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Home , Bildschirmtext, Defense Data Network, GEnie, NAPLPS, Online chat, PlayNET

Afterword: Omissions,Additions, and Corrections

The astute reader will notice that I’ve omitted a few online services. Some were so short-lived or of so little consequence that they would be meaningless to most readers. Others are beyond the theme or time frame of this book. Some of the omissions:

᭿ ABI/INFORM (Abstracted Business Information), a database of abstracted information from selected business publications, hosted by ORBIT, Dialog, and eventually UMI/ProQuest ᭿ Data Courier, a small online service hosted by the Louisville Courier- Journal (the owners of which bought ABI/INFORM under the company name “Data Courier”) ᭿ EasyLink, ’s now-defunct //mail system ᭿ Easynet, a front end for more than 700 database services ᭿ EasyPlex, a specialized CompuServe email service ᭿ E-COM, the Postal Service’s electronic messaging service (EMS) ᭿ , free BBSs in cities such as Cleveland and Rochester that used the same and were designed to serve as community centers ᭿ Info-Look, a gateway to online services hosted by Nynex ᭿ Relay Chat (IRC), the first implementation of real-time chatting via the Internet (Jarkko Oikarinen, 1988) ᭿ Knowledge Index (KI), a subset of Dialog databases ᭿ The Network (MSN), more an ISP than online service that started after Bill Gates decided that the Internet was going to be important, after all

177 178 Afterword

᭿ MIX, the McGraw-Hill Information Exchange, a CoSy-based service for educators ᭿ NABU Network, a Canadian online service that operated a short-lived online service in the Washington, DC, area ᭿ Official Airline Guide (OAG), publisher of the Official Airline Guide ᭿ On Tyme, ’s email service ᭿ Portal, an early BBS-based service ᭿ Quali-Comm, Information Service’s commercial email service ᭿ The Sierra On- Network, a graphic online gaming service, initially called ImaginNation ᭿ , Canadian service ᭿ Telemail/SprintMail, email services hosted by Telenet (later SprintNet) ᭿ WIX (Windows Information eXchange), a short-lived service, hosted by Byte, for Windows users and developers ᭿ ZiffNet, a collection of services (downloads, magazine articles) originally hosted on several online services (including ) and now a web- based service

Events after 1994 are generally not detailed because after that year the Web was well established, and we were no longer “on the way to the Web.” Thus the great AOL outage of 1998 isn’t chronicled here. Nor are online scams, stock manipulation, pornography, the CIA investigation of weapons dealing that involved CompuServe, ruined marriages, murders, and other crimes involving the Internet. Maybe in another book. In the meantime, I have extended this book with a website. The site offers additions and corrections that may come up after publication, clickable links to companies and institutions mentioned herein, more graphics, and other relevant resources. The URL is easy to remember—it’s the book’s title: http://www.onthewaytotheweb.com APPENDIX A

Online Timeline

1945

Vannevar Bush publishes his famous essay, “As We May Think” in The Atlantic Monthly. This breakthrough paper provides a new way to control and access information, which even then threatened to overload humanity’s ability to manage it. Bush proposes a device called a memex, which will not only manage information, but will also create associative trails through knowledge, not unlike the system of hyperlinks that drive the .

1957

Soviet rocketeers successfully orbit the first artificial Earth satellite, Sputnik. This inspires the US government to form and fund the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) under the auspices of the Department of Defense.

1960

J.C.R. Licklider publishes the famous paper, “Man-Computer Symbiosis,” on the theme of using computers to augment thinking and facilitate human com- munication. at RAND develops the concept of distributed commu- nication and message blocks for telephone networks.

179 180 Appendix A Online Timeline 1961

The first paper on packet-switching theory is presented by (“Information Flow in Large Nets”).

1962

J.C.R. Licklider is appointed ARPA’s fourth director, and director of ARPA’s Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO), and introduces his Inter- galactic Network, the first presentation of the concept behind the Internet. The first paper on the concept of the Internet is presented by J.C.R. Licklider and Welden Clark (“On-Line Man Computer Communication”). At RAND, Paul Baran develops the concept and design for a decentralized voice tele- phone network that would be capable of surviving a nationwide nuclear attack; Baran later worked as an informal consultant to the ARPANET group.

1963

Government and industry representatives develop the ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange). The ASCII code specifies 128 unique 7-bit data strings, each representing a letter of the English alphabet, an Arabic numeral, a mark, or special symbol. ASCII provides the lingua franca for communication between different kinds of computers.

1964

Kleinrock accepts a faculty position at UCLA; his book Nets is published. Licklider returns to MIT and is replaced by Robert Herzfield. Ivan Sutherland becomes director of ARPA’s Information Processing Tech- niques Office (IPTO) and hires Bob Taylor, a mathematician and psychologist, as deputy director. The first paper on secure packetized voice communication is written by Paul Baran (“On Distributed Communications Networks”). The existence of this paper generated the erroneous rumor that the Internet was created to survive nuclear war. A meeting between Licklider and Roberts inspires Roberts to undertake the creation of the Internet. Writing in The Atlantic Monthly, Martin Greenberger of MIT posits the development of computer-based “information utilities.” Appendix A Online Timeline 181 1965

Under contract from ARPA, Larry Roberts of MIT and Thomas Marrill of SDC carry out the first long-distance computer communications experiment in February. A TX-2 computer at MIT’s Lincoln Lab is connected with a Q-32 system at SDC in Santa Barbara. It’s the first (WAN), and the first time computers communicate using data packets. General Electric opens the first online service—a time-sharing business serving commercial customers; clients use teletypewriters to communicate with GE’s computers via telephone hookups. In England, Donald Watts Davies at the National Physical Laboratory develops his concept of a distributed and independently invents . (He also coins the term.) One of the first email systems is set up on time-sharing mainframe computers. It con- sisted of users transmitting files to other users.

1966

The first paper on network experiments is published by Larry Roberts and Thomas Marrill (“Toward a Cooperative Network of Time-Shared Computers”). Robert Taylor of NASA succeeds Sutherland as head of ARPA. He hires Larry Roberts to head IPTO.

1967

Roberts and Taylor present the idea for a decentralized computer data net- work at a meeting of ARPA’s principle investigators in Ann Arbor, Michigan. During an ARPANET design session, Wes Clark suggests the use of mini- computers for network packet switching.

1968

Larry Roberts circulates a request for proposal (RFP) among manufacturers for network hardware for ARPANET. The contract is won by Bolt, Beranek, and Neuman (BBN). Tymshare time-sharing service begins building a circuit- switched network to serve its business clients. President Lyndon Johnson man- dates that all computers purchased by the US government support ASCII. 182 Appendix A Online Timeline 1969

BBN delivers the first Internet message processors (IMPs) to ARPA experi- menters at UCLA and Stanford. On October 29, the first-ever computer message is transmitted between the two. By year’s end, two more nodes (University of California, Santa Barbara and the University of Utah) are added to the network, now called ARPANET. Compu-Serv is founded in Columbus, Ohio, as a time-sharing service.

1970

The National Library of Medicine experiments with public access to its MEDLARS database via teletypewriters. ARPANET spans the continent with a connection to BBN in Cambridge, Massachusetts. This enables BBN engi- neers to monitor and troubleshoot ARPANET from their headquarters. Nodes are being added to the network at the rate of one per month.

1971

Bunker Ramo puts the Dow Jones-Bunker Ramo News Retrieval Service (later Dow Jones News/Retrieval Service, or DJNS) online. Lockheed’s Dialog goes online. Underwritten by the NSF, the Mitre Corporation begins a 12-month experiment that involves cable TV subscribers in Reston, Virginia. The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) applies for a patent on a teletext system it calls “Teledata.”

1972

Tymshare announces it will make its data network publicly available. of BBN creates the first network program for sending email. He specifies @ as the net address indicator. ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) is renamed DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency). The first public demonstration of the Internet takes place in Washington, DC. (At this point, ARPANET is using NCP, Network Control Protocol, to enable communications between hosts on the network. It will be replaced by TCP/IP.) Roberts writes the first email management program (RD), enabling users to send direct replies to email, and file and delete . The BBC announces public trials of its Teledata system, which it has renamed “” (see Figure A-1). Appendix A Online Timeline 183

Figure A-1. CEEFAX

1973

In an effort to take packet-switching technology to the public sphere, Larry Roberts of IPTO offers to sell it to AT&T. The telephone monopoly responds that it is not compatible with their future. Work on new network protocol (Transmission Control Protocol/, or TPC/IP) is begun by , , and others. The first European connections to ARPANET are established in Norway and England. WGBH-TV in Boston uses teletext to caption news programs. Larry Roberts leaves ARPA to join Telenet, the first public packet-switching network.

1974

The Altair microcomputer kit is introduced in an article in Popular Electronics. Imsai and other systems for electronics hobbyists follow. ITV (Britain’s Independent Television) begins commercial teletext broadcasts under the name “Oracle” (an acronym for Optional Reception of Announcements by Coded Line Electronics). Having worked on its development for three years, the BBC launches CEEFAX, the world’s first teletext system. The first use of the term “Internet” appears in a conference paper by Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn. , a two-channel Videotex system (one for user requests/data, and the other for transmission from the host system) is announced by the British Post Office. It is the precursor to . The term information super- highway is used for the first time. 184 Appendix A Online Timeline 1975

Telenet goes online; along with Tymnet, it is the first public information super- highway. Compu-Serv goes public (NASDAQ: CMPU SRV). The CBS televi- sion network begins experiments with European-style Videotex systems. ARPANET is turned over to the Defense Communication Agency (DCA). Developed and hosted by GEIS, AppleLink goes online as Apple’s internal network for employees and dealers. Work begins on the teletext sys- tem in France. Antiope differs from CEEFAX in that it has definable text shapes. Research on the Telidon Canadian Videotex system begins; Telidon later evolves into NAPLPS.

1976

Japan’s NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation) begins research into a text sys- tem for transmitting data to televisions. Apple is founded to sell the Apple 1 computer. Robert Metcalf begins work on .

1977

The first TRS-80 Model I’s are offered via catalog at Radio Shack’s 3,500 stores; 10,000 are sold in the first year. Apple Computer is incorporated. Warner Cable’s QUBE two-way cable TV experiment begins in Columbus, Ohio. Compu-Serv’s name is changed to CompuServe. Bunker Ramo is dropped from Dow Jones News/Retrieval Service. Canadian Telidon and AT&T introduce the NAPLPS Videotex protocol, later used by , Prestel, , and Prodigy. A Videotex system called Ibertex opens in Spain.

1978

At CompuServe, Jeff Wilkins, Sandy Trevor, Russ Ranshaw, Rich Baker, and 13 others develop a small service aimed at putting the company’s mainframe computers to work in the evenings. The plan is to allow microcomputer owners access to the mainframes. The service is called MicroNET. Failed entrepre- neur Bill von Meister begins assembling computer, network, and data resources in Virginia to create a similar service, called Compucom (later, The Source). Japanese broadcaster NHK experiments with teletext, and the CAPTAIN modified Videotex system begins tests. In Chicago, Ward Christensen and Appendix A Online Timeline 185

Randy Seuss experiment with the first microcomputer (BBS). Planning for Venture One (which will become Prodigy in 10 years) begins. In , British Telecom begins work on a Prestel clone called Bildschirmtext (literally, “picture screen text”) or BTX. Austria will also employ BTX, and in the Netherlands a Videotex system based on Prestel is introduced.

1979

MicroNET (soon to be called CompuServe Information Service, as in Figure A-2) and The Source (Figure A-3) finish beta testing and open for paying customers. The first newsgroups are started with two hosts (Duke University and the University of North Carolina). In five years it will have 900 hosts. The first BITNET link (between City University of New York and Yale) is made. SDC, Dialog, and other database companies extend service to European markets. The Christensen/Seuss BBS, named CBBS (for “com- puter bulletin board system”) is opened to the public. At CompuServe, Sandy Trevor creates the “CB Simulator,” the first system. The Japanese Ministry of Post and unveils CAPTAIN, a Videotex sys- tem based on Japanese characters. In , a teletext system called Test-TV and Televerket Videotex system are in development. Invented by Sam Fedida of the British Post Office, Prestel is launched in London, Birmingham, and Nottingham.

Figure A-2. Early CompuServe menu 186 Appendix A Online Timeline

Figure A-3. The Source member manual

1980

IBM introduces its . CompuServe’s CB simulator is opened to the public. It quickly becomes the service’s highest-billing product. CompuServe develops special-interest groups (SIGs), later given the name Forums. H&R Block acquires CompuServe. Germany’s Bildschirmtext is opened to the public. The Reader’s Digest Association buys majority interest in The Source. A dozen big-city newspapers go online with CompuServe in a yearlong experiment. Viewtron begins test marketing in Florida. In France, Teletel, which will become the Minitel Videotex system, is demonstrated by France Telecom.

1981

“Gateways” to database services such as Dialog. BRS, and Orbit debut on CompuServe, The Source, and DJNS. Online services add encyclopedias to their already profuse information offerings. Entrepreneur Wes Kussmaul puts Appendix A Online Timeline 187

The Kussmaul Encyclopedia online; with the addition of email and other fea- tures, it later becomes DELPHI (Figure A-4). MUPID, a Videotex system based on Prestel, is introduced in Austria. France, , and CBS begin work on an Antiope-based standard that eventually becomes NAPLPS. CSNET (Computer Science Network) goes online as a low-cost alternative to ARPANET, to be used by those universities that do not qualify for ARPANET access. Funded by the National Science Foundation, it operates at 56.6Kbps. Vinton Cerf proposes an internetwork connection between ARPANET and CSNET to create “a network of networks.” Radio Shack begins selling the TRS-80 Videotex terminal.

Figure A-4. DELPHI goes online.

1982

The US Postal Service starts E-COM (Electronic Computer Originated Mail) service. The Source’s banished founder, Bill von Meister, develops Gameline to deliver Atari video games via modem (Figure A-5). A privately owned Videotex system called Telset goes online in . In Hong Kong, a Videotex system based on the British Prestel model goes online. EUnet (European Unix Network) is established in four countries to provide Usenet access and email service. In Italy, Videotel begins testing Videotex with 2,000 terminals. The Gateway Videotex service opens in San Francisco. Cox Cable Company initiates its INDAX interactive cable TV service. 188 Appendix A Online Timeline

Figure A-5. Gameline screen

1983

MCI Telecommunications launches MCI Mail, followed closely by AT&T Mail. The DELPHI online service goes live. Atari loses a billion dollars during the first quarter, and Gameline, dependent on the success of Atari, crashes. ARPANET makes TCP/IP mandatory. The Internet Activities Board (IAB) is formed. The University of Wisconsin creates the Domain Name System (DNS), which allows people to use names like Apress.com instead of having to enter complicated strings of numerals to address a web service. The name extensions .com, .edu, .gov, .mil, .org, .net, and .int are created for this pur- pose. Tom Jennings develops the FidoNet BBS network. Tests begin for the first Russian Videotex system, based on Minitel and built by a French com- pany. American People/Link (Plink, Figure A-6) goes online. (It was originally named “Protocol.”) Deutsch Telekom opens Videotex with a service called T-Online. In Miami, Viewtron goes public. Several television stations around the country add regular teletext reports (subtitling) to their programming.

Figure A-6. American People/Link Appendix A Online Timeline 189 1984

Orson Scott Card puts his award-winning novel, Ender’s Game, on DELPHI as a free download before it is published in book form ( books publishes the novel in 1985). Several local online services (Georgia OnLine in Atlanta, Keycom in Chicago, and Electra in Cincinnati among them) go online, but most fail within a year. Near Albany, New York, the first consumer online serv- ice with a GUI goes live; named Playnet, it is limited to Commodore comput- ers (Figure A-7). Sears, IBM, and CBS announce plans for an online service, using the name “Trintex.” JUNET is established in Japan. USPS discontinues E-COM. ARPANET is divided into two networks: MILNET and ARPANET, to serve the military and the research establishment, respectively. CSNET is upgraded to 1.5Mbps T-1 lines (25 times faster than 56.6Kbps). MCI Mail, IBM, and Merit Networks (Figure A-8) are the primary contractors, and the new network is called NSFNET.

Figure A-7. Playnet main menu

Figure A-8. Merit Networks 190 Appendix A Online Timeline 1985

Developed by former CompuServe manager Bill Louden, the GEnie service (Figure A-9) goes online, backed by General Electric Information Services. Quantum Computer Services is incorporated. Byte magazine’s online service, BIX, goes public, along with USA Today Sports Center, The WELL, and (Q-Link). In the UK, Compulink Information eXchange (CIX), a UNIX box running the CoSy conferencing system, goes online and quickly grows to be the most popular online service in the country. The first registered Internet domain name, symbolics.com, goes online. NSFNET begins deploy- ing T-1 lines. VCO, an online chat graphical front end, is introduced. Q-Link debuts Lucasfilms Games’ Club Caribe, the first online . CompuServe experiments with television commercials.

Figure A-9. GEnie

1986

Times Mirror Company ends its Gateway Videotex service. Viewtron shuts down. CompuServe begins international expansion. NSFNET high-speed backbone (56.6Kbps) is created. NSF builds five supercomputing centers and links them with the network. CompuServe introduces the GIF graphics format.

1987

NSFNET begins upgrade to T1 speed (1.544Mbps). The number of Internet hosts passes 30,000. BITNET and CSNET merge to form CREN (Corpora- tion for Research and Educational Networking). Source bought by venture Appendix A Online Timeline 191 capital firm. DASnet begins inter-system email service. The first CompuServe commercials air on cable TV. The GIF graphics format is introduced by CompuServe. Development of Beltel, a Videotex system, begins in South Africa. Sears, IBM, and CBS announce that the long-awaited Trintex service will be available in 1988. (The name is later changed to “Prodigy.”)

1988

After operating under bankruptcy protection for two years, Playnet shuts down. Prodigy is introduced in San Francisco, then Atlanta and Hartford, Connecticut. CBS drops out of the Prodigy partnership. The infamous “Internet Worm” burrows through 10 percent of the Internet’s 60,000 hosts. NSFNET prepares to increase its speed to accommodate the rapid increase in users. CIX (Figure A-10) provides the first commercial Internet email and Usenet access in the UK.

Figure A-10. CIX

1989

The first public Internet service provider, The World, is opened by Software Tool & Die Company. Quantum Computing puts Applelink–Personal Edition online; a few months later, friction between Apple and Quantum pulls the plug on the service. Quantum puts a revamped Apple service online, using the same GUI. Quantum opens PC-Link, a partnership with Tandy for IBM- compatible computers. CompuServe buys The Source and pulls its plug. Internet relay email testing is done by CompuServe and MCI Mail. MCI Mail is connected to the Internet. A Japanese version of CompuServe, called 192 Appendix A Online Timeline

Nifty-SERVE, goes online. Word of the Tiananmen Square Massacre spreads through online services before any conventional news media report it. On October 17, an earthquake in San Francisco knocks out all telephone service and most online services. However, a satellite uplink owned by GEIS allows GEnie members to report on conditions through email, chat, and bulletin boards.

1990

Quantum opens Promenade, an all-IBM online service with its own GUI, devoted to IBM’s new personal computer, the PS/1. Quantum reopens its Apple II service, calling it America Online. Prodigy is launched nationwide with a flat rate of $9.95 per month, and declares itself the “first consumer online service” (conveniently ignoring AOL, CompuServe, and the other consumer services). Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is developed by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in Switzerland. GEnie responds with its “Star*Services” flat-rate option, providing selected services during non–prime time hours at $4.95 per month. Tim Berners-Lee begins his hypertext project in Berne, Switzerland. He coins the phrase “World Wide Web.” ARPANET is decommissioned, its old 56.6Kbps lines taken out of service, leaving NSFNET the backbone of the Internet. Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) founded.

1991

NSFNET upgrades to T-3 (45Mbps) lines, and all networks and users are con- nected to this high-speed backbone. CSNET is decommissioned. NSFNET creates NREN, a research network that studies high-speed Internet technol- ogy. AOL (Figure A-11) “co-mingles” PC-Link and AOL for Apple II and . AOL releases America Online for DOS, called PCAO and running under GeoWorks. CompuServe offers to buy AOL for $50 million; the offer is turned down. Quantum Computer Services legally changes its name to America Online, Inc. James Kimsey retires and Steve Case is named CEO of AOL. AOL experiments with local services. Sierra On-Line puts the ImagiNation Network (later the Sierra Network) online. It is the first online service devoted to multiplayer, real-time online gaming. US West and France’s Minitel combine to offer a Minitel-type service. Internet tools gopher and WAIS are introduced. The first email message from space is transmitted from the Space Shuttle Atlantis, using a Macintosh Portable computer running AppleLink software. Appendix A Online Timeline 193

Figure A-11. AOL

1992

After Congress removes prohibition of the commercial use of the Internet, DELPHI is the very first online service to provide Internet access. It offers Internet mail, newsgroups, telnet, FTP, and gopher. AOL goes public and provides Usenet newsgroup access. Several daily newspapers in cities around the country have been or are experimenting with dialup online services, usually free. The Internet Society is chartered. NSFNET is upgraded to T-3 (44.736Mbps). CERN releases the World Wide Web.

1993

The Mosaic graphical browser for Windows is released (Figure A-12). America Online for Windows is released, attracting tens of thousands of new customers immediately. AOL begins developing eWorld for Apple (Figure A-13); less than a year later, Apple cancels the service. Prodigy institutes per-minute charges for its most popular services and, in doing so, sparks an online revolt. Prodigy for Windows is released. The first consumer online service in Spain, Servicom, goes online. AOL responds with a flat-rate pricing plan. Magazines and newspapers flock to establish online presences. The number of sub- scribers to online services in the United States passes 3 million. NSF creates InterNIC (Network Information Center), responsible for domain name and IP address allocations. Through various divisions InterNIC handles Internet reg- istration and information services through 1998. 194 Appendix A Online Timeline

Figure A-12. CompuServe’s version of the Mosaic web browser

Figure A-13. eWorld

1994

New networks link to the Internet, along with hundreds of thousands of hosts. NSFNET installs 145Mbps lines, known as ATM (Asynchronous Transmission Mode). Q-Link and PC-Link are shut down. AOL offers an Internet Services area. In a public online chat, Steve Case says that it is “highly unlikely” that the service would ever go to flat-rate pricing. GEnie membership reaches 350,000. Prodigy offers web access and web-page hosting. 1 is released. A Prodigy press release claims credit for bringing the Internet to life, Appendix A Online Timeline 195 starting just 11 years earlier. AOL reaches 1 million members, and announces development of a web browser. Time Warner announces the Full Service Network (FSN), planned to provide video, games, shopping, and interactive services via cable TV; it is doomed to failure. News Corp. buys DELPHI. CompuServe opens Internet access via telnet. CIX reaches a peak of 16,000 members active in hundreds of conferences. Rumors about a Microsoft online service are rampant (Figure A-14).

Figure A-14. Microsoft Network APPENDIX B

Bibliography

Allan, Roy A., A History of the Personal Computer: The People and the Technology, ISBN: 978-0968910801 Bagnall, Brian, On the Edge: The Spectacular Rise and Fall of Commodore, ISBN: 978-0973864908 Biggs, John, Black Hat: Misfits, Criminals, and Scammers in the Internet Age, ISBN: 978-1590593790 Chapman, Merrill, In Search of Stupidity: Over 20 Years of High-Tech Marketing Disasters, ISBN: 978-1590597217 Freiberger, Paul, and Michael Swaine, Fire in the Valley: The Making of the Personal Computer, ISBN: 978-0071358951 Hafner, Katie, Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet, ISBN: 978-0684832678 Hafner, Katie, The Well: A Story of Love, Death and Real Life in the Seminal Online Community, ISBN: 978-0786708468 Klein, Alec, Stealing Time: Steve Case, Jerry Levin, and the Collapse of AOL Time Warner, ISBN: 978-0743247863 Kleinrock, Leonard, Communication Nets: Stochastic Message Flow and Delay, ISBN: 978-0486458809 Linzmayer, Owen, Apple Confidential 2.0: The Definitive History of the World’s Most Colorful Company, ISBN: 978-1593270100 Livingstone, Jessica, Founders at Work: Stories of Startups’ Early Days, ISBN: 978-1590597149 Naughton, John, A Brief History of the Future: From Radio Days to Internet Years in a Lifetime, ISBN: 978-1585671847 Norman, Jeremy M., From Gutenberg to the Internet: A Sourcebook on the History of Information Technology, ISBN: 978-0930405878 Okin, J. R., The Internet Revolution: The Not-for-Dummies Guide to the History, Technology, and Use of the Internet, ISBN: 978-0976385769 Ornstein, Severo M., Computing in the Middle Ages: A View from the Trenches, 1955–1983, ISBN: 978-1403315175

197 198 Appendix B Bibliography

Standage, Tom, The Victorian Internet: The Remarkable Story of the Telegraph and the Nineteenth Century’s On-line Pioneers, ISBN: 978-0802716040 Welsh, David and Teresa, Priming the Pump: How TRS-80 Enthusiasts Helped Spark the PC Revolution, ISBN: 978-0979346804 Veit, Stan, Stan Veit’s History of the Personal Computer, ISBN: 978-1566640305 APPENDIX C

Founders

Service Founder Year Began

AT&T Mail AT&T 1983 ALOHAnet University of Hawaii/ARPA 1970 American People/Link (PLink) American Home Networks 1983 America Online for Apple America Online 1990 America Online for DOS (PCAO) Quantum Link/America Online 1991 America Online for Windows America Online 1993 Antiope France Telecom 1975 AppleLink Apple (hosted by GEIS) 1986 AppleLink–Personal Edition Quantum Computer, with Apple 1989 ARPANET Advanced Research Projects 1969 Agency ASCII-Net ASCII Publishing (Japan) 1985 Bildschirmtext (BTX) Deutsch Telekom 1978 BIX BYTE Magazine 1985 Boston Citilink Applied Videotex Systems 1984 Bunker Ramo Simon Ramo 1969 CAPTAIN Japanese Ministry of Post & 1979 Telecommunications CBBS Ward Christensen and 1978 Randy Seuss CEEFAX BBC 1972 CERFnet Susan Estrada 1988 CIX CIX Online 1987

199 200 Appendix C Founders

Service Founder Year Began

CNR Citicorp, Nynex, RCA 1986 CompuServe Compu-Serv, Inc. 1978 Covidea AT&T,Chemical Bank, 1985 Bank of America,Time, Inc. CREN Corporation for Research and 1996 Education/merger of CSNET and BITNET CSNET National Science Foundation 1981 (NSF) Cyclades/France Institut de Recherche 1972 d'lnformatique et d'Automatique (IRIA) DasNET DA Systems, Inc. 1987 Data Courier Louisville Courier-Journal 1984 Datapac Trans-Canada Telephone System 1976 DELPHI General Videotex Corporation 1981 Dialcom and Dialmail Robert F.Ryan 1970 Dialog Lockheed Corporation 1971 Dow Jones News/Retrieval Dow Jones, Bunker Ramo 1971 Eaasy Sabre (as SABRE) American Airlines 1960 EasyLink Western Union 1982 E-COM United States Postal Service 1982 Electra Taft Broadcasting 1984 Eunet European UNIX Network 1982 European Informatics Network (Multinational project) 1976 (EIN) eWorld Quantum Computing with Apple 1983 FidoNET Tom Jennings 1983 Gameline Control Video Corporation 1982 Gateway Times-Mirror Publishing,AT&T 1982 GEnie General Electric Information 1984 Services GEIS time-sharing network General Electric Information 1965 Services Georgia OnLine Louden, et al. 1984 Ibertex Spanish Postal Office 1977 Appendix C Founders 201

Service Founder Year Began

ImagiNation (Sierra Network) Sierra On-Line 1991 INDAX Cox Cable Company 1982 Info-Look Nynex 1984 (IRC) Jarkko Oikarinen 1988 InterNIC NSF 1993 Japanese teletext experiment NHK (Japan Broadcasting 1979 Company) JANET (Joint Academic Network) UK academic and research 1971 network JUNET Japan University NETwork 1984 (Tokyo University,Tokyo Institute of Technology and Keio University) Keycom/Keyfax Centel, Honeywell, Newscorp 1984 Lexis Mead Data Central 1973 MCI Mail MCI Telecommunications 1983 MEDLARS National Library of Medicine 1970 MILNET Defense Communications 1984 Agency Minitel France Telecom 1980 MSN (Microsoft Network) Microsoft 1995 MUPID Herman Maurer 1981 (Graz University of Technology) NABU Network NABU Manufacturing 1984 NAPLPS Videotex Protocol Canada Telidon and AT&T 1977 NewsNet NewsNet 1982 New York Times Information Bank New York Times 1969 Nexis Mead Data Central 1979 Norwegian Televerket Telenor 1994 NSFNET National Science Foundation 1984 (NSF) NSF teletext experiment Mitre Corporation 1971 OAG Official Airline Guide 1983 Oracle Independent Television 1974 (ITV/United Kingdom) Packet (PRNET) ARPA 1979 202 Appendix C Founders

Service Founder Year Began

Playnet Howard S. Goldberg, David Panzl 1984 QUBE Warner-Amex Cable 1977 PC-Link Quantum Computer, with Tandy 1989 Prestel BBC 1979 Prestel (Hong Kong) Hong Kong Telecom 1982 Prestel (Netherlands) Telenor 1978 PROFS IBM 1981 Promenade Quantum Computer, with IBM 1990 Prodigy Sears, IBM 1988 PSS (X.25 network) British Telecom 1980 Quantum Link (Q-Link) Quantum Computer 1985 RCP (Reseau a Commutation French PTT 1974 par Paquets) RELCOM (Russian Internet) Computer Center of the 1990 Kurchatov Atomic Energy Institute The Source Telecomputing Corporation 1978 of America Symbolics.com Symbolics, Inc. 1985 T-Online Deutsch Telekom 1983 Teledata BBC 1971 Telenet and Telemail Telenet 1975 Teletel France Telecom 1980 Televerket Telia AV (Swedish Televerket) 1979 Telset Finland Helsinki Telset Oy 1982 Test-TV teletext Sveriges Radio, and Televerket 1979 Transpac (X.25 network) French PTT 1978 Trintex Sears, IBM, CBS 1982 Tymnet Tymeshare 1974 USA Today Sports USA Today/LINC Networks 1985 UUCP Bell Labs 1976 UUNET Usenix 1987 Venture One CBS, AT&T 1982 Appendix C Founders 203

Service Founder Year Began

Videotel/Italy Videotel 1982 Viewdata British Post Office 1974 Viewtron Knight-Ridder Newspapers, 1983 AT&T The WELL Stewart Brand, Larry Brilliant 1985 The World (First commercial Internet 1990 access provider) World Wide Web Cern 1991 Index

A American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Abstracted Business Information (ASCAP), 68 (ABI/INFORM ), 177 American Standard Code for Academic American Encyclopedia, Information Interchange 72 (ASCII) code, 180 ACCESS, 53 Analog Hybrid Computer Lab additions to book, 177–178 (AHCL), 15 ADL (Anti-Defamation League), 147 Anderson, Jack, 36–37 ADP (Automatic Data Processing, ANPA (American Newspaper Inc.), 10 Publishers Association), 65, 69 Advanced Research Projects Agency Anti-Defamation League (ADL), 147 (ARPA), 2, 76–77, 179 Antiope teletext system, 184 Advanced Research Projects Agency AOL (America Online), 120–121, 192 Network (ARPANET), 63, 77, commingling, 129–131 162, 164, 182, 189 for DOS (PCAO), 192 AHCL (Analog Hybrid Computer and Gameline and Control Video Lab), 15 Corporation, 89–90 Aladdin, 124 independence, 127–128 Allen, Paul, 133 marketing, 134–137 ALOHAnet, 76 overview, 127 AlterNet, 163 for PCs, DOS and Windows, America Online. See AOL 131–133 American Newspaper Publishers planning ahead, 133–134 Association (ANPA), 65, 69 and Playnet, 90–93 American People/Link (Plink), Promenade, 128–129 103–105 and The Source, 89 Steve Case at, 95–101

205 206 Index

AOL Germany, 159 BITNET (Because It’s Time Apple Computer, 100, 161 Network), 76, 163 AppleLink, 100, 116, 117–119 BIX (Byte Information eXchange), ARPA (Advanced Research Projects 106, 154, 171, 172 Agency), 2, 76–77, 179 BIXNAV (Byte Information ARPANET (Advanced Research eXchange NAVigator), 125, 171 Projects Agency Network), 63, Blasko, Larry, 69 77, 162, 164, 182, 189 Bolt, Beranek, and Newman ASCAP (American Society of Corporation (BBN), 5, 12 Composers, Authors, and Boston Computer Exchange (BCE), Publishers), 68 81 ASCII (American Standard Code for Brand, Stewart, 107 Information Interchange) code, Brandt, Jan, 134 180 Brilliant, Larry, 107 Asimov, Isaac, 3, 38 BRS (Bibliographic Retrieval Asynchronous Transmission Mode Services), 10, 64 (ATM), 194 Bruns, Dan, 80, 154, 172 AT&T Mail, 80 bulletin board system (BBS), 185 ATM (Asynchronous Transmission Bunker Ramo, 9 Mode), 194 Bush, Vannevar, 179 Automatic Data Processing, Inc. Business*, 118 (ADP), 10 Byte Information eXchange (BIX), 106, 154, 171, 172 B Byte Information eXchange NAVigator (BIXNAV), 125, 171 Baran, Paul, 179 batch computing, 7 C Batten, Jim, 65 BBN (Bolt, Beranek, and Newman Cable & , 28 Corporation), 5, 12 cache.dat file, 150 BBS (bulletin board system), 185 Cadillac Modern Encyclopedia, 80 BCE (Boston Computer Exchange), CAPTAIN (Character and Pattern 81 Telephone Access Information Because It’s Time Network Network), 160, 185 (BITNET), 76, 163 Card, Orson Scott, 82 BellSouth, 99 Case, Steve, 95, 111, 116, 132, 192 Berners-Lee, Tim, 192 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT), 8 Bertelsmann Group, 159 Caufield, Frank, 97 Bibliographic Retrieval Services CB Simulator, 54, 104 (BRS), 10, 64 CBBS (Computerized Bulletin Board Bildschirmtext, 185 System), 47 Index 207

CBS Venture One, 75 Conference on DELPHI, 81 CCSC (Credit Card Service conferencing system, 56 Corporation), 36 Consumer Electronics Show (CES), CDC (Control Data Corporation), 95 126 consumer movement, 70–71 Ceefax, 40, 182 consumer services, 79–93. See also censorship, Prodigy, 147–149 AOL Cerf, Vint, 13, 76 DELPHI, 80–82 CES (Consumer Electronics Show), dot-com bust, 84–85 95 GEnie, 85–89 Character and Pattern Telephone overview, 79–80 Access Information Network regional online services, 82–83 (CAPTAIN), 160, 185 Control Data Corporation (CDC), chat rooms, 54–56, 155–156 126 Chesley, Harry, 105 Control Video Corporation (CVC), 89 Christensen, Ward, 47 Cooperative Defense Committee, CIM (CompuServe Information 149 Manager), 166 Corporation for Research and CIX (Compulink Information Educational Networking eXchange), 106, 159, 190 (CREN), 190 Club Caribe, 110 corrections, 177–178 Collaborative Novel, 80 Costykian, Greg, 144 command characters, 104 CoSy conferencing system, 106 command mode, 51 Credit Card Service Corporation command-driven system, 50 (CCSC), 36 Commercial time-sharing computers, CREN (Corporation for Research 8 and Educational Networking), commingling, 129–131 190 Commodore, 91, 100, 116 Crosstalk, 123 competition, 122 CRT (Cathode Ray Tube), 8 Comp-U-Card, 17 CSNET (Computer Science Net), 76, CompuCom, 33, 184 162 Compulink Information eXchange CVC (Control Video Corporation), 89 (CIX), 106, 159, 190 CompuServe, 15–24, 57, 59 D CompuServe Information Manager (CIM), 166 DARPA (Defense Advanced Computer Science Net (CSNET), 76, Research Projects Agency), 182 162 DARPANET (Defense Advanced Computerized Bulletin Board System Research Agency Network), 2, (CBBS), 47 11 208 Index

DASnet, 112 dot-com bust, 84–85 Data Courier, 177 Dow Jones News/Retrieval Service database services, 186 (DJNS), 64, 182 Datapost, 41 Dow Jones–Bunker Ramo News Davies, Donald, 5 Retrieval Service, 10 DBC (Digital Broadcast Dyson, Esther, 155 Corporation), 30, 37, 41 DCA (Defense Communications E Agency), 48 DDN (Defense Data Network), EasyLink, 71, 177 76–77 EasyNet, 71, 177 DEC (Digital Equipment EasyPlex, 177 Corporation) PDP-10 echomail, 158 computers, 13 E-COM (Electronic Computer DECnet (Digital Equipment Originated Mail), 177, 187 Corporation’s network), 76 EDI (electronic data interchange), default text, 49 175 Defense Advanced Research Agency Education Resources Information Network (DARPANET), 2, 11 Center (ERIC), 9, 63 Defense Advanced Research Projects Edwards, Elwood, 121 Agency (DARPA), 182 EFF (Electronic Frontier Defense Communications Agency Foundation), 192 (DCA), 48 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 2 Defense Data Network (DDN), Electra, 83 76–77 Electronic Computer Originated DELPHI, 77, 80–82, 125, 154, 165, Mail (E-COM), 177, 187 171, 172, 193 electronic data interchange (EDI), DeskMate, 3, 119, 129 175 Dialcom, 13, 33 Electronic Frontier Foundation Dialog, 10, 64, 125, 168 (EFF), 192 Digital Broadcast Corporation Electronic Mall, 111 (DBC), 30, 37, 41 emoticons, 105 Digital Equipment Corporation encyclopedias, 72–73 (DEC) PDP-10 computers, 13 Ender’s Game, 82 Digital Equipment Corporation’s ERIC (Education Resources network (DECnet), 76 Information Center), 9, 63 direct mail campaigns, 135 European Unix Network (EUnet), distributed processing, 19 187 DJNS (Dow Jones News/Retrieval eWorld, 161 Service), 64, 182 DNS (Domain Name System), 188 Index 209

F Gillen, Albert, 75 Global Network Navigator (GNN), Fax Net, 30 166 Federal Communications GNN (Global Network Navigator), Commission (FCC), 11 166 Fedida, Sam, 185 GO commands, 51 FidoNET, 158, 163, 188 Goldberg, Howard S., 91 , 53 Golden United Life Insurance, 15 files download area, Prodigy, 152 Goltz, John, 16 forums, 186 Google Adsense ads, 146 CompuServe, 57–59 Graham, Katharine, 65, 69 file libraries, 57 Graham, Marshall, 36 Freenet, 177 graphical user interface (GUI), 115 front ends, 122–125 Greene, Judge Harold H., 99 FSN (Full Service Network), 195 GTE Telenet, 42 FTP program, 156, 166 GUI (graphical user interface), 115 Fuhrman, Debbie, 93 GVC (General Videotex Corp.), 80 Full Service Network (FSN), 195 H G hardware/network play, 22 Galactic Network, 3 Heart, Frank, 5 Gameline and Control Video Herzfield, Robert, 180 Corporation, 89–90 HMI (Host Micro Interface), 123 Gameline Master Modules, 89, 98 Home Music Store, 67 games, online, 51–52 Honeywell, 83 Gard Sr., Harry, 15 Host Micro Interface (HMI), 123 gateways, 63–64 HTML (Hypertext Markup GCOS (General Comprehensive Language), 192 Operating System), 86 GEIS (General Electric Information Services), 85, 86, 116, 153, 174 I General Comprehensive Operating IAB (Internet Activities Board), 188 System (GCOS), 86 Ibertex, 184 General Electric Information IBM Forum, 57 Services (GEIS), 85, 86, 116, IDT Corp., 174 153, 174 ImagiNation Network, 192 General Videotex Corp. (GVC), 80 IMP (Internet message processor), 5, GEnie, 85–89, 142, 153, 159, 174 182 Georgia OnLine, 84 income. See money GeoWorks Corporation, 131 INDAX interactive cable, 187 GIF graphics format, 191 Info-Look, 177 210 Index

Infoplex, 22 K Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO), 4 Kahn, Robert, 5, 13, 76 information superhighway, 11–14 Keener, Al, 84 Intergalactic Network, 180 Kemeny, John, 86 international Internet expansion, Keycom, 83 158–160 KI (Knowledge Index), 71, 177 Internet, 1–6, 157–175 Kimsey, James, 97, 121, 132 and Apple, 161 Knowledge Index (KI), 71, 177 history of, 1–6 Kozin, David, 124 international expansion, 158–160 Kussmaul Encyclopedia, 81 newcomers to, 169–170 Kussmaul, Wesley, 72 80 online services, 165–175 opening up, 161–164 L overview, 157–158 Internet Activities Board (IAB), 188 Langsam, Edward, 140 Internet Mall, The, 167 Lead Line, 105 Internet message processor (IMP), 5, Leonard Kleinrock, 3 182 Lexis/Nexis, 72, 168 Internet Protocol (IP), 76 Licklider, J.C.R., 3, 179 Internet Relay Chat (IRC), 177 Livewire, 87 Internet service providers (ISPs), Lockheed, 9 107, 169 Los Angeles Gateway service, 83 Internet Worm, 191 Louden, Bill, 20, 24, 52, 84, 124, 142, InterNIC (Network Information 153, 172, 190 Center), 193 Lucasfilm Games, 110 inter-system email delivery, 112 IP (Internet Protocol), 76 M IPTO (Information Processing Techniques Office), 4 MadMaze, 144 IRC (Internet Relay Chat), 177 Marill, Thomas, 4 ISPs (Internet service providers), marketing, AOL, 134–137 107, 169 Marrill, Thomas, 181 McCarthy, John, 7 McGinnish, Richard L., 105 J MCI Mail, 79 Japan Broadcasting Corporation, 184 Mead Data Central, 70, 72 Jennings, Tom, 188 MEDLARS (Medical Literature JIX service, 159 Analysis and Retrieval System), Journalism Forum, 57 9, 10 JUNET, 189 memex, 179 menu text, 49 Index 211

Merit Network, 162 NCP (Network Control Protocol), 13, Metcalf, Robert, 184 76 microcomputer bulletin boards, netmail, 158 45–48 Network Control Protocol (NCP), 13, microcomputers, 17 76 MicroNET, 23, 32, 184–185 Network Information Center Microsoft Network (MSN), 177 (InterNIC), 193 Mike Wingfield, 5 Network Measurement Center, 5 MILNET, 77, 189 News Corporation, 172 Minitel, 39, 159 newsletters, 69–70 MIX (Multi-user Information NewsNet, 70 eXchange), 106, 178 newspapers, 69–70 money, 8–14 Nexis, 70 information superhighway, 11–14 Niehoff, Patricia, 126 online content, 8–11 Nifty-SERVE, 192 Mosaic web browser, 163 Nikkei-MIX, 159 MS-DOS system, 150 NIU (National Information Utilities), MSN (Microsoft Network), 177 68 MUDs, 165 NLM (National Library of Multi-user Information eXchange Medicine), 9 (MIX), 106, 178 North American Presentation Level MUPID, 187 Protocol Syntax (NAPLPS), 74, Murdoch, Rupert, 172 142, 156 NPR (National Public Radio), 68 N NREN, 192 NSA (Nuclear Science Abstracts) NABU Network, 115, 178 Database, 9 NAPLPS (North American NSF (National Science Foundation), Presentation Level Protocol 162, 164 Syntax), 74, 142, 156 NSFNet (National Science National Information Infrastructure Foundation Network), 80, 161, Act of 1993, 165, 167 162, 164, 167, 189–190 National Information Utilities (NIU), Nuclear Science Abstracts (NSA) 68 Database, 9 National Library of Medicine (NLM), 9 O National Public Radio (NPR), 68 National Science Foundation (NSF), OAG (Official Airline Guide), 64, 178 162, 164 OCLC (Online Computer Library National Science Foundation Center), 31 Network (NSFNet), 80, 161, OCR (Optical Character 162, 164, 167, 189–190 Recognition), 72 212 Index

OEM (original equipment Playnet, 90–93, 100, 115, 191 manufacturer) products, 135 Plink (American People/Link), Official Airline Guide (OAG), 64, 178 103–105 omissions, 177–178 POP (points of presence) , Prodigy, 144–146 configuration, Prodigy, 146–147 Online Bibliographic Retrieval of Portal, 178 Information Time-Shared Postel, Jon, 76 (ORBIT), 10 Prentice Hall, 34 Online Computer Library Center Prestel, 40, 61 (OCLC), 31 pricing, Prodigy, 153–155 online content, 8–11 Procomm Plus, 123 online gaming, 52 Prodigy, 125, 131, 139–156, 168 online mall, 167 censorship, 147–149 online services, 165–175 chat rooms, 155–156 Optical Character Recognition files download area, 152 (OCR), 72 history of, 139–141 Oracle (Optional Reception of improvements, 142–144 Announcements by Coded Line online advertising, 144–146 Electronics), 183 overview, 139 ORBIT (Online Retrieval of POP configuration, 146–147 Bibliographic Information pricing, 153–155 Time-Shared), 10 spyware, 150 original equipment manufacturer Videotex, 141–142 (OEM) products, 135 Prodigy Classic, 175 Promenade, 128–129, 192 P PS/1 computer, 128 PSINET, 164 packet switching, 181 PSN (packet-switched network), 12, packet-switched network (PSN), 12, 16, 104, 106 16, 104, 106 Panzl, David, 91 Q Papes, Theodore C., 152 PARTIcipate, 33, 56, 126 Q-Link (Quantum Link), 108–112, Patricof, Alan, 111 136, 190 Paul Baran, 5 Quali-Comm, 178 PC Pursuit, 48 Quantum, 116 PCAO (America Online for DOS), Quantum Link (Q-Link), 108–112, 192 136, 190 PC-Link, 119–120 QUBE, 32, 74, 140, 184 PhoneNet, 162 Quinn, John C., 66 pirate software, 52 Index 213

R Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) radar Rabergrau, Philippe, 125 system, 1 Rader, Louis, 86 “SEND” program, 23 Radio Shack, 19 Seriff, Mark, 35, 90 Ranshaw, Russ, 20, 22 services play, 22 Reader’s Digest Association, 62 Servicom, 193 Redux, 116–117 Seuss, Randy, 47 regional online services, 82–83 Sierra Network, 192 relay systems, 46 Sierra On-Line Network, 178 Rensselaer Business Incubator, 91 SIGs (special-interest groups), 186 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Sinback, Warner, 86 (RPI), 91 slash commands, 104 request for proposal (RFP), 181 Smith, Clive, 100 RFP (request for proposal), 181 Snapaks, 58, 61 Roberts, Larry, 4, 11, 181 SOFTEX (software exchange), 53 RPI (Rensselaer Polytechnic Source Telecomputing Corporation Institute), 91 (STC), 41 Ryan, Bob, 33 Source, The, 25–89, 185 Ryder, Bernard, 28 customer loyalty, 43–44 end of, 126 S growing pains at, 41–42 growth, 43–44 SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground SPAN, 76 Environment) radar system, 1 special-interest groups, 56–57 same-day hard-copy letter delivery, special-interest groups (SIGs), 186 79 SportsWare, 107 Sandground, Mark, 29 SprintMail, 178 SATNET, 76 Sputnik, 179 Sceptre terminal, 83 spyware, Prodigy, 150 Schrage, Michael, 29 squelch, 55 Scientific and Technical Aerospace stage.dat file, 150 Reports (STAR) database, 9 Stampazine, 36 Scientific Development Systems STAR (Scientific and Technical (SDS), 5 Aerospace Reports) database, 9 Sculley, John, 121 Star*Services plan, 153 SDC (System Development STC (Source Telecomputing Corporation), 4 Corporation), 41 SDS (Scientific Development Stickles, George, 93 Systems), 5 Sturtz, Larry, 84 Securities & Exchange Commission, Sutherland, Ivan, 180 99 214 Index

System Development Corporation Trintex, 113, 141 (SDC), 4 TRS-80 Videotex, 61 system operator, 57 TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) network, 11 T Tyme, 178 Tymnet, 13, 159 Tandy, 119, 129 Taub, Jack, 31, 35, 37, 39, 41, 62, 68 U Taylor, Dave, 167 Taylor, Robert, 4, 180 United Press International (UPI), 35 TCA (Telecomputing Corporation of U.S. Office of Education (USOE), 9 America), 32 USA Today Sports Center, 107 TCP (Transmission Control Usenet, 44–45, 156, 166, 168 Protocol), 76 user publishing, 53 TCP/IP (Transmission Control USOE (U.S. Office of Education), 9 Protocol/Internet Protocol), 13, UUNET, 164 183 TDX Systems, Inc., 28 V Telecomputing Corporation of America (TCA), 32 van Vogt, A.E., 3 Teledata, 182 V-Chat, 105 Telemail, 13, 178 VCO (Voice COnferencing), 105 Telemax, 28 Venture One, 139 Telenet, 12, 159 Videotex, 32, 39–41, 50, 73, 140, Telepost, 28 141–142, 159 teletext, 40, 159 Viewdata, 75, 183 Teletypes, 8 Viewtron, 74, 140, 186 TeletypeWriter eXchange (TWX) Voice COnferencing (VCO), 105 network, 11 von Meister, William F., 25–38, 41, Televerket Videotex system, 185 62, 67, 89, 959 Telidon Canadian Videotex system, 184 W Test-TV, 185 timeline, 179–195 WAN (wide area network), 4, 181 Tomlinson, Ray, 182 Warnock, Thomas, 68 Transmission Control Protocol Weil, Audrey, 131 (TCP), 76 WELL (Whole Earth ’Lectronic Transmission Control Link), 107–108, 168 Protocol/Internet Protocol Western Union, 27 (TCP/IP), 13, 183 Whole Earth ’Lectronic Link transoceanic networkers, 159 (WELL), 107–108, 168 Trevor, Alexander, 16, 50, 124 wide area network (WAN), 4, 181 Index 215

Wilkins, Jeff, 15, 25, 70 Z Wilson, Kemmons, 69 Windows, 131–133 Ziff-Davis, 152 WIX (Windows Information ZiffNet, 178 eXchange), 178 World, The, 191 World Wide Web, 38