DOCSLIB.ORG

Making a Natural Monopoly Claes-Fredrik Helgesson

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Making a Natural Monopoly Claes-Fredrik Helgesson Making a Natural Monopoly The Configuration of a Techno-Economic Order in Swedish Telecommunications Claes-Fredrik Helgesson AKADEMISK AVHANDLING Som for avlaggande av ekonomie doktorsexamen vid Handelshogskolan i Stockholm framlaggs for offentlig granskning fredagen den 15 oktober 1999, kI10.15 i sal Ragnar Handelshogskolan, Sveavagen 65 Making a Natural Monopoly The Configuration of a Techno-Economic Order in Swedish Telecommunications ~ STOCKHOLM SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS '17 EFl, THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE EFlMission EFl, the Economic Research Institute at the Stockholm School ofEconomics, is a scientific institution which works independently ofeconomic, political and sectional interests. It conducts theoretical and empirical research in management and economic sciences, including selected related disciplines. The InStitute encourages and assists in the publication and distribution ofits research findings and is also involved in the doctoral education at the Stockholm School of Economics. EFl selects its projects based on the need for theoretical or practical development ofa research domain, on methodological interests, and on the generality ofa problem. Research Organization The research activities are organized in nineteen Research Centers within eight Research Areas. Center Directors are professors at the Stockholm School ofEconomics. ORGANIZATIONAND MANAGEMENT Management and Organisation; (A) ProfSven-Erik Sjostrand Center for Ethics and Economics; (CEE) Adj ProfHans de Geer Public Management; (F) ProfNils Brunsson Information Management; (1) ProfMats Lundeberg Man and Organisation; (PMO) Acting ProfJan Lowstedt Industrial Production; (T) ProfChrister Karlsson MARKETING Center for Information and Communication Research; (CIC) Adj ProfBertil Thorngren Center for Consumer Marketing; (CCM) Associate ProfMagnus SOderlund Marketing, Distribution and Industrial Dynamics; (0) ProfLars-Gunnar Mattsson ECONOMIC PSYCHOLOGY Center for Risk Research; (CFR) ProfLennart Sjoberg Economic Psychology; (P) ProfLennart Sjoberg ACCOUNTING, CONTROL AND CORPORATE FINANCE Accounting and Managerial Finance; (B) ProfLars Ostman Managerial Economics; (C) ProfPeter Jennergren FINANCE Finance; (FI) ProfClas Bergstrom ECONOMICS Center for Health Economics; (CHE) ProfBengt Jonsson International Economics and Geography; (IEG) ProfMats Lundahl Economics; (S) ProfLars Bergman ECONOMICS STATISTICS Economic Statistics; (ES) ProfAnders Westlund LAW Law; (RV) ProfErik Nerep Chairman ofthe Board: ProfSven-Erik Sjostrand. Director: Associate ProfBo SeIlstedt, A dress EFl, Box 650I, S-1 I3 83 Stockholm, Sweden • Internet: www.hhs.se/efi/ Telephone: +46(0)8-736 90 00 • Fax: +46(0)8-31 62 70 • E-mail [email protected] Claes-Fredrik Helgesson Making a Natural Monopoly The Configuration of a Techno-Economic Order in Swedish Telecommunications tI9 STOCKHOLM SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS ~,; EFl, THE ECONOMIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Ph.D. Stockholm School of Economics 1999 © EFl and the author ISBN 91-7258-521-8 Cover: Telegraph Administration' building at Jakobsbergsgatan 24 (Jeriko) as designed in 1909 by Aron Johansson (1860-1936). Design supplied by the Regional Archives in Uppsala. Layout by Jaana SimiHi. Keywords: Economic organisation History ofTechnology Natural Monopoly Networks Sociology of Industry Techno-economic controversies Technological change Distributed by: EFl, Stockholm School of Economics Box 6501, SE-113 83 Stockholm Tryckeri Elanders Gotab Stockholm 1999 To Celine and the memory ofLilian Acknowledgements I owe thanks to those very many people whose guidance and support, criticism and counsel contributed to the completion of this thesis. When I look further back, I recall that my first encounter with an electro-mechanic telephone exchange, complete with its characteristic clicking sounds, was in a small town outside Boras. I can also remember when, as a student, my thoughts first turned to the concept of natural monopoly, in the context of the then ongoing wave of deregulation. So many years later, this thesis may appear in retrospect to be the self-evident outcome of such early beginnings, yet this is not my view. As I said, I owe thanks to many that the work put into this thesis has come out the way it has. First, my sincere thanks to my thesis committee. To Lars-Gunnar Mattsson for exhibiting that precious quality of entrusting me to shape this study on my own, as well as for providing guiding constructive criticism along the way. To NHs Brunsson for his suggestions and for his incisive questioning and demanding commentaries which greatly helped me to clarify my thoughts. To Svante Lindqvist, while a member of the committee and thereafter, for his inspiration and for instilling a greater sense of discipline in my work. To Sven Widmalm, replacing Svante on the committee, for his sharp and insightful comments which greatly improved the text. Anders Lundgren has been both a supportive advisor and a friend throughout my doctoral work. It was he, together with Staffan Hulten, who was responsible for my becoming a PhD student in the first place. While working with them on various projects, they have both participated in shaping my views on what it means to do research and I am grateful for that insight. I further owe much thanks to Per Andersson, Karin FernIer, Mats Fridlund, Hans Kjellberg and Ivan Snehota who have read and commented on draft chapters on repeated occasions. Hans has also been a most valued friend and fellow traveller in my dootoral studies. Mats has similarly been an important friend and external colleague with whom to commiserate and share the hardships of completing a thesis. Karin has not only provided valuable and supportive comments, she has also applied the very much needed pressure on me to complete my thesis so that I may participate more actively in the new project we have together. vii viii When serving as opponent on a draft manuscript of this thesis, Hakan Hakansson had numerous challenging comments to make about what I had done, and not done, and provided useful guidance in revising the manuscript. Previous work related to this thesis has been presented on several occasions and I extend my thanks to those participating at the seminars at 'Vita Villan' in Uppsala, at the Department of Industrial Economics and Management at the Royal Institute of Technology, at the Department of History of Science and Technology at the Royal Institute of Technology, at the Stockholm Center for Organizational Research (SCORE), and at the Department of Technology and Social Change at Linkoping University. At these occasions I received valuable comments from, among others, Peter Andersson, Kerstin Jacobsson, Ame Kaijser, Thomas Kaiserfeld, Staffan Laestadius, Apostolis Papakostas, Jane Summerton, Kristina Tamm Hallstrom, Maria Sundstrom, and Alexandra Waluszewski. This study began as part of a research program within the Department of Marketing, Distribution, and Industry Dynamics at Stockholm School of Economics. In the last few years, the study has in addition become associated with the research center that grew out of the first research program, the Center for Information and Communications Research. This study has undoubtedly been shaped by this dynamic research milieu and I extend my thanks to past and present members constituting this compound collective: Gunnar Alexandersson, Monica Alfredsson, Per Andersson, Karolina Brodin, Ulf Essler, Ann-Charlotte Edgren, Torbjom Flink, Susanne Herz, Staffan Hulten, Dimitrios loannidis, Mikael Kaplan, Hans Kjellberg, Karl Oskar Kallsner, Anders Liljenberg, Mia Liss, Anders Lundgren, Lars-Gunnar Mattson, Bengt Molleryd, Lena Nordenlow, Anna Nyberg, Jaana Simila, Ivan Snehota, Kristoffer Strandqvist, Susanne Sweet, Magnus Soderlund, BertH Thorngren, Mats Vilgon, and Lena Wirdefeldt. This study assumed a specific direction during the two sessions I spent abroad. The four months at SCANCOR at Stanford during Autumn 1994 was a stimulating time. Being endowed to read, stroll and ponder in such a context was truly reviving and I was fortunate in being able to meet and discuss with some very stimulating scholars, including Jim March and Nathan Rosenberg. The classes held by Gabrielle Hecht and Paul David was furthermore very helpful in guiding my reading and in cultivating my interests. The subsequent four months spent at Centre de Sociologie de 1'Innovation at Ecole des Mines de Paris were as inspiring and bred many of the ideas that are in this study. The seminars and especially my discussions with Madeleine Akrich, Michel Callon, Sophie Dubuisson, and Alexandre Mallard, have been central in shaping this study. The Hans Werthen Scholarship from the Hans Werthen Foundation at the Royal ix Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences (IVA), which made these two profitable sessions abroad possible is gratefully acknowledged. George Cook has put in a great effort improving the English of this thesis. In this, he has also pointed out instances where I had lost the thread and hence constituted an additional valuable commentator upon the manuscript. Jaana SimiHi has provided last minute help in several ways and the cover of this thesis is designed by her. My thanks to both. This thesis would have been totally different had I not been able to exploit the archives of the Telegraph Administration, its clippings archive, as well as the archives of LM Ericsson. I want to thank Keith Wiberg, Dick Lindgren, Eva Derlow, Alexander Huseby, Astrid Sandstrom and Roger Nyberg in assisting
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nordic Fascism
    Nordic Fascism Investigating the Political Project Behind Bollhusmötet Master’s thesis (45 credits) Author’s name: Erik Blohmé Name of supervisor: Heléne Lööw Semester: Spring 2021 Date of Submission: May 17, 2021 HISTORISKA INSTITUTIONEN Abstract This thesis investigates the political project behind the infamous tennis hall meeting, commonly referred to as Bollhusmötet, that took place in February of 1939 in Uppsala, Sweden. Gathering in the local tennis hall, the members of the Uppsala Student Union decided to send a resolution to the Swedish king protesting the reception of Jewish refugees into Sweden in the wake of the 1938 November Pogrom. The protest was widely influential, spurring similar resolutions at other universities and arguably influencing Swedish refugee policy on a national level. The event itself was orchestrated by a group of nationalist students as part of a political project aiming to establish a Nordic power bloc with Sweden as the central power. This political milieu rejected the geopolitics of both England and Germany to promote a specific form of Nordic fascism. Antisemitism was a central part of their ideology, both regarding short- and long-term goals, and antisemitism was also the ultimate motive behind the tennis hall meeting. The architects of these events joined the mainstream conservative milieu in 1940 as part of a strategy to abolish the Swedish political system from within and restructure the Swedish state according to a fascist model bearing many similarities to national socialism. Keywords: Bollhusmötet, Heimdal, Den Svenska Linjen, Arvid Fredborg, fascism, antisemitism, national socialism, Nazism. Acknowledgments I would like to express my gratitude to Heléne Lööw who has supervised this thesis with patience, honesty, and great care.
    [Show full text]
  • Booking Information Events
    Information and conditions for events at the Nobel Prize Museum Welcome to the Nobel Laureates' very own museum. In a truly unique environment, you can combine inspirational experiences with good food and beverages. General Being a museum, Nobel Prize Museum is not rented out for events that require extensive on-site rigging or dancing. Since the museum must be considerate of other tenants and is located in a residential area, playing excessively loud music during an event is not allowed. The music must always be approved by Nobel Prize Museum’s event department. The museum's interior or exterior may not be changed in any way during an event. Any rigging must always be approved by the Museum’s Event Department. See more information under entertainment /technical equipment. The space During events, with or without refreshments, the client is renting the entire museum. Because of this, Nobel Prize Museum charges a baseline cost, or “arrangement cost”. It includes exclusive access to the museum space, entrance fee, a guided tour, staff, the museum shop NOBEL PRIZE MUSEUM, Stortorget 2, Gamla Stan, Stockholm. Tel: +46-8–534 818 39. E-mail: [email protected] being open during a certain period in the evening and cleaning. Nobel Prize Museum cannot be rented for parties only. Instead the arrangements always include a guided tour or other knowledge- sharing activity. The museum space is suitable for many conceivable kinds of arrangements. Contact the event department to see how your event can be carried out in the best possible way. Booking of events To book Nobel Prize Museum, please contact the event department at [email protected] or phone +46-8-534 818 39.
    [Show full text]
  • 3 Days in Stockholm, Sweden
    3 days in Stockholm, Sweden Contact us | turipo.com | [email protected] 3 days in Stockholm, Sweden 3 days in Stockholm, Sweden Contact us | turipo.com | [email protected] Day 1 - Stockholm- Gamla Stan & Stockholm City Hall Day Description: Gamla Stan, meaning Old Town in Swedish, makes a great starng point. It’s here in this area where Stockholm got its start in 1252. Gamla Stan’s well- preserved buildings, squares, and narrow streets make it one of the best medieval city centers in Europe. Contact us | turipo.com | [email protected] Day 1 - Stockholm- Gamla Stan & Stockholm City Hall 1. Stockholm Palace 3. Storkyrkan Monday: Open 24 hours Tuesday: Open 24 hours 107 70 Stockholm, Sweden Trångsund 1, 111 29 Stockholm, Sweden Wednesday: Open 24 hours Thursday: Open 24 hours Telephone: +46 8 723 30 00 Friday: Open 24 hours Monday: 10:00 AM – 4:00 PM Website: www.stockholmsdomkyrkoforsamling.se Saturday: Open 24 hours Tuesday: 10:00 AM – 4:00 PM Rating: 4.5 Wednesday: 10:00 AM – 4:00 PM Sunday: Open 24 hours Thursday: 10:00 AM – 4:00 PM The Cathedral dates back to the 1300s and has a fantasc Rating: 4.6 Friday: 10:00 AM – 4:00 PM St. George and the Dragon sculpture. The Cathedral also Saturday: 10:00 AM – 4:00 PM opens at 9 am, making it possible to see before the Royal The cobblestone lanes are lined with shops and cafes as Sunday: 10:00 AM – 4:00 PM Palace opens. they wind their way into open squares and courtyards.
    [Show full text]
  • Talking About a Revolution: Or Why (Most Of) the West Did Not Extend the Franchise
    Talking About a Revolution: Or Why (Most of) the West Did Not Extend the Franchise David Art Department of Political Science, Tufts University Medford MA [email protected] 617-627-5756 Paper prepared for the 2012 APSA Conference, September 1, New Orleans Introduction Did the threat of revolution force elites in the West to extend the franchise? A number of economists and political scientists believe that it did (Acemoglu and Robinson 2000: Acemoglu and Robinson 2006; Aidt and Jensen 2011; Conley and Temimi 2001; Przeworski 2008). For economists, the credible threat of violence provides a compelling solution to the puzzle of why the rich would ever peacefully agree to increases in taxation and redistribution that follow from suffrage extension (Meltzer and Richard 1981). For political scientists, works such as Boix’s (2003) framing of democratization as a high-stakes game between social classes echoes Dahl’s (1971) classic formulation of democratization as the result of the costs of suppression exceeding the costs of toleration. One could of course trace the basic idea back further: Marx, Machiavelli, and Aristotle all recognized that leaders were unwilling to make democratic concessions without the serious threat of revolt. The prima facie plausibility of the “threat of revolution” hypothesis also renders it an appealing explanation for other types of political outcomes, such as the creation of social insurance (Kim 2007). Support for the “threat of revolution” hypothesis has thus far come primarily in quantitative form. Przeworski (2008) uses Banks’ data on riots and strikes and his own dataset on suffrage extensions, though the fact that Banks’ data begins after WWI means that he is forced to exclude most cases of franchise extension in Europe from his analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Switching Relations: the Rise and Fall of the Norwegian Telecom Industry
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives Switching Relations The rise and fall of the Norwegian telecom industry by Sverre A. Christensen A dissertation submitted to BI Norwegian School of Management for the Degree of Dr.Oecon Series of Dissertations 2/2006 BI Norwegian School of Management Department of Innovation and Economic Organization Sverre A. Christensen: Switching Relations: The rise and fall of the Norwegian telecom industry © Sverre A. Christensen 2006 Series of Dissertations 2/2006 ISBN: 82 7042 746 2 ISSN: 1502-2099 BI Norwegian School of Management N-0442 Oslo Phone: +47 4641 0000 www.bi.no Printing: Nordberg The dissertation may be ordered from our website www.bi.no (Research - Research Publications) ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor Knut Sogner, who has played a crucial role throughout the entire process. Thanks for having confidence and patience with me. A special thanks also to Mats Fridlund, who has been so gracious as to let me use one of his titles for this dissertation, Switching relations. My thanks go also to the staff at the Centre of Business History at the Norwegian School of Management, most particularly Gunhild Ecklund and Dag Ove Skjold who have been of great support during turbulent years. Also in need of mentioning are Harald Rinde, Harald Espeli and Lars Thue for inspiring discussion and com- ments on earlier drafts. The rest at the centre: no one mentioned, no one forgotten. My thanks also go to the Department of Innovation and Economic Organization at the Norwegian School of Management, and Per Ingvar Olsen.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservative Parties and the Birth of Democracy
    Conservative Parties and the Birth of Democracy How do democracies form and what makes them die? Daniel Ziblatt revisits this timely and classic question in a wide-ranging historical narrative that traces the evolution of modern political democracy in Europe from its modest beginnings in 1830s Britain to Adolf Hitler’s 1933 seizure of power in Weimar Germany. Based on rich historical and quantitative evidence, the book offers a major reinterpretation of European history and the question of how stable political democracy is achieved. The barriers to inclusive political rule, Ziblatt finds, were not inevitably overcome by unstoppable tides of socioeconomic change, a simple triumph of a growing middle class, or even by working class collective action. Instead, political democracy’s fate surprisingly hinged on how conservative political parties – the historical defenders of power, wealth, and privilege – recast themselves and coped with the rise of their own radical right. With striking modern parallels, the book has vital implications for today’s new and old democracies under siege. Daniel Ziblatt is Professor of Government at Harvard University where he is also a resident fellow of the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies. He is also currently Fernand Braudel Senior Fellow at the European University Institute. His first book, Structuring the State: The Formation of Italy and Germany and the Puzzle of Federalism (2006) received several prizes from the American Political Science Association. He has written extensively on the emergence of democracy in European political history, publishing in journals such as American Political Science Review, Journal of Economic History, and World Politics.
    [Show full text]
  • Societas Heraldica Scandinavica Nyhedsbrev Nr
    SOCIETAS HERALDICA SCANDINAVICA NYHEDSBREV NR. 23, JULI 2012 ISSN: 1904-1233 REDAKTÖRENS SPALT Kära läsare! Välkommen till ett nytt, nummer av sällskapets nyhetsbrev. Sommaren förefaller vara över oss, och många av oss går i semestertider. Detta nyhetsbrev bringer förhoppningsvis lite intressant läsestoff att njuta avunder sommarvilan. God Sommar! Claus K Berntsen INNEHÅLL S. 1: REDAKTÖRENS SPALT • INNEHÅLL S. 2: UDSTILLINGEN ”RIDDERE I BOG OG PÅ SKJOLD” S. 3: NYTT DANSKT MINNESMYNT S. 4: H.M. KONUNGENS MEDALJ I 12:e STORLEKEN Andreas Anderberg S. 6: HERALDISKE FANER TIL DET DANSKE HJEMMEVÆRN Nils G. Bartholdy S. 6: HERALDIK PÅ DE NORDISKE ARKIVDAGENils G. Bartholdy S. 7: DER MAINZER MARKTBRUNNEN Carl-Thomas von Christiersson S. 9: NY CANADISK HEROLDKÅBE Ronny Andersen S. 10: HERALDISKA NOTISER S. 11: SKANDINAVISK VAPENRULLA – GØR DIT VÅBEN KENDT Societas Heraldica Scandinavicas nyhedsbrev nr. 23, juli 2012 1 Udstillingen ”Riddere i Bog og på Skjold” Den 25. maj åbnede særudstillingen Riddere i Bog og på Skjold på beletagen i Christian VIII’s Palæ under overværelse af H.K.H. Prins Joachim. Udstillingen præsenterer for første gang et større samlet udvalg af de forlæg for våbenskjolde, som indsendes til Ordenskapitlet af personer, der er blevet dekoreret med enten Elefantordenen eller Dannebrogordenens Storkors. Ifølge en over trehundrede år gammel tradition bedes ridderne om at præsentere et våben, som kan males i Ordenskapitlets våbenbøger og på et skjold til ophængning i de danske ordeners ridderkapel i Frederiksborg Slotskirke i Hillerød. Som led i denne proces indsendes et forlæg til Ordenskapitlet til godkendelse og som udgangspunkt for den kongelige våbenmalers arbejde med våbenbog og skjold.
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:2106.01515V1 [Cs.LG] 3 Jun 2021 Tor Representations of Entities and Relations in a KG
    Question Answering Over Temporal Knowledge Graphs Apoorv Saxena Soumen Chakrabarti Partha Talukdar Indian Institute of Science Indian Institute of Technology Google Research Bangalore Bombay India [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract time intervals as well. These temporal scopes on facts can be either automatically estimated (Taluk- Temporal Knowledge Graphs (Temporal KGs) extend regular Knowledge Graphs by provid- dar et al., 2012) or user contributed. Several such ing temporal scopes (e.g., start and end times) Temporal KGs have been proposed in the literature, on each edge in the KG. While Question An- where the focus is on KG completion (Dasgupta swering over KG (KGQA) has received some et al. 2018; Garc´ıa-Duran´ et al. 2018; Leetaru and attention from the research community, QA Schrodt 2013; Lacroix et al. 2020; Jain et al. 2020). over Temporal KGs (Temporal KGQA) is a The task of Knowledge Graph Question Answer- relatively unexplored area. Lack of broad- coverage datasets has been another factor lim- ing (KGQA) is to answer natural language ques- iting progress in this area. We address this tions using a KG as the knowledge base. This is challenge by presenting CRONQUESTIONS, in contrast to reading comprehension-based ques- the largest known Temporal KGQA dataset, tion answering, where typically the question is ac- clearly stratified into buckets of structural com- companied by a context (e.g., text passage) and plexity. CRONQUESTIONS expands the only the answer is either one of multiple choices (Ra- known previous dataset by a factor of 340×. jpurkar et al., 2016) or a piece of text from the We find that various state-of-the-art KGQA methods fall far short of the desired perfor- context (Yang et al., 2018).
    [Show full text]
  • Historiska Epoker I Sverige Och Världen
    Historiska epoker i Sverige och världen Apor och halvapor - primater - framträdde (ca 70 miljoner år sedan). Dinosaurierna dog ut (65 miljoner år sedan). Ramapithecus, varelse som kunde klättra i träd och leva på marken (10-14 miljoner år sedan). Människoapan Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis) levde (3 miljoner år sedan). Homo habilis - den händiga människan, kunde använda redskap (2 miljoner år sedan). Homo erectus - den upprätta människan, kände till bruket av elden. Spred sig över jordklotet, från Afrika till Asien och Europa (1,3 miljoner - 300 000 år sedan). Homo sapiens neanderthalensis - neanderthalmänniskan, den vetande människan, hade förfinade verktyg och ritualer (100 000 - dog ut 30 000 år sedan). Homo sapiens sapiens - den moderna människan, konkurrerade ut neanderthalmänniskan ? språk, bättre jaktmetoder (50 000 år sedan - nu). Äldre stenåldern (40 000 f Kr, i Sverige 11 000 f Kr - 4200 f Kr) "Jägarstenåldern" Venus från Willendorf (modergudinna, 20-30 000 år sedan). Homo sapiens sapiens spreds över jordklotet. Amerika koloniserades av människor (28 000 f Kr). Naturmotiv i Lascaux-grottan i Frankrike (15 000 år f Kr). Världens äldsta stad, Jeriko i nuvarande Jordanien (8350 f Kr). Jordbruket uppstod i Mellanöstern (8000 f Kr). Isen började försvinna i Norden (8000 f Kr). Catal Hüyük i Mindre Asien (Turkiet) (6250 f Kr). I Skåne levde kanske 400 människor (6000 f Kr). Människor slog sig ned vid Nilen i Egypten som jordbrukare (5000 f Kr). Civilisation uppstod kring Gula floden (Huang-he) i Kina (5000 f Kr). Yngre stenåldern (i Sverige 4200 f Kr - 1800 f Kr) Jordbrukarstenåldern Människor kom till Mesopotamien (4000 f Kr).
    [Show full text]
  • Kingdom of Sweden
    Johan Maltesson A Visitor´s Factbook on the KINGDOM OF SWEDEN © Johan Maltesson Johan Maltesson A Visitor’s Factbook to the Kingdom of Sweden Helsingborg, Sweden 2017 Preface This little publication is a condensed facts guide to Sweden, foremost intended for visitors to Sweden, as well as for persons who are merely interested in learning more about this fascinating, multifacetted and sadly all too unknown country. This book’s main focus is thus on things that might interest a visitor. Included are: Basic facts about Sweden Society and politics Culture, sports and religion Languages Science and education Media Transportation Nature and geography, including an extensive taxonomic list of Swedish terrestrial vertebrate animals An overview of Sweden’s history Lists of Swedish monarchs, prime ministers and persons of interest The most common Swedish given names and surnames A small dictionary of common words and phrases, including a small pronounciation guide Brief individual overviews of all of the 21 administrative counties of Sweden … and more... Wishing You a pleasant journey! Some notes... National and county population numbers are as of December 31 2016. Political parties and government are as of April 2017. New elections are to be held in September 2018. City population number are as of December 31 2015, and denotes contiguous urban areas – without regard to administra- tive division. Sports teams listed are those participating in the highest league of their respective sport – for soccer as of the 2017 season and for ice hockey and handball as of the 2016-2017 season. The ”most common names” listed are as of December 31 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • Globalised Telecom Revolution: a Survey of Wireless Communication Technology
    ISSN (Print) : 2319-5940 ISSN (Online) : 2278-1021 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering Vol. 2, Issue 9, September 2013 Globalised Telecom Revolution: A Survey of Wireless Communication technology Ravendra Ratan Singh Jandail1 , Dr. Ritu Sindhu2 Student M.Tech, School of Computing Science & Engineering , Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India1 Asst. Professor, School of Computing Science & Engineering , Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India2 Abstract: Mobile communications systems revolutionized the way of people communication, joining together and mobility during conversation. The word telecommunication is formed from the words TELE (bridging large distance) and COMMUNICATION (Conversation).Telecom has attracted many users and undergoing numerous changes, from half duplex to point-to-point , short message services , conferencing , video calling , point-to-multi- point Internet connectivity to high speed data transfer from (9.6 Kbps to 100 Mbps). In this Paper we abstracting the evolution and development of various generations of mobile wireless technology along with their significance performance of one over the other and some of the important issues pertaining to the evolution of mobile communication networks from 0th generation (which was the initiation of wireless communication).The first generation has fulfilled the basic mobile voice, while the second generation has introduced capacity and coverage. 2G followed by the third generation, which has quest for data at higher speeds to open the gates for truly “mobile broadband” experience. It was further realized by the fourth generation (4G).The Fourth generation is providing access to wide range of telecommunication services, including advanced multimedia application supported by mobile and fixed networks, which are increasingly packet based, along with a support for low to high mobility applications and wide range of data rates.
    [Show full text]
  • HISTORISK TIDSKRIFT (Sweden)
    HISTORISK TIDSKRIFT (Sweden) 131:1 • 2011 ÖVERSIKT 21 författare om 22 regeringschefer bo g. hall Uppsala universitet Per T. Ohlsson & Mats Bergstrand (red.), Sveriges statsministrar under 100 år, box om 22 böcker (Stockholm: Albert Bonniers förlag 2010). Under vissa perioder har ett vanligt tvisteämne bland historiker och statsvetare slagordsmässigt brukat formuleras: struktur eller aktör? Dis- kussionen har alltså avsett vilka faktorer som väger tyngst när historien förs framåt. Numera får väl en viss konsensus anses råda om att båda har betydelse. Kanske kan dock någon övervikt gälla till förmån för den enskilde individens roll och faktiska möjligheter när det gäller att påverka utvecklingen. Ett stöd för en sådan ståndpunkt är att Albert Bonniers förlag på senvåren 2010 tog det goda initiativet att ge ut en så kallad box med biografier över Sveriges statsministrar under de senaste 100 åren. Såvitt jag vet har inte något liknande publicerats efter Valfrid Spångbergs Från Arvid Posse till Per Albin Hansson: svenska statsminist- rar, riksdagsmän och publicister (1936), Sven Swenssons Från De Geer till Per Albin: de svenska statsministrarna (1945) samt Olof Ruins Statsminis- ter: från Tage Erlander till Göran Persson (2007). Överlag är dessa dock betydligt mindre ambitiösa och ger begränsat utrymme åt varje reger- ingschef. Denna gång kom uppslaget från en duo samhällsjournalister med förankring i två av våra största morgontidningar: Per T. Ohlsson på Sydsvenska dagbladet och Mats Bergstrand, i många år redaktör för Dagens nyheters debattsida. Totalt innehåller boxen 22 häften med korta biografier – högst 128 sidor – över följande svenska regeringschefer: Karl Staaff (författad av Peter Esaiasson), Arvid Lindman (Leif Lewin), Hjalmar Hammarsköld (Mats Svegfors), Carl Swartz (Eva Helen Ulvros), Nils Edén (Gunnar historisk tidskrift 131:1 • 2011 21 fÖrfattare oM 22 regeringschefer 57 Wetterberg), Hjalmar Branting (Lars Ilshammar), Louis De Geer (Johan- nes Åman), Oscar von Sydow (Per Svensson), Ernst Trygger (MarieLouise Samuelsson), Rickard Sandler (Per T.
    [Show full text]