DOCSLIB.ORG

Muhammad Rasulallah (Saws)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Muhammad Rasulallah (Saws) i INDSET MONOGRAPH SERIES ON ISLAM AND QUR'AN No. 10 MUHAMMAD RASULALLAH (SAWS) A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Shah Manzoor Alam Indian School of Excellence Trust (INDSET) Hyderabad - INDIA ii EXPRESSION OF PROFOUND AND GRATEFUL THANKS TO ALLAH (SWT) In the name of Allah the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful I would like to express my most profound and grateful thanks to Allah (SWT) for granting me the honour and privilege of writing this Monograph on the Life of Prophet Muhammad (SAWS). May Allah accept this humble contribution and bless it with success (Amen). SHAH MANZOOR ALAM iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Mustafa Educational Network Trust (INDSET) cordially thanks: Col. A. F. M. Muqsith (Retd.) Prof. Syed Khaja Moinuddin Prof. Tahseen Sayeed Prof. Hafeez Siddiqui, Prof. Mohd. Zahir They all went through the manuscript meticulously and offered valuable and constructive suggestions to ensure the authenticity of the text and improve the quality of its language. Col. Muqsith has made significant contribution in drafting Chapter 16 on the “Wives of the Prophet”. We also thank: Mrs. Reshma Begum and Mr. Mohd. Jamal for typing the manuscript. My niece Mrs. Afshan Tariq Khan who got the entire corrected manuscript retyped in her office before it was sent for final typing. Mr. Mohd. Pasha typed the final copy and prepared the Press copy for printing. CHAIR MAN – INDSET iv MUHAMMAD RASUL ALLAH (SAW) A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH CONTENTS Page PREFACE ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1~6 CHAPTER 2: BIRTH AND EARLY CHILDHOOD OF MUHAMMAD 7~21 Monk Bahira and Muhammad 11 Hilf-al Fudul Agreement Rebuilding of the Ka’bah (605 AD) 18 CHAPTER 3: BEGINNING OF THE PROPHETIC MISSION 22~61 Fatarah of the Revelations 25 Deputations of Quraysh to Abu Talib 31 Important Personalities Accept Islam 37 Migration to Abyssinia 40 Quraysh seeking the help of the Jews to outwit Muhammad 48 Boycott and Banishment of Banu Hashim and Banu Abd-ul Muttalib 49 Events Following the Termination of Boycott 54 Christians from Abyssinia convert to Islam in Makkah 56 The Taif Visit 58 v CHAPTER 4: SOME LANDMARK EVENTS BEFORE PROPHET’S MIGRATION TO YATHRIB 62~83 The Night Journey from Masjid Al-Haram (Ka’bah) to Masjid Al-Aqsa (Isra) and Ascent to Heaven (Me’raj) Isra (Night Journey) 62 Prophet’s Ascent to Heaven from Masjid Al-Aqsa 63 Pledges at Aqaba and Migration to Madinah 68 Migration of Makkan Muslims to Yathrib 73 Prophet Migrates to Yathrib 76 Concept of Tawakkal-‘al-Allah (Dependence on God) 82 CHAPTER 5: THE PROPHET ARRIVES IN MADINAH 84~94 Introduction of Mukhawat (brotherhood) between Ansaar and Mahajirs 88 Construction of Prophet’s Mosque 91 Riyadh-ul Jannah (a Garden Paradise) 93 Ahl-as Suffah 93 The Origin of Azan or Call to Prayer 95 CHAPTER 6: THE ISLAMIC STATE OF MADINAH AND IT’S RELATIONS WITH THE JEWS OF YATHRIB 96~107 Origin of Jewish Settlements and their Expansion in Yathrib 96 Political Initiative by the Prophet 103 Issue of Al-Kitab or the Sahifah or Charter of Madinah 104 Major Demographic group in Madinah 108 Banu Qainuqa 109 Banu Nadeer 110 vi The Siege of Banu Qurayzah 110 Invasion of Muslim Forces of the Jewish Fortresses of Khyber: (Muharram, 7 Hijrah) 114 Khyber Besieged 116 The Hypocrites 118 CHAPTER 7: BATTLES OF THE PROPHET 123~169 Battle of Badr (18 Ramadhan, 2 Hijrah; 625 AD) 125 Fate of the Seventy Badr Prisoners 132 Battle of Uhud (15th Shawwal, 3 Hijrah; 625 AD) 134 The Positioning of Makkan Army 139 The Combat 139 The Battle of the Trench (Hijrah 5, 627 AD) 150 Exemplary Leadership 154 Treachery 158 Counter-Move 161 CHAPTER 8: TREATY OF HUDAIBIYA 170~183 (ZIL QADAH, 6 HIJRA: MARCH 628 AD) CHAPTER 9: SOME IMPORTANT POST-HUDAIBIYA EVENTS 184~191 Internationalization of Islamic Movement 184 Letter addressed to Emperor Heracles 185 Letter sent to the Persian Emperor 188 The Compensatory Umrah (Umrat-Al-Qadar) (Zil Qadh Hijrah 7) 189 CHAPTER 10: CONQUEST OF MAKKAH (20 RAMADHAN, 8 HIJRA: DECEMBER, 629 AD) 192~209 Treaty of Hudaibiyah Abrogated 194 March to Glory 197 Policy Declaration 201 vii Triumphant Entry 203 Grand Finale 206 CHAPTER 11: BATTLE OF HUNAYN (SHAWWAL, 8 HIJRA: JANUARY, 630 AD) 210~217 Crisis in the distribution of Booty 215 CHAPTER 12: THE TABUK MILITARY EXPEDITION (RAJAB – RAMADHAN, 9 HIJRA: OCT - DEC 630 AD) 218~227 Those who lagged behind 223 Non-Muslims Prohibited from Participating in Pilgrimage 227 CHAPTER 13: FAREWELL PILGRIMAGE OF THE PROPHET (HAJJATH AL-WIDA) 228~236 The Khutbah – The Last Sermon: Sermon on the Mountain of Arafat) (Dr. Hamidullah’s version of ‘Arafat Khutbah) 229 Pretenders to Prophethood 234 CHAPTER 14: ILLNESS AND DEATH OF PROPHET MUHAMMAD 237~240 CHAPTER 15: MUHAMMAD AS A PROPHET AND A MAN 242~252 Muhammad as a Man 244 CHAPTER 16: WIVES OF THE PROPHET 253~262 BIBLIOGRAPHY 263 APPENDIX – 1: THE SAHIFA OR KITAB OR CHARTER OF MADINAH: viii ISSUED BY PROPHET MUHAMMAD AFTER ESTABLISHING THE STATE OF MADINAH 265 APPENDIX – 2: 1. MUHAMMAD (570-632)’ THE 100’, A RANKING OF THE MOST INFLUENTIAL PERSONS IN HISTORY 275 ix FOREWORD It is a distressing fact that most of the Muslims lack proper understanding about the universal relevance of the Qur'anic Message, which was revealed to Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) for the guidance of all mankind. There is considerable misapprehension too about Islam and the Message of the Qur'an in the minds of Non-Muslims. The Indian School of Excellence Trust (INDSET) is making an humble endeavour through a series of monographs on Islam and Qur'an to project the image of Islam in its proper perspective and to explain the significance of the Qur'anic Message in a scientific and systematic way. It is awfully difficult to do full justice to the life of Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) whose admirable and incomparable achievements both as a Prophet and as a Man have remained unexcelled in the annals of history. In view of this Michael Hart, author of the book “Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History’, proclaims unhesitatingly that “It is this unparalleled combination of secular and religious influence which I feel entitles Muhammad to be considered the most influential single figure in human history.” This Monograph stresses the fact that the Prophet was conscious that virtuous acts can originate from sources other than Islam as well. The Covenant of Hilful-Fudhul x (Protecting the weak and the poor from the tyranny and oppression of the rich and the powerful) originated from the polytheists. Muhammad (SAWS) was a signatory to it. He was proud of his participation in this Covenant. Even as a Prophet he fully endorsed it. Islam is a supremely tolerant religion and Prophet’s level of tolerance was proverbial. He practiced it with immaculate perfection. He allowed the Christians of Najran to offer their prayer, facing Jerusalem, in the Prophet’s Mosque. The Prophet was firmly against pride, revenge and vindictiveness in moments of triumph and glory. His triumphant entry into Makkah was a model of humility. He entered Makkah not as a victor but as a humble servant of Allah to restore the pristine purity of Ka’bah as the house of worship for Allah (SWT) alone in the true Ibrahimic tradition. The Companions of the Prophet distinguished between his status as a Prophet and his role as a Man expressing his personal views. The Companions would accept the revelations unhesitatingly. But whenever the Prophet expressed his personal views, if they disagreed, they would respectfully discuss its pros and cons with him. He always welcomed it. He would gladly accept the opinion of the Companions if he found them reasonable. The Prophet was equally conscious of the fact that with the passage of time the Quran and his Traditions may not offer solutions to the new emerging problems of mankind. He, therefore, encouraged original thinking and xi innovative ideas as is evident from his discussion with Ma’az bin Jabal when he was appointed governor of Yemen. However, the innovative solutions to the emerging problems must conform to the fundamental principles enunciated in the Quran which are of universal relevance. It is indeed shocking that the Muslim societies, the world over, have deviated markedly from the basic values outlined in the Qur’an. They are either too liberal as in the West or adamantly rigid, bigoted, dogmatic, orthodox and intolerant. They have ceased to display the compassionate, tolerant, flexible and progressive character of Islam preached and practiced by the Prophet. The Muslims must revert back to their original roots to pursue and practice the Islam of Muhammad (SAWS). We conclude with a prayer to Allah (SWT) to graciously bless our efforts with success (Ameen). Shah Manzoor Alam Chairman-INDSET & FormerVice-Chancellor, University of Kashmir, Srinagar Muhammad Rasul Allah (SAWS) – A Biographical Sketch 1 MUHAMMAD RASUL ALLAH (SAW) A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION The Arab society, before the advent of Islam, called the Jahiliyyah period, possessed certain virtuous qualities which are conspicuously absent even in the modern civilization. They were a most eloquent people, frank and outspoken with phenomenally strong memory, firm determination, brave, loyal and trustworthy. These wonderful human qualities were totally perverted under the influence of idolatry. It turned them into debauch and habitual gamblers. While gambling they would even put on stake all their belongings, including their wives. Woman had no rights during the Jahiliyyah period. Polygamy was common and in addition, men would have a number of concubines. Married women, without children, will be allowed by their husbands to have sex with other men to get pregnant.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Meccan Era in the Light of the Turkish Writings from the Prophet’S Birth Till the Rise of the Mission - I
    ISSN 2039-2117 (online) Mediterranean Journal of Vol 9 No 6 ISSN 2039-9340 (print) Social Sciences November 2018 . Research Article © 2018 Noura Ahmed Hamed Al Harthy. This is an open access article licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). The Meccan Era in the Light of the Turkish Writings from the Prophet’s Birth Till the Rise of the Mission - I Dr. Noura Ahmed Hamed Al Harthy Professor of Islamic History, Vice Dean of Scientific Research, University of Bishe, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Doi: 10.2478/mjss-2018-0163 Abstract The prophet’s biography had a supreme place in the Turkish writings. In this vein, the present research’s title is “The Meccan Era in the Turkish Writings from the prophet’s birth till the Prophetic Immigration to Medina”. Therefore in this research, a great amount of information about the Meccan era in the Turkish Writings from the prophet’s birth till the Prophetic Immigration to Medina was collected. It also included prophet’s life before and after the mission till the immigration to Abyssinia, the boycott, passing the second Aqaba Pledge, the Prophet's stand towards some contemporary nations and finally, the conclusion and the list of citied works and references. Before the prophet Muhammad Ibn Abd Allah's (PBUH) birth, the Arabian Peninsula lived in full darkness then it was enlightened by Islam. The prophet (PBUH) was not detached from the universal arena; rather, he was aware of the surrounding nations led by the Persians and Romans during that time.
    [Show full text]
  • 'EMU' Nominated 'Global Cultural Ambassador' for Pakistan Souq
    Wednesday, March 11, 2020 15 Reports by L N Mallick For events and press releases email [email protected] or L N Mallick Pakistan Prism L N Mallick call (974) 4000 2222 L N Mallick ‘EMU’ nominated ‘Global Cultural Ambassador’ for Pakistan Souq Syed Muhammad Imran Momina, alias ‘EMU’ of the legendary music band Fuzön, was awarded the ambassadorship at a ceremony attended by Pakistani community members, music enthusiasts, local singers and musicians YED Muhammad Imran Mo- mina, alias ‘EMU’ of the leg- endary music band Fuzön, was declared the Global Cultural Ambassador for Pakistan Souq Sin Doha recently. EMU visited Doha at the invitation of Pakistan Souq and was awarded the am- bassadorship in a ceremony attended by a large number of Pakistani community members, notables and influencers of the community, music enthusiasts, and local singers and musicians. Supported by Pakistan Embassy Qa- tar, Pakistan Souq is an online community platform created primarily for business purposes. It’s become very popular be- cause of its social, cultural and community- friendly activities. Its aim is to engage the Pakistani community in economic, social and cultural arenas. Syed Muhammad Imran Momina, alias EMU, poses EMU was accompanied by Pakistan Souq for picture in front of Tornado Tower in Doha. CEO Amir Saeed Khan to the event, which was graced by Pakistan Ambassador to Qatar HE Syed Ahsan Raza Shah and Commercial Secretary Salman Ali. The ambassador welcomed EMU in Doha and congratulated him on his nomination as Global Cultural Ambassador of music and showbiz for Pakistan Souq. Dr Khalil Ullah Shibli, who coordinated EMU’s Doha visit, said this honour is likely EMU with Pakistan Souq CEO Amir Saeed Khan (left) and Dr Khalil Ullah Shibli (right).
    [Show full text]
  • Book Review Essay Siren Song
    Journal of International Women's Studies Volume 21 Issue 6 Article 41 August 2020 Book Review Essay Siren Song Taimur Rahman Follow this and additional works at: https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws Part of the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Rahman, Taimur (2020). Book Review Essay Siren Song. Journal of International Women's Studies, 21(6), 516-519. Available at: https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol21/iss6/41 This item is available as part of Virtual Commons, the open-access institutional repository of Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts. This journal and its contents may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. ©2020 Journal of International Women’s Studies. Siren Song1 Reviewed by Taimur Rahman2 The title of this book is extremely misleading. This is not a book about siren songs. Or perhaps it is, but not in the way you think. The book draws you in, dressed as a biography of prominent Pakistani female singers. And then, you find yourself trapped into a complex discussion of post-colonial philosophy stretching across time (in terms of philosophy) and space (in terms of continents). Hence, any review of this book cannot be a simple retelling of its contents but begs the reader to engage in some seriously strenuous thinking. I begin my review, therefore, not with what is in, but with what is not in the book - the debate that shapes the book, and to which this book is a stimulating response.
    [Show full text]
  • Islamic Renewal Movements, Colonial Occupation, and the Ḫatmiyya in the Red Sea Region
    CHAPTER 1 Islamic Renewal Movements, Colonial Occupation, and the Ḫatmiyya in the Red Sea Region Islam and the Idrīsī Tradition in Northeast Africa It is only in recent years that scholars have begun to study Islamic history in the Horn of Africa, and to transcend the old notion that Ethiopia was “an island of Christianity in the sea of Islam”, which had led them to focus on a simplified relationship of rivalry and conflictuality with the Christian religion. As a result of this shift, recent studies have been able to illustrate the long social, political, and intellectual history of Islam in the region, as well as inter-religious encoun- ters, with an emphasis on the co-existence and interactions that have shaped Ethiopian and Eritrean societies.1 The earliest contacts with the Red Sea coast of the African continent had already been established when Islam appeared and spread beyond the revolu- tionizing Hejaz societies of the region as a whole. In 615 AD, the persecutions that the newly-born Muslim community had suffered in Mecca led some, the muhāǧirūn, to seek exile in Axum, the Christian kingdom on the other side of the Red Sea. The Prophet’s biographers, Ibn Isḥāq (706–761 AD) and Ibn Hišām (828–833 AD) recorded this first Muslim hiǧra, or migration, to Abyssinia; Ibn Hišām reported that on this occasion, the Prophet Muhammad ruled that Abyssinia would not be a land of ǧihād.2 Historical records recount the pres- ence of women among these first Muslim migrants from Arabia, such as Umm Ḥabība bint Abī Sufyān and Umm Salama bint Abī Umayya, who are num- bered among the earliest disciples of the Prophet, and who returned to Arabia and married the Prophet after the deaths of their husbands.
    [Show full text]
  • The Biography of the Prophet This Book Is Not Copyrighted
    ﺳﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﱯ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ The Prophet's Biography May Allah exalt his Mention 1 Copyright © This book has been adapted from The Biography of the Prophet This book is not copyrighted. Any or all parts of this book may be used for educational pur- poses as long as the information used is not in any way quoted out of context or used for profit. This material has been reviewed and forwarded for publishing and distribution by the Eng- lish language section of the Department of Islamic Resources. Form #: 4606 Date: 14/01/1427 If you have any corrections, comments, or questions about this publication, please feel free to contact us at: [email protected] www.islamhouse.com 2 Pre-Prophethood Religious Conditions Great religions of the world had spread the light of faith, morality and learning in the ages past. However, by the sixth century AD, so completely were their scriptures and teachings distorted that had the founder or the Prophet of any one of them returned to Earth, he would unquestionably have refused his own religion and denounced its followers as apos- tates and idolaters. Judaism had, by then, been reduced to an amalgam of dead rituals and sacraments with- out any spark of life left in it. Also, being a religion upholding a strong racial identity, it never had a message for other nations or for the good of the humanity at large. Through mysticism and magic many polytheistic ideas and customs again found their way among the people, and the Talmud confirms the fact that idolatrous worship is seductive.
    [Show full text]
  • D2light the Bookfinal.Qxd
    From Darkness into Light An Account of the Messenger’s struggle to make Islam dominant Salim Fredericks & Ahmer Feroze Al KhilafahPublications Al-Khilafah Publications Suite 298 56 Gloucester Road London SW7 4UB e-mail: [email protected] website: http://www.khilafah.com This book is dedicated to all those who carry the call of Islam in its entirety. Those who seek to establish Allah's Deen firmly according to the Sunnah of His Messenger, Muhammad . Their numbers, past and Rajab 1421 AH / 2000 CE present are many. Inshallah their efforts and sacrifice will not go un- noticed by Allah , The All Knowing, The All Seeing. ISBN 1 899 57421 2 May Allah reward you and strengthen your lines. Indeed, the life of this world is short, and we pray that in return for Translation of the Qur’an what you have given up Allah will (Inshallah) reward you a magnificent reward. And Allah has power over all things, but most of mankind It should be perfectly clear that the Qur’an is only authentic in its original know not. language, Arabic. Since perfect translation of the Qur’an is impossible, we have used the translation of the meaning of the Qur’an’ throughout the book, as the result is only a crude meaning of the Arabic text. Qur’anic Ayat and transliterated words have been italicised in main part of the book. Saying of the Messenger appear in bold - subhanahu wa ta’ala - sallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam RA - radhi allaho anha/anho AH - After Hijrah CE - Common Era 8 The Invitation to Islam 67 " If you accept Islam, you will remain in command of your country; but if you refuse my Call, you've got to remember that all your possessions are perishable.
    [Show full text]
  • Mecca and Its Cube
    Mecca And Its Cube November 7, 2019 Category: Religion Download as PDF [Author’s note: Mohammed of Mecca is denoted “MoM”.] As legend has it, at some point in the late 5th century, a Sabaean leader known as Amr ibn Luhay ibn Qamah ibn Khindaf led a band of (Qahtanite) Arabs a thousand kilometers north of his homeland, Himyar (modern-day Yemen) to settle somewhere in the barren deserts of Thamud: the western region of Arabia now known as the Hijaz. His clan, the Banu Khuza’a, may have hailed from any of three major Himyarite cities: Zafar, Najran, or Ma’rib (present-day Sana’a). A bit of historical context helps to paint the picture. In Zafar, there was a (Qahtanite) cubic shrine known as the “kaaba” at Tabalah. There was another kaaba located at Jabal Taslal in Najran. And there were major temples at Barran and Awwam in Ma’rib–all dedicated to the Sabaean moon-god, “Al-Makah”. Sure enough, the Banu Azd of Marib worshipped “Al-Makah”; and made pilgrimages to his temple. Some of the Banu Harith converted to Christianity; and built a church at Najran (known as the “Kaaba of Najran”). Meanwhile, many Himyarites worshipped the godhead, “Rahman” (Semitic for “Merciful”). Some of these locutions should sound oddly familiar. The question arises: From whence did such pre-Islamic memes come? We find a possible answer in Ibn Hisham’s recension of Ibn Ishaq’s “Sirah”. (Ibn Hisham was himself of Himyarite descent.) According to the famed Islamic hagiographer: At some point, Amr ibn Luhay ventured farther north, into Nabataea, and was inspired by the Nabataean traditions…which he brought back with him to his settlement in the Hijaz.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction 1 War During the Prophet's Lifetime
    Notes Introduction 1. Johnson, Th e Holy War Idea, p. 21; Said, Orientalism; and Covering Islam. 2. Firestone, Jihād, p. 13. 3. Johnson, Th e Holy War Idea, p. 19. 4. Ibid., p. 22. 5. Ibid., p. 23. 6. Donner, “Th e Sources of Islamic Conceptions of War,” p. 57. 7. Firestone, Jihād, p. 13. 8. Martin, “Th e Religious Foundations of War, Peace, and Statecraft in Islam,” p. 108. See also Halliday, Islam and the Myth of Confrontation, p. 35. 9. Haddad, “Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm: Th e Islamist Perspective,” p. 256. See also, e.g., Otterbeck, “Th e Depiction of Islam in Sweden,” pp. 143– 156. Margaret Pettygrove indicates that “Th e demonization and reduction of Islam in popular American culture, particularly with respect to suicide bomb- ings and Political Islam, suggests that Islam is an inherently violent or extremist religion” (“Conceptions of War in Islamic Legal Th eory and Practice,” p. 35). See also Abu-Nimer, “A Framework for Nonviolence and Peacebuilding in Islam,” p. 221. 10. Huntington, “Th e Clash of Civilizations?,” p. 48. See also Huntington, Th e Clash of Civilization and the Remaking of World Order. 11. See Buaben, Image of the Prophet Muh.ammad in the West, pp. 327, 329. 12. Watt, Bell’s Introduction to the Qur’ān, p. 182. 1 War during the Prophet’s Lifetime 1. See Watt, Muhammad at Medina, pp. 336–338; Watt, Muh.ammad: Prophet and Statesman, pp. 241 f. 2. Ibn Ish. āq, Al- Sīrah. 3. See Ibn Kathīr, Al- Sīrah, Vol. 1, p. 24.
    [Show full text]
  • Gce 'O' Level Islamiyat : Paper 01
    GCE ‘O’ LEVEL ISLAMIYAT : PAPER 01 Topical Questions and Mark Scheme Compiled By : Syed Ruman Wajih Topical Past papers &Marking Schemes 2004------------ ------------ Islamiyat 2058/1 | 1 Topical Past papers &Marking Schemes 2004----------------- Islamiyat 2058/1 (PaperI) History and Importance of Quran Q1. (a) Briefly describe the four main sources of legal thinking in Islam. [12] (b) Give one example each to show how the third and fourth of these legal sources are used. [4] {November-05} (a) [Give up to 3 marks for each description.] • The Qur’an is the major source of instruction and thinking. • Its clear teachings are never questioned. • It is always referred to since no legal teaching ever contradicts it. • The Sunna of the Prophet is an authority next to the Qur’an. • It gives fuller teachings of what the Qur’an states in brief. • It and the Qur’an always agree. • It is taken as an authority where the Qur’an is silent. • The consensus of the community, ijma’, is referred to when the previous sources do not offer clear guidance. • It is understood as the agreement of believers on a point of faith or action. • Some take it as the consensus of the first generation of Muslims, others as the consensus of legal experts. • It never disagrees with the previous sources. • The Prophet said, ‘My community will never agree on error.’ • Analogy, qiyas, is employed when the previous sources do not offer clear guidance. • It involves an individual expert making a new decision on the basis of known teachings. • He compares the unknown with the known and identifies the common points between them.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapitre 10 Des Piquets Dans Le Hedjaz
    Chapitre X Les piquets plantés dans le Hejaz 1 présentation Dans la poésie des Arabes apparaît parfois une image, celle des piquets (AWTAD)1 fichés dans le sol, qui retiennent les tentes, ou les chameaux: ce qui accroche le nomade, pour l'instant, à un endroit. La Mecque et Médine sont des piquets, qui sont autant de scènes pour l'aventure romanesque qui se déroule dans le Hejaz. Sans eux, les récits ne pourraient pas retenir le lecteur, et sombreraient dans l'abstraction ou la pure fantaisie. Il fallait donc imaginer des endroits, pour retenir les acteurs et les actions sur terre. Dans les textes, personne ne trouvera aucun effort de géographie, aucune volonté de cohérence spatiale. Ceux qui les ont d'abord rédigés ont tout bâti à partir des personnages. Par la suite, le public, sevré de paysages, a réclamé un peu de terre, d'eau, d'arbre, de ciel et de montagnes. Les voyageurs postérieurs, en relatant leur propre itinéraire, ont donné comme de la chair au récit. Il faut avouer que le Hejaz offre alentours un aspect des plus sinistres, oscillant en le beige terne des vallées et les masses grises des montagnes. Seul le ciel offre sa couleur. Google Earth permet de rendre visite à la région, sans y mettre nos pieds d'infidèles, puisque les infidèles sont perçus comme des souillures à cet endroit. Il y a peu d'endroits sur la terre plus défavorisés en tout que celui-là, plus lunaire, et déplaisant à l'oeil: les roches volcaniques, le basalte dévorent la lumière, les formes sont craquelées, lessivées, comme un chantier déjà en démolition, à peine fini et déjà en ruine,et la poussière qui envahit tout, sans végétation nulle part.
    [Show full text]
  • Syllabus and Beyond
    Course program and reading list Semester 2 Year 2021 School: Lauder School of Government, Diplomacy & Strategy M.A Islam and Nationalism in the Middle East Lecturer: Prof. Shaul Mishal [email protected] Teaching Assistant: Mr. Omri Brinner [email protected] Course No.: Course Type : Weekly Hours : Credit: 24205 Lecture 2 2 Course Requirements : Group Code : Language: Final Paper 212242050 English Course Description The course provides a comprehensive examination of Islamic trends and national movements in the contemporary Middle East. It focuses on the major ideologies and their influences on the geopolitics of the region and socio-political developments. The course will present conceptual frameworks to follow visions, environments, preferences and a variety of strategies and actions of states and non-state actors, movements and organizations that play a significant role in shaping Arab politics and societies. Sessions are held once a week on Wednesday, 11:30-13:00. Attendance is mandatory as classes overlap only in part with material from the assigned readings. Students are allowed to miss up to three classes during the semester. One cannot expect the readings to provide an adequate substitute for class participation and discussion. The first seven meetings will cover key issues and concepts to improve our modes of thinking and understanding of Islam and Nationalism with regard to Middle East politics and societies. Towards the mid semester, the course will focus on six separate Arab parties while applying our analytical tools, conceptual framework and background knowledge developed earlier in the course. The course will divide into six discussion groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards a Model of Muslim Women's Management Empowerment
    administrative sciences Article Towards a Model of Muslim Women’s Management Empowerment: Philosophical and Historical Evidence and Critical Approaches Eugenie Samier 1,* and Eman ElKaleh 2 1 School of Education, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0LT, UK 2 Admissions and Registration Department, Zayed University, Dubai P.O. Box 19282, United Arab Emirates; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: This paper constructs a culturally appropriate model for Muslim women’s empowerment in management and leadership positions that addresses sustainability goals of quality education, gender equality, economic growth and reducing inequalities, as well as national and cultural differences from Western women’s empowerment models. The approach to model building begins with two sources of evidence for women’s empowerment—first, the empowerment of women recognised in the Qur’an and Sunnah, and in the historical-biographical record, particularly in the early Islamic period that draws to some extent on hermeneutics. This is followed by identifying four approaches that can be used in constructing a comprehensive model of Muslim women’s empowerment: Bourdieu’s social, cultural and intellectual capital theory; multiple modernities theory that recognises societal diversity; cultural security arguments for the preservation of cultures; and postcolonial critiques that argue for diversity through decolonising. The main argument of this paper is that sustainability goals cannot be achieved without a model appropriate to the valuational, cultural and societal context in which women are educated and work. The final section of this paper proposes a multidimensional and Citation: Samier, Eugenie, and Eman ElKaleh. 2021. Towards a Model of multilevel model that can be used as a guidance for empowering Muslim women in management Muslim Women’s Management and leadership positions.
    [Show full text]