Psychology Mohammad

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Psychology Mohammad PSYCHOLOGY of MOHAMMAD Author Dr. Massoud Ansari CONTENTS Preface Chapter One A Short Account of the Life of Mohammed, Founder of Islam Chapter Two The Koran: A Manual for Terrorism Chapter Three Absurdities of the Koran Chapter Four Astronomy of the koran Chapter Five Hadith, the Terrorist Manifesto of Islam Chapter Six Mohammed Orders Death to His Opponents Chapter Seven Were Mohammed’s Inspirations Genuine? Chapter Eight The Mendacious Strategies of Mohamed’s Prophethood Chapter Nine Exile and Massacre of the Jews from Medina Chapter Ten The Intimidating Character of the Koran Chapter Eleven Psychology of Mohammed Chapter Twelve Evaluation of Mohammed’s Personality in History PREFACE This book should be read almost as though it were a work of fiction. It deals with a religion and events in the life of a man who pretended to be a prophet, elements of both subjects being far from truth and reality. In other words, the contents of this book explain realities about unrealities. Mohammed through his book, the Koran, both tried very hard to make realities out of unrealities. He fabricated a preposterous metaphysical faith that, by its appeal to the baser instincts of pagan Bedouins, began on the Arabian Peninsula and then, by bloody conquest, spread throughout the Mid-East, northern Africa and even into Spain. If anyone should ask why more than one billion of the world’s population follows this absurd creed and accepts Mohammed as a prophet, I would refer them inter alia to the works of two distinguished scientists: Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene1 and Susan Blackmore, The Meme Machine.2 It is not the intention of the author to delve into the definition of religion because it would be impossible to find one that would be acceptable worldwide. I am writing this book to analyze and expose the psychology of the creator of the religion called Islam, the despicably crafty methods he used to achieve his ambitions, the spirit and principles of Islam, and the drastic and destructive impact of that religion on Muslims’ minds in particular and the world in general. Religion should transcend human ethics, generate a sense of spirituality, and establish principles to guide human behavior along paths of peaceful, caring coexistence with one’s fellow man. But no phenomenon in human history has caused as much bloodshed and fratricide as religion. One of many examples: at the beginning of the sixth century a Jewish king, Dhu Nowas, after having defeated the Christians of Najran and having conquered their land, dug an enormous trench which he filled faggots and burned twenty thousand Christians alive. During the Crusades, Christians and Muslims butchered each other for 300 years; each side called it a Holy War. Crusaders committed themselves with solemn vows and in the thirteenth-century were granted full Indulgence, i.e. remissions of all punishment for sins committed in their quests and an assurance of direct entry into heaven. The battle cry of Christians, Pope Urban II urged, should be Deus volt [God wills it]. In a like manner, Muslim theocrats called fighting against Christians, Holy War (Jihad) against infidels, and promised Muslim fighters a paradise with houris (virgin girls) among other delights in return for their deaths in battle. The Thirty Years War (1618-48) eventually involved almost all of the European powers and they were all convinced that they were fighting for a Holy Cause. The actual cause of these wars was the attempt of the Habsburg controlled Holy Roman Empire to impose Catholicism on Protestant principalities such as Sweden and the Netherlands. The war affected the lives of the 500 million or so people who were then living on the earth, and that of their descendents.3 Historians have written that in Brandenburg, Mecklenburg, Pomerania, the Palatinate, Wurttemberg, and parts of Bavaria, civilian population losses may have been 50 percent or more. Art, science, trade, and industry declined.4 Whole cities, villages, farms, and much property were destroyed. It took almost 200 years for the German territories to recover from the effects of the war. For 1400 years Jews and Muslims have been killing each other, the Muslims believing that they are following a sacred edict. Many of the tragic conflicts in the world today are rooted in long-standing religious differences and animosities. Even within a certain religions such as Islam, intramural differences have caused Sunnis and Shi’as to massacre each other for hundreds of years and Irish Catholics and Protestants have been at each other’s throats for over a century. Homo sapiens is a Latin term meaning a wise or knowlegable man. But in actuality many times we simply ignore our innate wisdom, believe in superstitions and easily become the victim of impostors. Where religious ideas are concerned, we often become narrow-minded and ethnocentric because we naturally tend to identify religion with our heritage or with those conventional forms of religious behavior that we observe in our own communities. We simply believe the religious faith that our parents have chosen for us is the best and even thinking about the authenticity of that faith is profane. The new-born mind is a blank slate upon which all the environmental and cultural elements that are prevalent in our milieu, including our religious beliefs, are copied. The ubiquitous characteristic of religion is “sacred power.” What is the nature of this “sacred entity” that we unconsciously inherit from our forefathers? If all the multitude differences of worship are eliminated, then the only remainder will be the common denominator of an unseen power, sanctity. If we remove sanctity from religion, then what remains will be superstition. In other words, sanctity plus superstition makes religion; religion minus sanctity makes superstition or myth. Therefore, sanctity is an attribute peculiar to religion. Sanctity is a man-made invisible power that man must live in contact with it or be condemned to chaotic experience where there is no foundation for reality.5 In the Elementary Forms of the Religious Life (1912), Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) writes, “The division of the world into two domains, which include everything that is sacred in one and everything that is profane in the other, is the characteristic feature of religious thought.” For Durkheim, sanctity is not an intrinsic status. Sacred is an appellation conferred by human beings on other persons, places, or things. This has been expressed as the vague and undefined Mana of the Melanesians; the Kami of primitive Shintoism; the fetish of the Africans; spirits possessing some human characteristics, that pervade natural places and animate natural forces; the Sutras and impersonal principle of Buddhism; Tao Te Ching and the Analects of Confucius, the Vedas and Upanishads of Hinduism, the gods and goddesses of the Greek and Roman Pantheons, the essence of Judeo-Christian faiths, the preposterous content of the Muslim’s Koran echoing the power-hungry, lascivious thoughts of Mohammed, who presented himself as a prophet of God. It is this invisible sacred power which generates obedience and reverence, awe, and fear in the mind of whomever becomes the follower of a particular religion. The difference between a sacred power and that which is almost powerless is, according to the Dutch scholar Gerardus Van der Leeuw, what distinguishes the sacred from the profane. When elaborating on sacred power, der Leeuw points out that a unique characteristic of sacred power is the fact that it evokes an ambivalent response. He believes that sacred power awakens a profound feeling of awe which manifests itself both as fear and as being attracted. There is no religion whatever without terror, but equally none without love.6 The author of this book rejects Van der Leeuw’s characterization of religion insofar as its application to Islam. Throughout passages of the Koran, one can rarely find a verse indicating Allah’s “love” of his followers. Rather, the bloodthirsty Allah of Islam, among other threatening verses, clearly states: “Many of the jinns and human beings I have made for Hell,” (Koran, VII: 179); “I have only created jinn and human beings that they may worship me” (Koran, LI: 56) and “I shall assuredly fill hell with all of you” (Koran, VII: 17, XXXII: 13). A truly ‘sacred power’ condemns evil and cruelty and embraces good and truth. In other words, in all religions sacred power, God, and truth are virtually synonymous. Plato said goodness, knowledge and truth are interrelated and since the goal of knowledge and truth is goodness, therefore, the goal of knowledge is also goodness. Gandhi believed that the truth is higher than God.7 Every religion teaches that rejecting the faith means turning away from truth. The sacred power turns evil and cruelty into good and truth. Plato, in Euthyphro, also proposes the same idea that what makes an action right is simply the fact that it is commanded by God. But, Socrates asks him, “Is something right because God commands it or does he command it because it is right?” Euthyphro replies that, of course, God commands it because it is right and it is against the nature of God to command cruelty. Most theologians would tend to agree with this norm. However, some writers including Soren Kierkegaard do not agree. As an example, Kierkegaard believes that the God’s command to Abraham to sacrifice his son Isaac (Genesis 22) is not just. In the Koran, Allah orders Muslims to kill the cursed people mercilessly (Koran, XXXIII: 61). The interesting point in this verse is that Allah not only commands Muslims to kill the cursed people, but they have to do it mercilessly and because it is the command of God it should be taken to be the “truth.” Women may not resist sexual abuse and the Koran commands that the men who abuse them get off free.8 Believing in such cruelty makes a person good Muslim; rejecting it arouses the wrath of Allah and condemnation to Hell.
Recommended publications
  • The Leningrad Connection: Oriental Projects of Source Editions
    UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Settling the past: Soviet oriental projects in Leningrad and Alma-Ata Bustanov, A.K. Publication date 2013 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Bustanov, A. K. (2013). Settling the past: Soviet oriental projects in Leningrad and Alma-Ata. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:28 Sep 2021 Chapter I: The Leningrad Connection: Oriental Projects of Source Editions 1.1 Classical Oriental Studies and Soviet Politics With the establishment of the Asiatic Museum in St. Petersburg (1818) a new center of Russian Oriental Studies emerged which became famous for its rich manuscript collection and for its historical and philological studies of written sources. Even after the transfer of the academic Institute of Oriental Studies from Leningrad to Moscow (1950), the center of manuscript studies remained in its former place as the Leningrad Branch of the Institute of Oriental Studies, which continued to be regarded by foreign and native observers as a school of classical, non-political, philological Oriental Studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Muhammad Succeeded Individuals and Clans—With a New As a Prophet Is Undeniable; a I Command Structure
    G ABR L the traditional way of fighting—as hat Muhammad succeeded individuals and clans—with a new as a prophet is undeniable; a I command structure. He also relates E T prominent military historian now Muhammad’s masterful use of suggests that he might not have done so nonmilitary methods—bribery, alliance had he not also been a great soldier. building, and political assassination—to Best known as the founder of a major strengthen his long-term position, even religion, Muhammad was also a military at the expense of short-term military ISLA leader—Islam’s first great general. While considerations. MUHA there have been numerous accounts of Muhammad’s transformation of Arab Muhammad the Prophet, this is the first “To think of Muhammad as a military man will come as something of a new warfare enabled his successors to defeat M military biography of the man. experience to many. And yet Muhammad was truly a great general. He was the armies of Persia and Byzantium and ’ S F In Muhammad: Islam’s First Great General, establish the core of the Islamic empire— a military theorist, organizational reformer, strategic thinker, operational-level MUHA mm AD Richard A. Gabriel shows us a type of an accomplishment that, Gabriel argues, combat commander, political and military leader, heroic soldier, revolutionary, and I RST GREAT GENERAL warrior never before seen in antiquity—a would have been militarily impossible inventor of the theory of insurgency. It was Muhammad who forged the military leader of an all-new religious movement without Muhammad’s innovations. instrument of the Arab conquests that began within two years of his death by who in a single decade fought eight Richard A.
    [Show full text]
  • The University of Chicago Old Elites Under Communism: Soviet Rule in Leninobod a Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Di
    THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO OLD ELITES UNDER COMMUNISM: SOVIET RULE IN LENINOBOD A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY FLORA J. ROBERTS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS JUNE 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures .................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ vi A Note on Transliteration .................................................................................................. ix Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter One. Noble Allies of the Revolution: Classroom to Battleground (1916-1922) . 43 Chapter Two. Class Warfare: the Old Boi Network Challenged (1925-1930) ............... 105 Chapter Three. The Culture of Cotton Farms (1930s-1960s) ......................................... 170 Chapter Four. Purging the Elite: Politics and Lineage (1933-38) .................................. 224 Chapter Five. City on Paper: Writing Tajik in Stalinobod (1930-38) ............................ 282 Chapter Six. Islam and the Asilzodagon: Wartime and Postwar Leninobod .................. 352 Chapter Seven. The
    [Show full text]
  • Warfare in the Qur'an and in the Actions of The
    Ozalp, M. (2008) “Peace and Military Engagement in the Qur’an and in the Action of the Prophet Muhammad”, in W. W. Emilsen & J. T. Squires (eds.) Validating Violence – Violating Faith: Religion, Scripture and Violence, Adelaide: ATF Press, pp. 111-126, ISBN 978-1-92069-189-9. Peace and military engagement in the Qur’an and in the actions of the Prophet Muhammad Global terrorism, suicide bombings and the identification of Muslims with terrorist activities have caused many to question the core teachings of Islam and the practices of the Prophet Muhammadpbuh.1 While a minority of Muslims respond in violence to what they perceive to be injustice done to them, other Muslims with extreme views seem to justify their violent actions with references to the Qur’an and the teachings of the Prophet Muhammadpbuh. Horrified by what they see in news coverage, many non-Muslims wonder about the peaceful nature of Islam. Some critics go even further to claim that ‘violence is in the nature of Islam’ as the Qur’an seems to allow and justify wars and killings and that the Prophet Muhammadpbuh engaged in warfare in his lifetime. There is a need to critically analyse claims of both camps and examine how the Qur’an refers to warfare and what actions the Prophet Muhammadpbuh took and behaviours he displayed in military engagement. Was violence and aggression part of the Prophet Muhammad’s plan to advance Islam or did he find himself and Muslims under attack from a hostile world having to fight for survival and in doing so followed a humane and ethical standard of warfare? I will attempt to explore the answer to this question by looking at the following four areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Bukharan and Russian Monarchies in the Inter-Revolutionary Period
    The Last Days of the Emir: Bukharan and Russian Monarchies in the Inter-Revolutionary Period By Casey E. Smith A Study Presented to the Faculty of Wheaton College In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for Graduation with Departmental Honors In Russian Studies Norton, Massachusetts May 10, 2020 2 Introduction Russia and Bukhara in the Early Twentieth Century In Western European travelogues of journeys to the Emirate of Bukhara, one of the more frequently mentioned landmarks of the city of Bukhara is the one hundred fifty foot tall Kalyan minaret in its center, from which the last Emirs of the Manghit Dynasty hurled prisoners to their death. After the decree of Bukhara as a protectorate of the Russian Empire in 1873, the despotism of the last emirs was widely evaluated by the literature of Western travel authors, Russian bureaucrats, and Bukharan reformists alike. Meanwhile, in 1906 Nicholas II read his statements to the First State Duma, decreeing that he would still maintain his autocratic power despite the attempts at democracy the Duma embodied. Ironically, the parliament —established after strikes and peasant uprisings— sat in the glittering halls of Russia’s grand Tauride palace. While Emir Mohammed Alim Khan witnessed the destruction of the Emirate at the hands of both Russian imperialists and reformers within the Emirate, Nicholas II faced a similar threat of complete delegitimization of his power. In the early years of the twentieth century, the Russian Empire consisted of most of its modern day territory as well as modern-day Finland, and the Central Asian lands as far as Afghanistan and modern-day Iran.
    [Show full text]
  • Questions Answers 1 What Was the Famous Tribe in Mecca? Quraish 2
    # Questions Answers 1 What was the famous tribe in Mecca? Quraish 2 Name the parents of Muhammad (s)? Abdullah and Amina 3 Who was Abdul Muttalib? The grandfather of Mohammad(s) 4 What day was Muhammad (s) born? 12th of Rabiul Awwal the year of elephants 5 Where was Muhammad (s) born? City of Mecca 6 How many brothers and sisters did Muhammad (s) Mohammad(s) had no have? siblings. He was the only child 7 Can you name any significant event before Abraha’s elephant army Muhammad (s) was born? 8 Who was the lady who nursed him and what tribe Haleema Sadiya tribe of did she belong to? Sa’ad bin Bakr of Hawazin 9 What important event took place with the nurse? Jibrael cleansed his heart with Zam Zam water 10 Who took care of Muhammad (s) when his Abu Talib, his uncle grandfather passed away? 11 At what age was Muhammad (s) when his mother He was six years old passed away? 12 Name the place where Amina passed away? Abwa located between Mecca and Madina 13 Who brought Muhammad (s) to Mecca? Ume-Aimen 14 What was Muhammad (s) age when his Eight years old grandfather passed away? 15 Which city did Mohammad(s) go for business? Sham (Syria) 16 What profession was Muhammad (s) involved in? business 17 When did Mohammad(s) father pass away? Before Mohammad(s) birth 18 Who was Muhammad (s) first wife? Khadija (r) 19 What was Muhammad (s) wife impressed by? His honesty 20 Who did Muhammad (s) marriage ceremony? Abu Talib 21 Name all the children the couple had? Zainab, Ruqaiya, Ume- Kulthoom, Fatima, Qasim and Abdullah 22 Who was the mother of Ibrahim
    [Show full text]
  • Muslim Life in Central Asia, 1943-1985
    Muslim Life in Central Asia, 1943-1985 Eren Murat Tasar, Harvard University, Visiting Research Fellow, Social Research Center, American University of Central Asia The period from World War II to the rise of Gorbachev saw important changes in the realms of Islamic practice, education, and social and moral norms in Soviet Central Asia. In particular, the establishment of four geographic “spiritual administrations” to oversee and manage Muslim religious life in the Soviet Union in 1943 1, the foundation of a special state committee to oversee the affairs of non-Orthodox faiths in 1944, and the opening of the country’s only legal madrasah in 1945 (in Bukhara, Uzbekistan) inaugurated a new chapter in the history of Islam in the Soviet Union. Subsequent decades saw the professionalization of a legally registered, ecclesiastical Islamic hierarchy affiliated with the party-state, as well as the growth of unregistered networks of Islamic teachers and prayer leaders. On a broader societal level, the increased prosperity of the Khrushchev and Brezhnev years (1953-1982) witnessed important social developments such as a sharp decrease in public observance of Islamic rituals and strictures (the prohibition of pork and alcohol consumption, for instance) and, in urban areas, a rise in interfaith marriage. Muslim identity, as well as the social and religious life of Muslim communities, evolved in Central Asia during the Soviet period. Anthropologists, historians, and political scientists studying Islam in Central Asia have debated the nature of this evolution in the realms of social, cultural and political life. The analysis has tended to define the relationship between Muslims and the Soviet 1 These being the spiritual administrations of Russia and Siberia, Transcaucasia, the Northern Caucasus, and Central Asia and Kazakstan (SADUM).
    [Show full text]
  • The Chronology of the Era of the Prophet Muhammad Casim Avcı
    The Chronology of the Era of The Prophet Muhammad Casim Avcı, PhD The Meccan Period 569 The Prophet Muhammad is born (12 Rabi’ al-Awwal 53 AH /17 June 569, a Monday, or 9 Rabi’ al-Awwal 51 AH/20 April 571, a Monday) The Prophet is given to the wet nurse Halima. 574 Halima brings Prophet Muhammad to his mother in Mecca. 575 After the death of the Prophet’s mother, Amina, in Ebwa, the Prophet is brought to Mecca by his nurse Umm Ayman and given to the Prophet’s grandfather, Abdul Muttalib. 577 The Prophet’s grandfather, Abdul Muttalib, dies. The Prophet is given to his uncle, Abu Talib. 578 The Prophet’s journey to Syria with his uncle, Abu Talib. The episode of Bahira, the monk, occurs. 589 Participation in the battle of Fijar. Participation in Hilf al-Fudul, a league for the relief of the distressed. 594 Prophet Muhammad is made responsible for the trade caravan belonging to the widow Khadijah and he leads her caravan to the city of Busra. The Prophet marries Khadijah. 605 The Prophet arbitrates in a dispute among the Quraish tribe about where to place the Black Stone in the Kaaba during repairs. 610 The first revelation in the cave of Mount. Hira, the revelation of the first five verses of Surat al-Alaq (27 Ramadan). 613 After the declaration at Mount. Sara, the Prophet invites people to Islam, starting with his closest relatives. 614 The weak Muslims are persecuted by the Quraish. 615 The first emigration to Abyssinia. 616 The second emigration to Abyssinia.
    [Show full text]
  • Miracles & Merits of Allah's Messenger
    WWW.SUNNICONNECT.COM l 1 Miracles & Merits Of Allah's Messenger (Peace and Blessings of Allah be upon him) Taken from Al-Bidayah Wan-Nihayah ------------------------------------------------------------------ By: Ibn Katheer Translation & Researched By: Darussalam Publishers & Distributers Copyright: Darussalam Publishers ----------------------------------------------------------------- Downloaded from sunniconnect.com This book is uploaded and shared online fi sabi lilaah for the muslims who can’t access Authentic Islamic knowledge due to various reasons. At Present, on one side, the muslim world is shattered and filled with wars, poverty, unemployment, shirki deviant methodologies and misguided scholars and rulers and on other side all types of immorality is prevalent and easy to access. So, we sunniconnect.com do our best to make this heavenly knowledge accessible to all those who want to taste islam and want to find the solutions to the problems we have today. If you have money and access, please do buy ‘Original’ copy of this book and support the author, editor, publisher, distributor, reseller and retailer. WWW.SUNNICONNECT.COM l 2 Table of Contents Preface .................................................................................................................................................... 9 Publisher’s Preface.............................................................................................................................. 11 A Mention of Important Matters that Occurred After the Death and Before the Burial
    [Show full text]
  • Building Moderate Muslim Networks
    THE ARTS This PDF document was made available CHILD POLICY from www.rand.org as a public service of CIVIL JUSTICE the RAND Corporation. EDUCATION ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT Jump down to document6 HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit NATIONAL SECURITY research organization providing POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY objective analysis and effective SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY solutions that address the challenges SUBSTANCE ABUSE facing the public and private sectors TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY around the world. TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE WORKFORCE AND WORKPLACE Support RAND Purchase this document Browse Books & Publications Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore RAND Center for Middle East Public Policy View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non- commercial use only. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents. This product is part of the RAND Corporation monograph series. RAND monographs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND mono- graphs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity. Building Moderate Muslim Networks Angel Rabasa Cheryl Benard Lowell H. Schwartz Peter Sickle Sponsored by the Smith Richardson Foundation CENTER FOR MIDDLE EAST PUBLIC POLICY The research described in this report was sponsored by the Smith Richardson Foundation and was conducted under the auspices of the RAND Center for Middle East Public Policy.
    [Show full text]
  • "Shura" As an Elective Institution
    "SHŪRĀ" AS AN ELECTIVE INSTITUTION Author(s): PATRICIA CRONE Reviewed work(s): Source: Quaderni di Studi Arabi, Vol. 19 (2001), pp. 3-39 Published by: Istituto per l'Oriente C. A. Nallino Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25802929 . Accessed: 11/05/2012 07:46 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Istituto per l'Oriente C. A. Nallino is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Quaderni di Studi Arabi. http://www.jstor.org PATRICIACRONE SHURA AS AN ELECTIVE INSTITUTION* Shurd means consultation, usually between a person in authority and his subordinates, as inQ. 3:159 (shdwirhum fi 'l-amr)y and occasionally between peers sharing power, as perhaps in Q. 42:38 on those "whose affairs are decided by consultation" (amruhum shurd baynahum)} Either way, it is a procedure leading to a decision by people in charge of government. Shurd also has a second and more specialized meaning, however. In sources relating to the Rashidun and the Umayyads it is normally a procedure for deciding who should be in charge of government. The participants here deliberate in order to elect a ruler, not to convey their advice to one or to act as joint rulers themselves; and al-amr shurd is a call for the ruler to be elected by this procedure, not for affairs to be decided by consultation in general.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction 1 War During the Prophet's Lifetime
    Notes Introduction 1. Johnson, Th e Holy War Idea, p. 21; Said, Orientalism; and Covering Islam. 2. Firestone, Jihād, p. 13. 3. Johnson, Th e Holy War Idea, p. 19. 4. Ibid., p. 22. 5. Ibid., p. 23. 6. Donner, “Th e Sources of Islamic Conceptions of War,” p. 57. 7. Firestone, Jihād, p. 13. 8. Martin, “Th e Religious Foundations of War, Peace, and Statecraft in Islam,” p. 108. See also Halliday, Islam and the Myth of Confrontation, p. 35. 9. Haddad, “Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm: Th e Islamist Perspective,” p. 256. See also, e.g., Otterbeck, “Th e Depiction of Islam in Sweden,” pp. 143– 156. Margaret Pettygrove indicates that “Th e demonization and reduction of Islam in popular American culture, particularly with respect to suicide bomb- ings and Political Islam, suggests that Islam is an inherently violent or extremist religion” (“Conceptions of War in Islamic Legal Th eory and Practice,” p. 35). See also Abu-Nimer, “A Framework for Nonviolence and Peacebuilding in Islam,” p. 221. 10. Huntington, “Th e Clash of Civilizations?,” p. 48. See also Huntington, Th e Clash of Civilization and the Remaking of World Order. 11. See Buaben, Image of the Prophet Muh.ammad in the West, pp. 327, 329. 12. Watt, Bell’s Introduction to the Qur’ān, p. 182. 1 War during the Prophet’s Lifetime 1. See Watt, Muhammad at Medina, pp. 336–338; Watt, Muh.ammad: Prophet and Statesman, pp. 241 f. 2. Ibn Ish. āq, Al- Sīrah. 3. See Ibn Kathīr, Al- Sīrah, Vol. 1, p. 24.
    [Show full text]