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© Copyright by Grit Liebscher 1999 © Copyright by Grit Liebscher 1999 Arriving at Identities: Voice and Positioning in German Talk Shows between 1989 and 1994 Approved by Dissertation Committee: Keith Walters Arriving at Identities: Voice and Positioning in German Talk Shows between 1989 and 1994 by Grit Liebscher, Staatsexamen Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin December 1999 Dedication To my parents and F. E. Acknowledgements This dissertation would not have been possible without the generous r jistance of the Institut für deutsche Sprache (IDS) in Mannheim and the Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk (MDR) in Dresden and Leipzig. I am indebted to both institutions for letting me use their facilities and providing me with videotapes of the talk shows I needed. My thanks go especially to Werner Kallmeyer and Wilfried Schütte at theIDS and to Mr. Ender and Ralf Fronz at MDR.the I would also like to thank the Department of Germanic Studies and the University of Texas at Austin for their generous financial Support of this project. There are many individuals to whom I owe tremendous gratitude. I would like to thank Jürgen Streeck for helping me find the data, for stimulating German­ German conversations, for his Support and belief in me as well as his guidance and interest in my work. I can never thank Kit Belgum enough for her continuous Support and encouragement. I am grateful to her for the time she always made available to read and think through the material with me, for her critical input that pushed me along the way, and for her effort to understand material outside her main area of study. She will always be a scholarly and personal role model to me. I would like to thank my other committee members for their support of my work and their help during its various stages. Keith Walters provided immense guidance during the first Steps of this project. He helped me choose this project over others, a choice which I have never regretted, and I am indebted to him for v pushing me to take up this challenging path. I am immensely grateful to Elizabeth Keating for her continuous support, but especially for her encouragement during at the final stages of the project. Her incredibly sharp and extraordinary way of looking into my data has opened my eyes and fine-tuned my analysis. I would like to thank Mark Southern and Joel Sherzer for their help along the way. There are many other scholars whose contributions guided my education and research. I am particularly indebted to Maria Egbert, Barbara Wolbert. and Irmhild Barz. I would also like to thank the following people for advice on the project and for their feed-back on versions of it: Chantal Tetreault. Michal Brody. Tim Altanero, Patrick Stevenson, Peter Auer, Jennifer Daily-O’Cain. Ricarda Wolf, David Samuels, and Rahman Jamal. I am immensely grateful to Felicia Steele for her help and dedication during the final stages of this project. I want to thank her not only for being a sharp critic of my writing but also for her interest in my work. for her time commitment, and for making geographic distance no barrier in this age of e-mail. I appreciate the support of other friends, particularly Perry and Susanne Myers, Glenn and Ursula Levine, Florence Widmer-Schnyder. Karein Goertz, Laurie London, Anne-Marie Guerra, Tom Sheehan, Angelika Herrlich, Christine and Michael Posselt, Astrid Kempe, Kerstin Scheffler, and Thilo Aurig. My family deserves a special place for their support and love. especially my parents, Sonja and Egon Liebscher, my sister Gabi, and my brother Thomas. Lastly, words fail to appreciate enough the love and support I have received from Frank Eisenhuth. VI Arriving at Identities: Voice and Positioning in German Talk Shows between 1989 and 1994 Publication No.. Grit Liebscher, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin. 1999 Supervisors: Kirsten Belgutn and Jürgen Streeck This dissertation offers a qualitative analysis of verbal interactions in German television talk shows between 1989 and 1994. It investigates how Speakers of German formulate their own and others’ affiliation to national identities and social spaces. In particular, it examines classifications of place, person, and time that include group and place names as well as grammatically complex expressions, deictic pronouns and adverbs, and certain motion verbs. In addition, repair is discussed as a resource in re-formulating identities. This study mainly uses conversation analysis for transcribing and analyzing the interactions, including gesture and eye gaze, but also including settings, identities of participants and audiences, and social contexts. The data cover an exceptional period in German history, the fall of the Berlin Wall, and vu focus speciflcally on the impact of German uniflcation on Speakers* articulation of identities. The interdisciplinary nature of this project offers insights for studies on identity, in particular national identity, language and culture (in sociolinguistics, linguistic anthropology, microethnography. and pragmatics). for language change, German studies, and media studies. This dissertation reveals the social constraints and limits involved in identity construction, in particular the relationship between language and past social contexts. It applies Bakhtin’s concept of “voice.” in similarity to “perspective,” and Bourdieu’s concept of “habitus.” Language is discussed as embodied social practice and intercultural difference as resuiting. in part. from habitual language use. The study argues that Speakers evoke intergroup differences through heteroglossic voices tied to their own past and present affiliation with the different social contexts of East and West Germany. Hanks’ concept of “indexical ground” is fiirther developed to include stereotypes and hierarchies among groups in the social space. The analysis further demonstrates that Speakers employ voices as politeness strategies and in Order to strategically position themselves in relation to addressees. It considers the selections Speakers make among difference linguistic resources and discusses grammatical resources, for example the non-distinction between inclusive and exclusive pronouns in German, in their impact on processes of positioning. The study compares deictic pronouns and adverbs with names, and ultimately questions the distinction between deixis and non-deixis for the data. vm Table of Contents List of Tables.............................................................................................................. xv Chapter One: Goals, theoretical framework, and methodology............................. L 1.1 Introduction................................................................................................... I 1.2 Definitions, research questions, and contributions....................................4 1.2.1 The problem......................................................................................4 1.2.2 Personal, social, and national identity........................................... 4 1.2.3 The intersection of personal and national identity......................6 1.2.4 Classifications: identity construction in the speech Situation.... 7 1.2.4.1 What are classifications?....................................................7 1.2.4.2 Classifications as Symbols...................................................7 1.2.4.3 Classifications as habitual signs.........................................8 1.2.4.4 Identification........................................................................9 1.2.4.5 Limits of classifications ..................................................... 11 1.2.4.6 Indexicality and the speech Situation................................11 1.2.5 Contributions...................................................................................12 1.3 Ethnographie site: German history, identities, and language................. 15 1.3.1 A brief history since 1945..............................................................15 1.3.2 Economic and social realities and stereotypes............................. 19 1.3.3 Classifications and their consequences for Speakers of G erm an............................................................................................ 20 1.3.3.1 Classifications and social change..................................... 20 1.3.3.2 Voice and Positioning....................................................... 21 1.3.3.3 The project as a German case study.................................24 l .4 Methodology and stylistic conventions.....................................................25 1.4.1 Microethnographic analysis...........................................................25 1.4.2 Conversation analysis....................................................................29 1.4.3 Transcription Conventions............................................................. 29 1.4.4 Terminology ................................................................................... 33 ix 1.5 Structure of the Dissertation 36 Chapter Two: Data: German Talk Shows............................................................... 39 2.1 Introduction.................................................................................................. 39 2.2 Talk shows as data..................................................................... 40 2.2.1 C hoiceofdata.................................................................................40 2.2.2.1
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