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Classical Islamic Political Thought: Study of Sunni Perspectives
ISLAH: Journal of Islamic Literature and History Vol. 1, No. 2, December 2020: p. 137-153 DOI: 10.18326/islah.v1i2.137-153 ISSN : 2723-407X Website: https://e-journal.iainsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/islah Classical Islamic Political Thought: Study of Sunni Perspectives Suyadi Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Waliwongo [email protected] Ahmad Fikri Sabiq Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Salatiga [email protected] Submission Track: Received: 27-08-2020 Final Revision: 20-01-2021 Available Online: 20-01-2021 Abstract The purpose of this study is to determine the Islamic political thought in classical Islam in the perspective of the Sunni sect. This research is a qualitative research which is library research. Data collection method is library data that has been selected, searched, presented and analyzed. This study uses data analysis techniques in the form of content analysis. Content analysis is a scientific analysis of the message content of a data. One of the characteristics of the classical era Islamic political thought is that it does not question the position of religion and state, whether integrated or separate. The debates that occurred in the classical era on the establishment of a state, the election of a head of state, and the conditions that a head of state must-have. Besides, political thought that develops also tends to be a response to the prevailing socio-political conditions. The emergence of Sunni ideology is a form of anxiety over the viewpoints developed by groups that tend to discredit the position of the Prophet's companions who are considered by some on the opposite side to have committed treason or treason. -
A History of Shi'i Islam
ajiss31-3_ajiss 5/28/2014 1:24 PM Page 122 122 The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 31:3 A History of Shi‘i Islam Farhad Daftary London and New York: I.B. Tauris, in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies, 2013. 315 pages. Despite the progress made in the study of Shi‘i Islam, few publications provide a comprehensive account of its history. Referring primarily to secondary sources, A History of Shi‘i Islam overviews key events going back to the time of Prophet Muhammad to “clarify misunderstandings” and illustrate the var- ious Shi‘i schools’ contribution to Islamic history. From an Ismaili Perspective could have been a helpful subtitle, as will be explained below. The book consists of six chapters: “Introduction: Progress in the Study of Shi‘i Islam,” “The Origins and Early History of Shi‘i Islam,” “The Ithna‘asharis or Twelvers,” “The Ismailis,” “The Zaydis,” and “The Nusayris or ‘Alawis,” ajiss31-3_ajiss 5/28/2014 1:24 PM Page 123 Book Reviews 123 respectively. A glossary is provided; however, not all of the terms used by the author are listed. Each chapter is divided into several subsections. Chapter 1 explores how medieval Sunni scholars influenced the per- ception of Islam as “a monolithic phenomenon with a well-defined doctri- nal basis from which different groups then deviated over time” (p. 4), how the Abbasids launched an anti-Ismaili campaign by fabricating evidence, how European travellers and Orientalists knew little about Shi‘i Islam until very late, and why Ismailism became the main object of attention during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. -
Warfare in the Qur'an and in the Actions of The
Ozalp, M. (2008) “Peace and Military Engagement in the Qur’an and in the Action of the Prophet Muhammad”, in W. W. Emilsen & J. T. Squires (eds.) Validating Violence – Violating Faith: Religion, Scripture and Violence, Adelaide: ATF Press, pp. 111-126, ISBN 978-1-92069-189-9. Peace and military engagement in the Qur’an and in the actions of the Prophet Muhammad Global terrorism, suicide bombings and the identification of Muslims with terrorist activities have caused many to question the core teachings of Islam and the practices of the Prophet Muhammadpbuh.1 While a minority of Muslims respond in violence to what they perceive to be injustice done to them, other Muslims with extreme views seem to justify their violent actions with references to the Qur’an and the teachings of the Prophet Muhammadpbuh. Horrified by what they see in news coverage, many non-Muslims wonder about the peaceful nature of Islam. Some critics go even further to claim that ‘violence is in the nature of Islam’ as the Qur’an seems to allow and justify wars and killings and that the Prophet Muhammadpbuh engaged in warfare in his lifetime. There is a need to critically analyse claims of both camps and examine how the Qur’an refers to warfare and what actions the Prophet Muhammadpbuh took and behaviours he displayed in military engagement. Was violence and aggression part of the Prophet Muhammad’s plan to advance Islam or did he find himself and Muslims under attack from a hostile world having to fight for survival and in doing so followed a humane and ethical standard of warfare? I will attempt to explore the answer to this question by looking at the following four areas. -
Questions Answers 1 What Was the Famous Tribe in Mecca? Quraish 2
# Questions Answers 1 What was the famous tribe in Mecca? Quraish 2 Name the parents of Muhammad (s)? Abdullah and Amina 3 Who was Abdul Muttalib? The grandfather of Mohammad(s) 4 What day was Muhammad (s) born? 12th of Rabiul Awwal the year of elephants 5 Where was Muhammad (s) born? City of Mecca 6 How many brothers and sisters did Muhammad (s) Mohammad(s) had no have? siblings. He was the only child 7 Can you name any significant event before Abraha’s elephant army Muhammad (s) was born? 8 Who was the lady who nursed him and what tribe Haleema Sadiya tribe of did she belong to? Sa’ad bin Bakr of Hawazin 9 What important event took place with the nurse? Jibrael cleansed his heart with Zam Zam water 10 Who took care of Muhammad (s) when his Abu Talib, his uncle grandfather passed away? 11 At what age was Muhammad (s) when his mother He was six years old passed away? 12 Name the place where Amina passed away? Abwa located between Mecca and Madina 13 Who brought Muhammad (s) to Mecca? Ume-Aimen 14 What was Muhammad (s) age when his Eight years old grandfather passed away? 15 Which city did Mohammad(s) go for business? Sham (Syria) 16 What profession was Muhammad (s) involved in? business 17 When did Mohammad(s) father pass away? Before Mohammad(s) birth 18 Who was Muhammad (s) first wife? Khadija (r) 19 What was Muhammad (s) wife impressed by? His honesty 20 Who did Muhammad (s) marriage ceremony? Abu Talib 21 Name all the children the couple had? Zainab, Ruqaiya, Ume- Kulthoom, Fatima, Qasim and Abdullah 22 Who was the mother of Ibrahim -
The Islamic Political System: a Basic Value Approach
Munich Personal RePEc Archive The Islamic Political System: A Basic Value Approach Al-Jarhi, Mabid INCEIF 1 July 2016 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/72706/ MPRA Paper No. 72706, posted 12 Jun 2017 19:48 UTC THE ISLAMIC POLITICAL SYSTEM: A BASIC VALUE APPROACH PROF. DR. MABID ALI AL-JARHI INCEIF, THE GLOBAL UNIVERSITY FOR ISLAMIC FINANCE ABSTRACT Any economic system will certainly be influenced in institutions and rules by the underlying political system. While the political processes are not carried out in the market, it can influence economic decisions related to consumption, saving, investment and exchange in no small way. Through the political processes, the shape of markets is formed, the taxation system is setup and government budget is determined. In addition, the political processes directly influence economic policies, including fiscal, monetary, trade and development policies, especially in the ways are formed and implemented. The analysis of the Islamic political system through the use of economic methodology is rare. It is common to provide historical analysis based on the experience of “Saqifah(t) Bani Saad” with the selection of the first Caliph Abu Bakr, as well as the method used to select the three following Caliph. This would involve a great deal of textual evidence and their interpretation. This paper presents an alternative approach to draw the main features of the Islamic political system from the basic Islamic values as well as contemporary human experiences. We start with identifying the most important Islamic values related to the field of politics, and set the salient features of a configuration of a contemporary political system that would fulfill such values. -
Islam: Faith, Practice & History
Chapter 1 Preface In the name of Allāh, the Beneficent, the Merciful O Allāh, send Your blessings upon Muhammad & his Progeny The book in your hand is an introductory treatise on Islamic beliefs, laws and ethics as well as the early history of the faith in fifty lessons. These lessons were part of the Islamic Correspondence Course that I compiled, wrote and edited for the Islamic Education and Information Centre, Toronto, in the early nineties. The course consists of three parts: Part I (twenty lessons) on Islamic theology outlines the basic beliefs of the faith; followed by Part II (fifteen lessons) on Islamic jurisprudence explaining the spiritual and financial issues as well as the social and familial aspects of life; it concludes with Part III (fifteen lessons) on the brief history of the first three centuries covering the lives of the Prophet Muhammad, his daughter, Fātima, and the Twelve Imams of Ahlul Bayt (peace be upon them all). Each lesson is followed by a question paper. Besides my own writings, the sources used in preparing this course have been duly mentioned at the end of each lesson. Nonetheless, I would like to acknowledge here the writings of my late father ‘Allāmah Sayyid Saeed Akhtar Rizvi, the board of writers of Dar Rāh-e Haqq Insti- tute (Qum, Iran), the late ‘Allāmah S.M. Husayn Tabātabā’i, and Ayatullāh Nāsir Makārim Shirāzi. I also would like to thank Br. Haider Ali Khoja, a lecturer at Humber College, for preparing the question pa- pers for the initial lessons which helped me in preparing questions for the remaining lessons in the same pattern. -
TRAGEDY of KARBALA - an ANALYTICAL STUDY of URDU HISTORICAL WRITINGS DURING 19Th > 20Th CENTURY
^^. % TRAGEDY OF KARBALA - AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF URDU HISTORICAL WRITINGS DURING 19th > 20th CENTURY ABSTRACT THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF JBottor of $t)tlo£;opI)p IN ISLAMIC STUDIES By FAYAZ AHMAD BHAT Under the Supervision of PROFESSOR MUHAMMAD YASIN MAZHAR SIDDIQUI DIRECTOR, SHAH WALIULLAH DEHLAVI RESEARCH CELL Institute of Islamic Studies, A.M.U., Aligarh. DEPARTMENT OF ISLAMIC STUDIES ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2003 :^^^^ Fed ir. Comptrf^r Aaad m >«'• Att. M "s/.-Oj Uni^ 0 2 t'S 2C06 THESIS 1 ABSTRACT The sad demise of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) (571- 622AD) created a vacuum in the Muslim Ummah. However, this vacuum was filled by the able guided and pious Khulafa {Khulafa-i-Rashidin) who ruled Ummah one after another. Except the first Khalifah, all the subsequent three Khulafa were unfortunately martyred either by their co-religionists or by antagonists. Though the assassination of Hazrat Umar (RA) did not create any sort of havoc in the Ummah, but the assassination of Hazrat Uthman (RA) caused a severe damage to the unity of Muslim Ummah. This was further aggravated by the internal dissentions caused by the assassination of the third Khalifah during the period of the fourth Khalifah, leading to some bloodshed of the Muslims in two bloody wars of Camel and Si/fin; Hazrat All's assassination was actually a result of that internal strife of the Muslims, dividing the Muslim community into two warring camps. Hazrat Hasan's abdication of the Khilafah tried to bridge the gulf but temporarily, and the situation became explosive once again when Hazrat Muawiyah (RA) nominated his son Yazid as his successor whose candidature was questioned and opposed by a group of people especially by Hazrat Husain (RA) on the ground that he was not fit for the Khilafah. -
Of the Khalifahs Who Took the Right Way
of the Khalifahs who took the right way Jalal ad-Din as-Suyuti AhleSunnah Library ( nmusba.wordpress.com ) The History of the Khalifahs who took the right way 3rd Revised edition a translation of the chapters on al-Khulafa' ar-Rashidun from Tarikh al-Khulafa' of Jalal ad-Din as-Suyuti Translated by Abdassamad Clarke Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd. Copyright © 1415/1995, Abdassamad Clarke. Published by: Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd. Unit 4, The Windsor Centre, Windsor Grove, London, SE27 9NT Website: www.taha.co.uk E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or otherwise, without written permission of the publishers. By: Jalal ad-Din as-Suyuti General Editor: Mr Afsar Siddiqui Translated, typeset and cover by: Abdassamad Clarke A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library ISBN-13: 978 1 84200 097 7 (Paperback) ISBN-13: 978 1 84200 098 4 (Hardback) Printed and Bound by Mega Basim, Turkey Contents Preface to the First Edition xi Preface to the Second Edition xii Preface to the Third Edition xvi Abu Bakr as-Siddiq 1 His name and affectionate nickname 3 His birth and early life 6 Abu Bakr was the most abstinent of men in the Jahiliyyah 7 His description 8 His acceptance of Islam 8 His companionship and expeditions 11 His bravery and that he was the bravest of the Companions 13 His spending his wealth on the Messenger of Allah and that he was the most generous of the Companions 14 His knowledge and that he was the most knowledgeable of the Companions and the most intelligent of them 18 His memorisation of the Qur’an 22 That he was the most eminent of the Companions and the best of them 23 Section 26 Those ay at which have been revealed in praise of him or in affirmation of him or other matters concerning him 27 The hadith related on his merit coupled with cUmar, apart from what has already been mentioned 29 The hadith related on his merit alone apart from what has already been mentioned 33 lill I I IS It HIV OI< I III'. -
In Kitab Al-Aghani
Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education Vol.12 No 13 (2021), 5053-5059 Research Article The Description of Ahl al-Bayt (PBUT) in Kitab al-Aghani Ayatollah Zarmohammadi a a Department of History of Civilization of Islamic Nations, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran. Article History: Received: 5 April 2021; Accepted: 14 May 2021; Published online: 22 June 2021 Abstract: In Islamic sources, whether interpretive, narrative or historical, the Ahl al-Bayt (PBUT) are mostly referred to with high reverence, and graceful trait are attributed thereto. yet, their commemoration in one of the most glorious works of early Arabic literature, namely Kitab al-Aghani, is of paramount significance. Attributed to the 10th-century Arabic writer Abu al- Faraj al-Isfahani (also known as al-Isbahani), it is claimed to have taken 50 years to write the work. Considering that he is a descendant of the Marwanis, mentioning the virtues of the Ahl al-Bayt (PBUT) in this book further highlights their legitimacy, making everyone awe in praise. Further, the claims cited in the work have been mostly backed by referring to other Sunni and possibly Shiite sources. With a descriptive-analytical approach, the purpose of this study was to introduce the Ahl al-Bayt (PBUT) in the Kitab al-Aghani, while pointing out issues such as the succession of Ali (PBUH), the succession of Imam Hassan (PBUH) and Messianism of Mahdi (PBUH). Keywords: Ahl al-Bayt (PBUT), Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, Kitab al-Aghani 1. Introduction In the present age where spirituality is marginalized, the rational and spiritualistic people are on the quest for true rationality and spirituality, and seek to achieve the transcendent goal of creation, i.e., salvation, by heartfully following the prophets and their true successors to guide them with the illuminating light from darkness to light. -
The Establishment of Islamic Khilafah: How the Classical and Modern Scholars Interpret Its Functions
Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 22 (4): 512-517, 2014 ISSN 1990-9233 © IDOSI Publications, 2014 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2014.22.04.21915 The Establishment of Islamic Khilafah: How the Classical and Modern Scholars Interpret its Functions Fadzli Adam Associate Professor, Faculty of Islamic Contemporary Studies, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Malaysia Abstract: The word ‘leader’ in the early Muslim society was commonly associated with the term khalifah or imam. Islam perceived that its community was in need for a leader that served the function of Muslim affairs. Due to this notion, an elected Muslim khalifah or imam, starting from the period of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) until now, was appointed to uphold the implementation of Islamic law. Indeed, the existence of a khalifah or imam in the community certainly facilitated the implementation of various functions as addressed by many Sunni and Shi’i scholars. Thus, the objectives of this paper were twofold which aimed to highlight the importance of caliphate in the history of Muslim civilization and to put forward argument by Sunni and Shii scholars on the function of Islamic khilafah in the Muslim world. Key words: Khalifah Classical Modern Muslim scholars Imam Islam Sunni Shi’i INTRODUCTION Both Sunni and Shic i scholars have agreed on this principle, except that they have argued over who should The early Muslim community believed that it have been elected after the death of the Prophet. In spite benefited from ideal leadership under the divine guidance of this theoretical disagreement, they have generally given to the Prophet Muhammad. -
Transitional Justice Under Shari'ah
Transitional Justice under Shari’ah Fahimeh Manjili Following the Arab Spring, the governments of Egypt and Tunisia implemented various transitional justice mechanisms, such as truth commissions, reparation programs and prosecutions, which sought to redress the mass human rights violations committed during the uprising. Islam is the predominant religion in both nations, with over seventy million followers in Egypt and close to ten million in Tunisia.1 Despite a plethora of research and guidance on transitional justice and post conflict reconstruction, scholars have largely ignored the issue in the context of Shari’ah. Understanding that Islam plays a pivotal role in law and politics in the Middle East, this paper will establish an Islamic legal basis for transitional justice by discussing prosecution, reparations and reconciliation measures under Shari’ah. This paper will place greater emphasis on the above measures because, “[t]he Prophet (peace-be-upon-him) said: If a relative of anyone is killed, or if he suffers khabl, which means a wound, he may choose one of three things: he may retaliate, or forgive, or receive compensation. But if he wishes a fourth, hold his hands.”2 In doing so, this paper will address the following issues: (1) What might the goals and objectives of an Islamic transitional justice institution? (2) What are the similarities and differences between the goals and objectives of an Islamic transitional justice institution and classical approaches to transitional justice? (3) What are the means and mechanisms, prescribed by Islam, through which states can achieve these objectives? 1 Top 50 Muslim Countries, RELIGION FACTS, http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/places/top_50.htm. -
The-Holy-Sites-Of-Jordan.Pdf
The Holy Sites of Jordan Published by TURAB (owned by The Royal Aal Al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought) Photography [Islamic Sites]: Fakhry Malkawi Photography [Christian Sites]: Father Michele Piccirillo and Dino Politis Cover photogragh: Ammar Khammash Text [Islamic Sites]: Sheikh Hassan Saqaf Fatwa on visiting Sacred Sites: Sheikh Hassan Saqaf (Trans. Ja’far Hassan) Text [Christian Sites]: Father Michele Piccirillo Design and layout: Andrea Atalla and Susan Wood Senior Editor: Ghazi Bin Mohammed This edition is reproduced from the second edition with errata added 2013 © Copyright TURAB Second edition 1999 First edition 1996 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers. The Holy Sites of Jordan TURAB Contents ..................................................................... ..................................................................... Acknowledgements 9 Preface to first edition 11 Preface to second edition 13 Introduction 14 Arabic Introduction 18 Book I 21 Islamic Sites: A Fatwa Regarding Visiting Holy Sites 22 Part I: 25 The Messengers and the Prophets The Prophet Nuh / Noah 27 The Prophet Hud 29 The Prophet Lut / Lot 31 The Prophet Khidr 33 The Prophet Shu’ayb / Jethro 35 The Prophet Harun / Aaron 37 The Prophet Musa / Moses 39 The Prophet Yosha’ / Joshua 41 The Prophet Dawud / David The Prophet Sulayman / Solomon 45 The Prophet Ayyub / Job 47 The Prophet Yahya / John 49 The Prophet ‘Isa / Jesus 51 The Prophet Muhammad 53 Part II: 55 The Companions Ja’far bin Abi Talib 56 Zeid ibn Al-Harithah 57 Abdallah bin Rawahah 58 Abu ‘Ubaydah ‘Amir ibn Al-Jarrah 59 Mu’ath bin Jabal 60 Shurhabil bin Husnah 60 •5• Contents ....................................................................