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The Relationship Between the Prophet and the Jews from His Arrival in Medina to the Battle of the Banu Qurayzah

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The Relationship Between the Prophet and the Jews from His Arrival in Medina to the Battle of the Banu Qurayzah The relationship between the Prophet and the Jews from his arrival in Medina to the Battle of the Banu Qurayzah Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Al-Bakri, Mohammad Anwar M. Ali Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 25/09/2021 10:21:39 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/557279 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PROPHET AND THE JEWS FROM HIS ARRIVAL IN MEDINA TO THE BATTLE OF THE BAOTJ QURAYZAH -by Mohammad Anwar M. Ali' Al-Bakri A Thesis.Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ORIENTAL STUDIES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 7 9 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of re­ quirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library.' Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the . major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judg­ ment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholar­ ship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR . This thesis has been approved on the date shown below: n J. WilsonW i l s o n ~ 'Uv DateDsfce, 'AdJfepi^late Professor of Oriental Studies ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author is indebted to Dr. William J. Wilson for suggesting this investigation and for his guidance, support, encouragement, and pabience throughout its development and successful completion. I have known Dr. Wilson for two years. Whenever I stopped by his office or had an appointment regarding questions, problems, or difficulties, his atti­ tude was one of truly caring. To Dr. Wilson I express my deep and great thanks for his assistance and advice throughout my graduate years at the University. The author also wishes to express h-is deep thanks to Dr. Michael E. Bonine who has been very supportive and encouraging during all my frustrated moments, especially during the first two difficult semesters. I shall never forget his words when I was experiencing difficulties, "Anwar, do not get discouraged. You will be all right." Without this kind of help and support, I could not have completed my graduate work. i The author wishes to thank Dr. cAdel'Sv Gamal who introduced me • to other, major Arabic works that were important to my research. I would like to express special appreciation to my friends Caryn White and Thomas Ferrucci for their assistance during various phases of my study. Finally, I wish to express my deep admiration and respect for my wife Thabia for her patience and sacrifice. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT............................... v 1. INTRODUCTION . ........................... 1 2. THE HISTORICAL DISPUTE REGARDING THE ORIGIN AND THE ARRIVAL OF THE JEWS OF A L - H I J A Z ........... 4 3. THE POLITICAL SITUATION IN MEDINA PRIOR TO THE HIJRAH ...... 11 4. THE IMMIGRATION OF THE PROPHET AND THE EARLY . ATTITUDE OF THE J E W S ......... 14 5. THE INTELLECTUAL ATTACK— "THE WAR OF ARGUMENTS" . .......... 25 6. THE PERIOD OF. HOSTILITY AND CONFRONTATION.................... 32 The Prophet and Banu Qaynuqac ..................... 32 The Prophet and Banu al-Nadir ........................... 36 The Battle of al-Khandaq................................. 38 7. THE DISPUTE AMONG MUSLIM HISTORIANS REGARDING THE ACCOUNTS OF THE EXECUTION .............. 42 Ibn Ishaq's Account arid its Acceptance by Subsequent Historians ......... 42 Opponents of Ibn Ishaq's Account ......................... 47 8. REASONS AGAINST ACCEPTING THE ACCOUNTS OF THE EXECUTION............................. ............ .. 49 9. CONCLUSION . ..................... 52 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY . ............... 54 iv ABSTRACT Muslim historians and orientalists still dispute the alleged execution by the Muslims of the Jewish clan Banu Qurayzah. Ibn Ishaq was the earliest biographer of the.Prophet Muhammad to record an account of this execution. Subsequent historians often accepted Ibn IshaqTs account without researching his sources. For years he was considered the only authority on the military exploits of the Prophet. Among the groups that did not accept the account of Ibn Ishaq, however, were the Jurists (aT-fukaha), who were the official recorders and interpreters of the Traditions of the Prophet. These men did not take Ibn Ishaq's accounts at face value.but investigated the chain of sources on which he relied. The Jurists found many of Ibn Ishaq's sources that referred to the Prophet and his campaigns were not authoritative. Malik and Ahmad, founders of two of the most famous Islamic schools, doubted these accounts. Malik referred to him as "the imposter," and i Ahmad believed he was an "embroiderer of tales." Malik discovered Ibn Ishaq had relied upon descendents of the Jews of Medina, who had converted ,to Islam, for accounts of the struggle between Jews and Muslims. To be just, Ibn Ishaq is still considered.a major historian, especially in his biography of the Prophet. However, his authority has been questioned regarding the campaign between the Jews and the Prophet. Thus, by examining all available facts, the execution of Banu Qurayzah which was recorded by Ibn Ishaq did not, in fact, take place. v CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION In light of the recent Camp David accord it is more important than ever to explore the history of conflict between Jews and Muslims. In this paper I traveled back through the pages of history to the earli­ est recorded conflict between these groups and studied one example of this conflict to prove the strong refusal of the Medinan Jews to live with Muhammad and his followers in peace and prosperity as one community. This refusal was based.on the belief of the Jews that they had GodTs guarantee to he His chosen and be superior, and they did not accept Muhammad because he was not from the house of Israel. Therefore, I have examined the historical accounts of this conflict to determine the diffi­ culties and the challenge the Prophet had faced to persuade the Jews of Medina to his prophecy. This challenge gradually developed into an intellectual attack which resulted in hostility and later in a direct confrontation which led to the final expulsion of the Medinan Jews. I have discussed, the still controversial accounts of the execution of the Banu Qurayzah clan. In the second section I have discussed the origin and the arrival of the Jews in al-Hijaz and have cited sources which show the Jews there were of two origins— pure Israeli and converted Arabs. In the third second I have discussed the political, social, and economic 2 situation in Medina prior to the arrival of the Prophet. In this section we also see that the Jews were dominant politically and economically at the time. In the fourth section I have discussed the immigration,of the Prophet and have cited sources which mentioned that the Jews had prior knowledge of MuhammadTs prophecy and his arrival in Medina. In this section I have discussed the negative attitude of the Jews toward the Prophet and,, with some detail, I have discussed the Treaty.of Medina and the advantages the Jews had under its terms. This treaty, known as the Constitution of Medina, considered them part of ,the- ummah (community):}'. The war of argument and the philosophical attack against the new religion is discussed in the fifth section. Here we. see that the Jews attempted to discredit Muhammed through theoretical arguments, hoping to incite his followers against his religion. In the sixth section I have looked at the series of conflicts between various Jewish tribes and the Muslim community. We see that this conflict originated with the Jewish tribes, and that the actions taken by the Prophet were merely reactions to the provocation by the Jews of Medina not aggression. Here we see that the Jews decided to oppose Muhammed and conspired with his enemies to eradicate him and his followers. In the seventh, and last, section I have discussed the accounts of the execution of the Banu Qurayzah and the historical dispute among ^the historians regarding this story. I have discussed why Ibn'Ishaq’s account was rejected by the jurist who did not believe that the execution fqok place, and I have shown through the investigation of various sources that the execution of Banu Qurayzah clan of Medina did not occur. CHAPTER 2 THE HISTORICAL DISPUTE REGARDING THE ORIGIN AND THE ARRIVAL OF THE JEWS IN AL-HIJAZ There is no agreement among Muslim, European, or Jewish histo- .rians regarding the origin and first arrival of Jews in the northern part of the Arabian peninsula, especially in Tayma, Khaybar, and Medina (Yathrib)• The lack of historical evidence or documentation has made it almost impossible to establish a definite date of arrival. Historians have generally been forced to rely on oral tradition and tales, which cannot be substantiated, to estimate the time of arrival of the Jews. Thus, various periods have been proposed.. Among those who have studied this problem is the Jewish histo­ rian Heinrich Graetz. In his book History of the Jews Graetz states, "The first immigration of Jewish families into the free peninsula is buried in misty tradition. According to one account, the Israelites sent by Joshua [1460 B.C.] to fight the Amalekites settled in the city of Yathrib (afterwards Medina) and the province of Chaiber (Khaybar).
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