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Dissertation View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OTHES DISSERTATION Titel der Dissertation „Da ğlarca iirinde Dil ve Estetik“ (Sprache und Ästhetik in Da ğlarca s Dichtung) Verfasserin Mag. Meral Asa angestrebter akademischer Grad Doktorin der Philosophie (Dr. phil) Wien, 2009 Studienkennzahl: A 092 386 Dissertationsgebiet: Turkologie Betreuer: Univ. Prof. Dr. Markus Köhbach ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Fazıl Hüsnü Da ğlarca ist der Lyriker der Türkei mit dem umfangreichsten Oeuvre. Sein letztes Buch kam im Jahr 2008 heraus, dasselbe Jahr, in dem er 94-jährig verstarb. Seine Veröffentlichungen erstrecken sich über einen Zeitraum von 75 Jahren, er ist Autor von mehr als 140 Büchern und nahezu 20.000 Gedichten. Sämtliche Literaturkritiker erkennen die Besonderheit seiner Dichtung an und sind sich über seine "Größe" einig. Trotzdem ist bis heute noch keine Einordnung der Dichtung Da ğlarcas gelungen. Unterschiedliche Anschauungen, wie sie seit 70 Jahren in Zeitungs- und Zeitschriftenartikeln geäußert werden, wurden keiner kritischen Prüfung unterzogen. Die Überzeugung, dass Da ğlarca keine Vorbilder gehabt und auch selbst keine Nachfolger beeinflusst habe, ist in der türkischen Literaturkritik fest verankert, und so wurden spezifische Eigenheiten der Dichtung Da ğlarcas übersehen. Während Da ğlarcas Poesie einerseits herabgewürdigt wurde, indem man sie als "seriell, repetitiv" bezeichnete, wurde er andererseits als Atatürk-Dichter, Staatsdichter oder Eposdichter herausgestellt oder auch unter dem Eindruck seines Werks Çocuk ve Allah (Das Kind und Gott ), 1940, als mystischer Lyriker bezeichnet. Um Da ğlarcas Beziehungen zur Tradition und zu Modernisierungsprozessen darstellen zu können, darf man seine Dichtung nicht nach der der äußeren Form beurteilen, sondern muss sie gemäß ihrer Inhalte und Bilder interpretieren. Die Dichtung Da ğlarcas in ihrer Gesamtheit steht in einem tiefen und intensiven Dialog mit sämtlichen Entwicklungsstufen der türkischen Dichtung. Sie weist jedoch eine poetische Geschlossenheit auf, wie sie sonst bei keinem modernen türkischen Lyriker zu finden ist. Dağlarca nimmt innerhalb seines eigenen dichterischen Schaffens und seiner Schöpfungsstrategie an sämtlichen Diskussionen über Dichtung teil und bereichert sie. Mit dieser Eigenheit sowie mit dem Reichtum seiner Bilder hat er von den 1940er Jahren bis in die 2000er Jahre die moderne türkische Dichtung grundlegend beeinflusst. In der Dichtung Da ğlarcas sind die Themen Dichtung, Sprache und Universum ineinander verwoben. Von seinem ersten Buch (1935) an steht das Bild "Gott" quasi für die Aktivitäten des Benennens und Sprechens des Menschen und seinen besonderen Platz in der Natur sowie das Schöpfungsbestreben des Dichters selbst. Ab Uzaklarla Giyinmek: Sı ğmazlık Gerçe ği (Sich kleiden mit Weiten: Die Wahrheit der Unbändigkeit , 1990), vertritt das Bild von der "Wahrheit der Unbändigkeit" Da ğlarcas Weltschöpfung. Das Gesetz der "Wahrheit der Unbändigkeit", das als gemeinsame Charakteristik und gemeinsame Realität der Materie und der Sprache dargestellt wird, ist auch für die Ästhetik der Dichtung Da ğlarcas bestimmend und beschreibend. Anders gesagt, während der Dichter scheinbar von einem ontologischen Gesetz spricht, beschreibt er eigentlich das Universum seiner eigenen Dichtung. Im Werk Uzaklarla Giyinmek: Sı ğmazlık Gerçe ği ist die Schöpfung geradezu der Schöpfungsakt selbst. Da es unbändig ist, wendet es sich nach außen und bringt alles Vorhandene – auseinander hervorquellend, einander überschreitend, in konzentrischen Kreisen ineinander übergehend – bis zur grundlegenden Substanz hervor. Da ğlarca sieht die schöpferische Kraft hinter der Natur als Wegweiser für seine eigene Schöpfungsaktivität und versteht die Natur und das Sein als "Hypertext" für die Kreation des Universums seiner eigenen Dichtung. Dieser Hypertext ist in Uzaklarla Giyinmek: Sı ğmazlık Gerçe ği in allen Einzelheiten und Zusammenhängen enthalten. Aus diesem Grund ist das Werk auch von grundlegender Bedeutung für die Analyse des Universums der Dichtung Da ğlarcas und seiner dichterischen Ästhetik. Schlagwörter: Fazıl Hüsnü Da ğlarca, Uzaklarla Giyinmek: Sı ğmazlık Gerçe ği, türkische Lyrik der republikanischen Epoche und türkische Literaturkritik, Poetik. i ABSTRACT Fazıl Hüsnü Da ğlarca has been considered as the most productive Turkish lyricist. He was hailed and praised as the ‘greatest Turkish poet’ when he was alive. In his 75 years as a poet, Da ğlarca published more than 140 volumes of poetry. His last volume of poetry was published in 2008, which was also the year when he died. Although many literary critics consider him as the greatest Turkish poet, he has not been researched very extensively. This is mainly the result of the fact that his variety in themes and uniqueness in style make it difficult to classify his work. In 1996, the literary critic Do ğan Hızlan published a two page appraisal of Da ğlarca and his writing under the title “A school of its own,” a dictum which should come to stand for Da ğlarca’s unique genre. Although it has never become quite clear, whether this motto was meant as a polemic pamphlet or as praise for his writings, it was the reason for Da ğlarca’s work to become a category on its own. It made Da ğlarca almost a literary outsider, neither coined or influenced by any role models nor copied by any of his lyric successors. According to Hızlan and other critics, Da ğlarca’s lyric was only valid for itself. This critical position isolated him even further, and his work was more and more scrutinized within the Turkish literary canon. In this thesis, I tried to draw attention to an outstanding attribute of Da ğlarca’s poetry in modern Turkish literature. Da ğlarca wrote and interwove at the same time the universe of his own by poetical wholeness, poetical way of thinking and critique in which he discussed and dared to create his own world around it. Furthermore, this thesis is an interpretation of Da ğlarca’s cosmic-poetic world of imagination, an ontological act which runs like a thread from his early works to “Sı ğmazlık Gerçe ği/ The Truth of Abundance,” one of his last works. His unending poetry makes both his themes and his content appear all the time in order to complete this very personal universe of him and his own poetry. “The Truth of Abundance,” is the act of genesis by its own existence through the very fruitful creation of each poem all the way through his life time. He took the guidance of nature for his own act of “calling into being” that give birth to and nurture the poetry, the cosmos, the cosmos of his own poetry which also made him outgrow from his own self and open his self to the world by producing himself through the worlds of poetry. That is to say, the book of “The Truth of Abundance”/ “To Wear for Away” has gained importance to analyze the universe of Da ğlarca’s poetry and his poetics. Key words: Fazıl Hüsnü Da ğlarca, Uzaklarla Giyinmek/ Sı ğmazlık Gerçe ği, Turkish Lyric of republican epoch and Turkish Literature critique, Poetic. ii ÖZET Fazıl Hüsnü Da ğlarca Türkiye’nin en büyük yapıtının şairidir. 94 ya şında ya şama veda etti ği 2008 yılında son kitabını yayımlamı ş, 75 yıl yayın hayatının içinde kalmı ş, kitaplarının sayısı 140’ı aşmı ş, şiirlerinin sayısı 20.000’e yakla şmı ştır. Hangi çevreden, hangi ku şaktan, hangi anlayı ştan olurlarsa olsunlar bütün ele ştirmen ve şairler onun şiirinin farklılı ğını kabul ederler ve “büyüklü ğü” konusunda uzla şmı ş görünürler. Buna ra ğmen Da ğlarca şiirinin bilgisi olu şturulabilmi ş de ğildir. 70 yıldır gazete- dergi yazılarında kalmı ş farklı görü şler tartışılmamı ştır. Birbirine eklemlenerek Do ğan Hızlan’ın “Tek Ba şına Bir Okul” özdeyi şiyle tanımlanmı ş övgü mü yergi mi oldu ğu belirsiz yargı, ku şaktan ku şağa aktarılarak neredeyse tabu haline gelmi ştir. Da ğlarca’nın kendinden önceki şairlerden etkilenmedi ği, kendinden sonraki şairleri de etkilemedi ği yolundaki inanı ş, Türk şiir ele ştirisine yerle şmi ş, Da ğlarca şiirinin belirleyici özellikleri gözden kaçırılmı ştır. Da ğlarca şiiri bir yandan “seriel, mükerrer” oldu ğu gerekçesiyle poetik olarak de ğersizle ştirilirken, di ğer yandan ya Atatürk şairi, devlet şairi, destan şairi olarak öne çıkarılmı ş, ya da ilk yapıtı “Çocuk ve Allah”ın yarattı ğı izlenimle tasavvufi, mistik bir çizgiye yerle ştirilmeye çalı şılmı ştır. Da ğlarca’nın gelenekle ve modernle şme süreçleriyle bağlantılarını kurabilmek için şiiri biçimler üzerinden de ğil, içerikler ve imgeler evreni üzerinden okumak gerekir. Da ğlarca şiiri bütünlü ğü içinde Türk şiirinin geçirdi ği bütün evrelerle dipten, derinden kurulmu ş bir söyle şi içindedir. Grupla şmalardan, akımlardan, edebiyat tartı şmalarından uzak durdu ğu için modern Türk şiiri içindeki yeri belirsiz kalmı ştır. Oysa Da ğlarca şiiri hiçbir modern Türk şairinde olmadı ğı kadar poetik bir bütünlük gösterir, şiir ve kendi şiiri üzerine dü şünür ve bütün açılımlarında kendi şiir evrenine gönderir. Bütün şiir tartı şmalarına kendi şiir üretimi, kendi yaratma stratejisi ile katılır, katkıda bulunur. Bu özelli ğiyle de, imgesel zenginli ği ile de modern Türk şiirini derinden etkilemi ş, 1940’lardan 2000’lere kadar, görünmez, saptanması zor bir iddialılıkla modern Türk şiirinin açılımlarında belirleyici olmu ştur. Da ğlarca şiirinde, şiir, dil ve evren temati ği birbirine geçmi ştir. “Tanrı” imgesinin şairin ilk kitabı Havaya Çizilen Dünya ’dan (1935) itibaren insanın adlandırma ve konu şma eylemiyle do ğadaki ayrıcalı ğını imleyen ve şairin kendi yaratma çabasını ifade eden bir yönü vardır. Havaya Çizilen Dünya ’da, “tanrı”, şair kimli ğinin imgesidir Çocuk ve Allah ’ta (1940) ise çocuk, şair kimli ğinin imgesidir; çocu ğun Allah’ı ke şfetme süreci, şairin şiiri ke şfetme süreciyle örtü şür. Uzaklarla Giyinmek/ Sı ğmazlık Gerçe ği’nden önce yaratma izle ğinin ana imgesi “tanrı” iken, Uzaklarla Giyinmek/ Sı ğmazlık Gerçe ği’nden itibaren, Da ğlarca’nın yaratma eylemini “sı ğmazlık gerçe ği” imgesi kar şılar. Hem maddenin (varlıkların), hem kavramların(sözcüklerin) ortak özeli ği, ortak gerçe ği olarak ortaya konulan “sı ğmazlık” yasası, Da ğlarca’nın şiir esteti ği için de belirleyici ve tanımlayıcıdır.
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