political party that was founded in 1888 as the Social Democratic Worker's Party (Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei, or SDAP), when Victor Adler managed to unite the various opposing factions.