THE CRISIS A RECORD OF THE DARKER RACES

Volume One FEBRUARY, 1911 Number Four

Edited by W. E. BURGHARDT DU BOIS, with the co-operation of Oswald Garrison Villard, J. Max Barber, Charles Edward Russell, Kelly Miller, W. S. Braithwaite and M. D. Maclean.

CONTENTS

Along the Color Line 5 Opinion .... 11 Pink Franklin's Re­ prieve .... 15 Editorial .... 16 Cartoon .... 18 By JOHN HENRY ADAMS Editorial .... 20 Charles Sumner . . 22 A Poem by Justice W. P. STAFFORD The Negro as a Soldier 23 By Brig.-Gen. A. S. BURT Joao Candido . . 25 A Black Statesman of the Last Century 26 By Dr. FRANCES HOGGAN N.A.A.C.P. Meetings 27 Talks About Women 28 By Mrs. J. E. MILHOLLAND HON. HARRY W. BASS The Burden ... 29 First Colored Member of the Pennsylvania Legisla­ ture. Elected in November, 1910. What to Read . . 30 A Library ... 31

PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE National Association for the Advancement of Colored People AT TWENTY VESEY STREET NEW YORK CITY

ONE DOLLAR A YEAR TEN CENTS A COPY THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION for the ADVANCEMENT of COLORED PEOPLE

OBJECT.—The National Association COMMITTEE.—Our work is car­ for the Advancement of Colored People ried on under the auspices of the follow­ is an organization composed of men and ing General Committee, in addition to the women of all races and classes who be­ officers named: lieve that the present widespread increase of prejudice against colored races and *Miss Gertrude Barnum, New York. •Rev. W. H. Brooks, New York. particularly the denial of rights and Prof. John Dewey, New York. Miss Maud R. Ingersoll, New York. opportunities to ten million Americans of Mrs. Florence Kelley, New York. Negro descent is not only unjust and a •Mr. Paul Kennaday, New York. Mrs. F. R. Keyser, New York. menace to our free institutions, but also Dr. Chas. Lenz, New York. Mr. Jacob W. Mack, New York. is a direct hindrance to World Peace "Mrs. M. D. MacLean, New York. and the realization of Human Brother­ Rev. Horace G. Miller, New York. Mrs. Max Morgenthau, Jr., New York. hood. Mr. James F. Morton, Jr., New York. Mr. Henry Moskowitz, New York. METHODS.—The encouragement of Miss Leonora O'Reilly, New York. •Rev. A. Clayton Powell, New York. education and efforts for social uplift; the •Mr. Charles Edward Russell, New York. Mr. Jacob H. Schiff, New York. dissemination of literature; the holding of Prof. E. R. A. Seligman, New York. mass meetings; the maintenance of a lec­ •Rev. Joseph Silverman, New York. Mrs. Anna Garlin Spencer, New York. ture bureau; the encouragement of vigi­ Mrs. Henry Villard, New York. lance committees; the investigation of com­ Miss Lillian D. Wald, New York. Bishop Alexander Walters, New York. plaints; the maintenance of a Bureau of Dr. Stephen S. Wise, New York. Rev. Jas. E. Haynes, D.D., Brooklyn, N. Y. Information; the publication of THE •Rev. John Haynes Holmes, Brooklyn, N. Y. CRISIS; the collection of facts and publi­ Miss M. R. Lyons, Brooklyn, N. Y. •Miss M. W. Ovington, Brooklyn, N. Y. cation of the truth. •Dr. O. M. Waller, Brooklyn, N. Y. Mrs. M. H. Talbert, Buffalo, N. Y. Hon. Thos. M. Osborne, Auburn, N. Y. ORGANIZATION.—All interested "Mr. W. L. Bulkley, Ridgewood, N. J. persons are urged to join our organization Mr. George W. Crawford, New Haven, Conn. Miss Maria Baldwin, Boston, Mass. —associate membership costs $ 1, and Mr. Francis J. Garrison, Boston, Mass. Mr. Archibald H. Grimke, Boston, Mass. contributing and sustaining members pay Mr. Albert E. Pillsbury, Boston, Mass. from $2 to $25 a year. Mr. Wm. Munroe Trotter, Boston, Mass. Dr. Horace Bumstead, Brookline, Mass. Miss Elizabeth C. Carter, New Bedford, Maas. FUNDS.—We need $10,000 a year Prest. Chas. T. Thwing, Cleveland, O. for running expenses of this work and par­ Mr. Chas. W. Chesnutt, Cleveland, O. Prest. H. C. King, Oberlin, O. ticularly urge the necessity of gifts to help Prest. W. S. Scarborough, Wilberforce, O. on our objects. * Miss Jane Addams, Chicago, 111. "Mrs. Ida B. Wells Barnett, Chicago, Ill. * Dr. C. E. Bentley, Chicago, Ill. OFFICERS.—The officers of the Miss Sophronisba Breckenridge, Chicago, Ill. Mr. Clarence Darrow, Chicago, Ill. organization are: * Mrs. Celia Parker Woolley, Chicago, Ill. * Dr. N. F. Mossell, Philadelphia, Pa. National President — Mr. Moorfield * Dr. Wm. A. Sinclair, Philadelphia, Pa. Storey, Boston, Mass. Miss Susan Wharton, Philadelphia, Pa. Mr. R. R. Wright, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa. Chairman of the Executive Committee— Mr. W. Justin Carter, Harrisburg, Pa. Rev. Harvey Johnson, D.D., Baltimore, Md. Mr. Wm. English Walling, New Hon. Wm. S. Bennett, Washington, D. C. Mr. L. M. Hershaw, Washington, D. C. York. Prof. Kelly Miller, Washington, D. C. Treasurer—Mr. John E. Milholland, Prof. L. B. Moore, Washington, D. C. Justice W. P. Stafford, Washington, D. C. New York. * Mrs. Mary Church Terrell, Washington, D. C. "Rev. J. Milton Waldron, Washington, D. C. Disbursing Treasurer—Mr. Oswald Gar­ Prest. John Hope, Atlanta, Ga. Mr. Leslie P. Hill, Manassas, Va. rison Villard, New York. • Executive Committee. Director of Publicity and Research—Dr. W. E. B. DuBois, New York. Executive Secretary—Miss Frances Blas- OFFICES: coer. New York. Suite 610, 20 Vesey Street, New York.

Mention THE CRISIS. THE CRISIS ADVERTISER 3

LETTERS.

"I have read the first copy with interest." THE CRISIS THOMAS JESSE JONES, Bureau of the Census, A Business Washington, D. C. Proposition "I think THE CRISIS has come to the kingdom just at the present time. Its in­ formation in regard to the Negro in politics THE CRISIS was established in September, and their condition is certainly very helpful 1910, and has issued four copies. Its circu­ to any man who is interested in the condi­ lation has been as follows: tion that is confronting our race of people in this country." JAMES H. GORDON, November 1,000 copies Brooklyn, X. Y. December 2,500 " January 3,000 " "I wish to tell you how wonderfully well February 4,000 " I think you have done with THE CRISIS. It is stupendously strong in its repression. I The demand for the magazine has stead­ have just read every word, including the ily kept ahead of the supply, so that sample advertisements." WALTER E. WEYL, copies have not been available and agents Woodstock. often could not be supplied. Ulster Co., N. Y. The magazine circulates now in every State in the Union and in five foreign coun tries. In the near future it is planned to "I want the inclosed to tell you how much enlarge the size of the page of the maga­ I like THE CRISIS. Would that I could itali­ zine and to increase the number of pages cize my approbation with a great amount. so as to include more articles and some The little magazine is going to fill a great fiction. need, and will be to me personally a most instructive and interesting monthly visitor." FRANCES R. BARTHOLOMEW, It is especially desired to increase the Philadelphia, Pa. number and quality of the illustrations so as to make the magazine a pictorial history The Georgia State Industrial College of the Color Line. Good for a Trade, Normal, Industrial and Collegiate Education. Write for Catalogue to In order to realize our plans we need R. R. WRIGHT, A.B., LL.D.. President. 10,000 subscribers—6,000 more than we have. Every reader of THE CRISIS can by personal solicitation help us to this goal. Legal Directory Probably no magazine in America has a more interesting set of readers—we have Real Estate and Probate Matters a Specialty on our books judges, financiers, philanthro­ ROBERT B. BARCUS pists, college presidents and scholars, be­ ATTORNEY AND COUNSELOR-AT-LAW NOTARY PUBLIC sides the best educated colored people of Office: Room 502, Eberly Block Columbus, O. the country.

B. S. SMITH This magazine has as yet paid no salaries ATTORNEY-AT-LAW to its workers. Outside of this its income Offices: Suite 610, Sykes Block has more than paid its expenses each month. Minneapolis, Minn. Our books are open to those interested. What we need now is capital. Anyone in­ GEORGE W. MITCHELL terested in investing money in this enter­ ATTORNEY-AT-LAW prise, either as a pure matter of business 908 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa. or as a philanthropy, can get hold of some interesting facts by addressing the manager J. DOUGLAS WETMORE at 20 Vesey Street, New York City. ATTORNEY AND COUNSELOR-AT-L,AW 5 Beekman Street (Temple Court) New York City Tel. 6222 Cortlandt Cable Address, Judowet Do not hesitate to criticize us. We want ideas. We want short, live articles, with FREDERICK L. McGHEE facts done into English. We are not anx­ ATTORNEY AND COUNSELOR-AT-LAW ious for opinion and we write poetry our­ Union Block, Fourth and Cedar Streets selves. St. Paul, Minn. If you do not get your copy, write us. If you do, and like it, write us. If you do not General Practice Notary Public like it, do not fail to write us. WILLIAM R. MORRIS Have you got any interesting pictures ATTORNEY AND COUNSELOR-AT-LAW 1020 Metropolitan Life Building "along the Color Line?" Send them to us. Minneapolis, Minn. In fact, help us to help you and yours. 4 THE CRISIS ADVERTISER

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Mention THE CRISIS. Along the Color Line

CHARLES SUMNER AND OTHERS. Negro Academy in the Fifteenth Street Presbyterian Church. A number of white Charles Sumner was born January 6, persons were in the audience, and addresses 1811. The centenary of his birthday was were made by Justice Wendell Phillips fittingly commemorated in New York, Bos­ Stafford and ex-Senator William E. ton and Washington. Chandler, of New Hampshire. In New York the anniversary was cele­ brated with memorial exercises under the Memorial exercises to Julia Ward Howe auspices of the National Association for were held in Symphony Hall, under the the Advancement of Colored People, at auspices of the city of Boston, and were the meeting house of the Society for largely attended, every available seat being Ethical Culture, Central Park West and taken, and hundreds being turned away. Sixty-fourth Street. Dr. John Lovejoy Mrs. Howe's public services were the Elliott presided, and the speakers were subject of addresses from four different Mrs. Fanny Garrison Villard, the only standpoints. William H. Lewis, assistant daughter of William Lloyd Garrison; U. S. Attorney, spoke of her devotion to Moorfield Storey, the Boston lawyer, who the cause of the colored race. is president of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, on Emancipation Day was widely celebrated "Charles Sumner;" Dr. W. E. Burghardt throughout the South on its forty-eighth DuBois, on "Charles Sumner and Peace," anniversary, January 1. and the Rev. Dr. Stephen S. Wise, rabbi of the Free Synagogue, on "A Senator with a Conscience." Colored people of the District of Colum­ bia are making preparation for a jubilee A telegram was read from Jacob S. Schiff, and celebration of the fiftieth anniversary lauding Sumner as standing for the highest of the emancipation of slaves in the United moral issues of his time. This was fol­ States. The celebration is to be held in lowed by the reading of a poem on Sumner 1913. composed by W. P. Stafford. Mr. Moorfield Storey said, among other On February 3 occurs the centenary of things : Horace Greeley's birth. "The man who appeals to race preju­ dice, whether to keep his fellow-citizens POLITICAL. down or to excite suspicion and enmity The Negro problem has appeared in Con­ against a foreign nation, is a public enemy, gress in the question of expelling Senator and should be branded as such. His acts Lorimer, and that of adopting a resolution are far more dangerous to the State than favoring the popular election of Senators. those of the recognized criminal. If we The Judiciary Committee of the Senate re­ would honor Sumner we must take up the ported the latter resolution with a proviso battle to which he gave his life. We must that the United States Government should wage unrelenting war against the absurd not control elections. Many Senators op­ prejudices of race and color, whether they pose this, and Senator Carter of Montana bar the Negro from his rights as a man; said: the foreigner from his welcome to our "The adoption of the amendment would shores; the Filipino from his birthright of give substantial, though limited, national independence, the Hebrew from social rec­ sanction to the disfranchisement of Ne­ ognition, or breed the unjust and wicked groes in the Southern States. suspicion which would embroil us in war "In their disfranchisement," went on with any other people, whether of Europe Mr. Carter, "we now passively acquiesce, or Asia. Such meetings as this are of no but with this supine attitude some Senators avail if they do not inspire us with a de­ are not content; they ask us actually to termination to obey the precepts and fol­ strip Congress of the power to question low the example of the man whom we election methods and actions in so far as would commemorate." the election of United States Senators may In Boston two meetings were held: the be concerned, and by the way of induce­ main meeting in Faneuil Hall and a branch ment to the Congress and the nation to con­ meeting at Park Street Church. Ex-Gov­ sent to the permanent suppression of more ernor Guild, Governor Foss, Rev. R. C. than 1,000,000 votes at elections to choose Ransom and others spoke. Senators they will co-operate in the adop­ In Washington, D. C, several hundred tion of a constitutional amendment provid­ prominent colored people attended the exer­ ing for the election of United States Sena­ cises under the auspices of the American tors by a direct vote of the people." 6 THE CRISIS

The Hon. Harry W. Bass was sworn in as State or outside of the State and parade the first colored member of the Pennsylva­ figures to show the percentage of the ig­ nia Legislature. He was welcomed by the norance of our people. The white people Speaker, United States Senator Penrose of the South are the best friends to the and others. His desk was covered with Negro race. In my opinion, when the peo­ flowers. ple of this country began to try to educate the Negro they made a serious and grave mistake, and I fear the worst result is President Taft has appointed Charles A. yet to come. So why continue? I took Cottrell, colored, to be Collector of the Port this same position in my first political race at Honolulu, but is embarrassed in his in- twenty years ago, and each year has proved more clearly that I was right then, and the future will emphasize that I am right now. I believe that you members of the Legislature can pass an act which will meet all the requirements of both the Fed­ eral and State constitutions, which will remedy this."

THE COURTS. The record of the Negro in the courts this month is unusually encouraging. The Alabama "Peonage" law has been held unconstitutional. The question of the constitutionality of the law was raised in the case of Alonzo Bailey, a Negro laborer of the Riverside Company. The law made it a misdemeanor for any person to enter into a contract to labor, receive advance pay and then fail to do the work without refunding the money advanced. The breach of the contract was made proof, on the face of things, of intent to defraud, and under a rule of Alabama law the laborer was not permitted to rebut this proof by testifying as to his unexpressed intention at the time of making the contract. Justice Hughes read the decision and said that a State could not reduce a person HON. CHARLES A. COTTRELL to involuntary service by the indirect Collector of the Port of Honolulu method of making his failure to pay a debt tention to appoint W. H. Lewis Assistant a crime. Attorney-General. Wickersham appears to be opposed to this step. Southern railroads have not complied with the direction of the Interstate Com­ In Houston and San Antonio, Tex., the merce Commission as to equal accommo­ Negro vote is wanted for ship canal bonds dations for Negro travelers. The railroads and a new commission government. A demurred in a Tennessee court, but Judge Negro paper, however, points out that Sanford overruled them, and the Commis­ Houston has a park paid for by public sion will probably either enforce its de­ taxes which Negroes may not enter. The mands or abolish the "Jim Crow" system. Danville (Va.) Register says as to the prohibition issue : Governor Wilson of Kentucky has par­ "It is true that in a Democratic primary doned eleven Negroes who are in the Ken­ no Negro can vote. But it is also true that tucky Penitentiary for defending them­ if the officers of registration and election selves in a race riot. Governor Wilson will do their duty honestly, few Negroes said: "It is a sorrow to every man who will be able to register, and the majority honors and loves Kentucky that such a of these will, we believe, favor prohibition." story as this could be true in any county in Kentucky." Governor Blease of South Carolina said in his inaugural address: That railroads cannot be required to "I am in favor of building up the free- provide separate compartments in sleeping school system so that every white child in cars for white and Negro passengers was South Carolina may be given a good com­ the decision of the Court of Appeals re­ mon school education. cently in the case of the Commonwealth of "I am absolutely opposed to compul­ Kentucky against the Illinois Central Rail­ sory education, and have little patience road. with, and much contempt for, that man The court held that inasmuch as the or those men who go around in the sleeping cars are not owned and controlled ALONG THE COLOR LINE 7 by the railroads that the railroads cannot The International Committee of the Y. be compelled to interfere with their opera­ M. C. A. has been promised a salary for tion. two Held secretaries in addition to the three men now on the force to assist in the ex­ When a Negro makes a contract to buy tension of the Colored Y. M. C. A. move­ a house in a first-class residence district ment. without concealing his color, the seller can­ not declare the contract invalid merely The Episcopal community of colored Sis­ because the purchaser is a Negro. ters has been moved from Baltimore to Thus the State Supreme Court ruled Kansas City. recently in the case of David Cole, a Negro, against a real estate company of Seattle, The Right Rev. Silveria Comez Pimen- which contended that selling a lot to Cole tar, who died a few years ago in South would depreciate the value of its other America, was the first Catholic Negro property in the neighborhood. bishop in the New World. His parents were slaves, but he became auxiliary bishop ECONOMIC. of Balua at an early age, and in 1902 was Negro settlements with considerable land- made Bishop of Marianna by Pope Leo XIII. There were 2,000,000 people in his holdings are being projected in California diocese. He succeeded in restoring and and Nevada by local colored capitalists. elevating the religious and social life of his district, and was a man of vast learn­ The two colored banks of Nashville, ing, with high reputation as an Orientalist. Tenn., are in good condition, but the Nickel Savings Bank of Richmond, Va., has failed. It had a capital of $10,000. An application Pope Pius X. is manifesting great inter­ for a bank charter has been filed in Wico­ est in mission work among colored people mico county, Md. in the United States. Rev. J. E. Burk, the director-general of this work, is undertak­ ing to raise $50,000 a year for it. A building and loan association has been started in Scranton, Pa. The colored Methodists of Baltimore have finally taken possession of the former Mississippi planters in the Black Belt are home of St. Peter's Protestant Episcopal warning labor agents not to entice their Church. Fifty thousand colored people live colored laborers away to Arkansas. within a radius of eight blocks of this church, and there are twelve colored The Pullman Company pays its colored churches in the neighborhood. This is the porters $15 and $20 a month, occasionally largest church owned by Negroes in the $25. For the larger part of their income United States. The congregation was these porters depend on tins. founded by Daniel Coker. The increased cost of living and the dis­ position of the public to stop tipping have EDUCATION. led the porters to petition for higher wages. In Shreveport, La., the principal of the colored school says in an appeal for funds : Four million dollars is the amount of "There are, in round numbers, 3,000 money that the Negroes of Philadelphia educable colored school children in Shreve­ have on deposit in the various savings in­ port. About 1,000 are in school, 350 have stitutions in that city, according to ad­ applied for admission, but because of a dresses made the other evening by leading lack of room and teachers they have been Negro business and professional men at a turned away with tearful eyes. Others banquet given by the board of directors of knowing that there is no room have not the People's Savings Bank of Philadelphia, applied. Two thousand children cannot get which is the only Negro bank north of the into our schools." Mason and Dixon line. In Florence, S. C, the 105 white teachers Julius Rosenwald, a prominent Chicago receive $36,804 a year in salaries for teach­ Jew, has offered to give $25,000 to every city ing 59 schools; while the 56 Negro teachers that shall raise $75,000 for a colored Young get $7,359 for teaching 49 schools. Men's Christian Association building. M. W. Harris, a banker, has contributed $25,- Founders' Day at Hampton Institute was 000 to the colored building for Chicago. largely devoted to a discussion of Negro President Taft has written a commendatory industrial education by Northern and letter. After a ten days' campaign the col­ Southern white men. ored people raised $66,000 in Chicago, so that the building there is assured. It will The State Board of Education has voted be between 24th and 39th Streets and will to place the new colored normal school at contain a gymnasium, swimming pool, Nashville, Tenn., provided $80,000 is raised. shower baths, bowling alleys, billiard room, restaurant, dormitories, reading room and Fire has destroyed the girl's dormitory of library, night school, lecture rooms and the colored school at Conroe, Tex., and clubrooms for boys. nearly the whole plant of the Methodist 8 THE CRISIS

school at Homer, La. The latter was the with the very low rate of the British army, largest colored school in the section. and that both of these rates are very much lower than the desertion rate of our white Howard University has dedicated a new troops. Inasmuch as our colored soldiers $90,000 science hall. are treated in every way precisely the same as our white soldiers, it is evident that The State of North Carolina has agreed this treatment is not the cause of deser­ to give the Slater Industrial School for tion." Negroes in the little town of Winston- Salem in that State, the sum of $12,000, if The American Negro Monographs Com­ the colored people will raise a similar pany has republished "Nat Turner's Con­ amount. fession."

Eleven thousand dollars for Negro edu­ Prof. Donald B. MacMillan, one of the cation, to be applied to the work of the leading scientists of the Peary expedition, Mississippi. Industrial College at Holly pays high and unstinted tribute to Matt. Springs, Miss., is the record-breaking Henson. He declares that Henson- is al­ achievement of the Negroes of Mississippi most as familiar with Arctic conditions as Conference of the Colored Methodist Epis­ Commander Peary himself, and was per­ copal Church. haps the most valuable member of the expe­ dition after the commander. The new colored industrial school in Charleston, S. C, will open next month. Colored people are planning an industrial home for colored women in Newark, N. J. At Richmond, Ind., Lorella Burden, a colored girl, about twelve years of age, has been declared the champion speller in The Negro porters on the Pacific Over­ the township. It seemed impossible to give land train, one of whom was killed and the girl a word which she could not spell, the other wounded, showed courage and and she is expected to win the county an effort to do their duty to the passengers match in January and to be a representative of their cars by keeping the robbers out. of the district match in February. Other trainmen and passengers showed no resistance, which was perhaps wise from At Hammond, La., the colored citizens the point of personal safety, but helps to held a mass meeting and an organization encourage similar raids on trains. was perfected for the purpose of carrying on educational work. During the past year The first of a series of conferences was they have been enabled to continue their held by the Charity Organization Society public school through a period of eight in New York. months. Among the speakers was Mrs. Mary Church Terrell, who said: SOCIAL UPLIFT. "If anyone should ask me what special An enterprising student has discovered phase of the colored American's develop­ the names of thirty-three colored men in ment makes me most hopeful of his ultimate the 1911 edition of 'Who's Who in triumph over present obstacles, I should America." answer unhesitatingly it is the magnificent work the women are doing to regenerate Kansas City, Mo., has organized a society and elevate the race." for the betterment of Negroes in that city. The Rev. Dr. Joseph Elias Haynes, a col­ The Rev. Cyrus Townsend Brady is the ored minister, physician and author, died leading spirit. lately. He was born in slavery in Charles­ ton, S. C, and served all through the Civil The condition of relief work for Negroes War as commissary sergeant in a regiment in the District of Columbia is much criti­ of volunteers on the Union side. After the cised. There seems to be no refuge for close of the war he was graduated from feeble-minded children and the insane Atlanta University. He then studied at wards are greatly overcrowded. Wilberforce, and at Harvard. He was the author of "The Negro in Sacred History," The colored people of Birmingham, Ala., "The Black Man in Natural History," and are trying to get better hospital accommo­ other works. He recently organized a soap dations. company in Brooklyn, so as to raise money to publish his life work entitled, "The North Carolina colored folk are pushing Blood." He is survived by a widow and the movement for a State reformatory for three sons. Dr. Haynes was a member of youth. the general committee of the National Asso­ ciation for the Advancement of Colored The Adjutant-General of the army says People. in his last report: "It will be seen that the desertion rate Dover, Del., has its first colored mail of our colored troops compares favorably carrier. ALONG THE COLOR LINE 9

J. H. Murphy, editor of the Afro-Ameri­ A Negro tuberculosis conference was can, and one of the most progressive Ne­ held in St. Louis. A clinic for colored con­ groes of Baltimore, is 70 years of age. He sumptives has been opened in Chicago. has had an interesting career, serving in the Union Army during the Civil War and later The colored people of Scranton, Pa., as a post-office clerk. He became engaged will raise $40,000 for a clubhouse. Half in the printing business in 1890 and has the amount has been pledged. gradually widened his scope. His paper is one of the best-known publications of A colored baseball league has been its kind in the country. formed and has adopted a circuit of eight cities. The new league selected Chicago, News received from Georgetown, Miss., Louisville, New Orleans, Mobile, St. says that the northbound passenger train Louis, Kansas City, Mo.; Kansas City, on the New Orleans Great Northern Rail­ Kan., and Columbus, O. road there narrowly escaped being wrecked at the Copiah Creek trestle, about one mile The American Historical Association, at south of there. its annual meeting recently at Indianapolis, Charlie Bush, a Negro, who lives near the gave the Justin Winsor prize to Edward bridge, discovered the danger just before Raymond Turner, Ph. D., graduate of the train was due, built a bonfire in the Johns Hopkins University, and now Asso­ center of the track and flagged the train. ciate in History at Bryn Mawr College, for his book entitled "The Negro in Penn­ In St. Joseph, Mo., a colored club with sylvania—Slavery, Servitude, Freedom." library, reading rooms and gymnasium is projected. VAGARIES OF THE COLOR LINE. New Orleans is in a pretty pother. A Nashville Negroes are paying the last new superintendent of schools from Mis­ $1,000 on a $15,000 hospital. souri invited colored teachers to meet with white teachers and listen to a lecture on George W. Murray, of Columbia, S. C, penmanship. a former Negro member of the lower "The New Orleans Federation of house at Washington, was the principal Women's Clubs have called meetings to speaker during the annual convention of the adopt resolutions attacking what they term Interstate Literary Association at Des a repudiation of Southern ideals and the Moines, Iowa. trampling under foot of tradition. The association is made up of Negroes "One teacher said that she was seated of the Middle West and each year the asso­ in the second row at the meeting yester­ ciation awards liberal prizes to the success­ day, and that two Negro teachers sat di­ ful contestants in oratory, original poetic rectly behind her, and several more sat and musical compositions. behind these. In fact, she said, the Negro teachers, numbering about thirty, were Upholding the complaint of the most sub­ spread all over one side of the room. stantial colored citizens and property- The white teachers were highly indignant owners in the city. Judge S. B. Witt, of the at being forced to submit to such treat­ Hustings Court, Richmond, Va., refused to ment." allow the transfer of a liquor license to 701 Attention is called to the fact that this North Second Street. Several white people, policy is almost unprecedented. A local among them being representatives of the paper says: owner, Mrs. McGeorge and her agent, N. W. "Some years ago the attention of the Bowe. testified in favor of the bar, and presidents of the Public School Co-opera­ said that in their opinion it was a suitable tive Clubs was called to the fact that location. They were no match, however, white teachers and Negro teachers were for the large array of colored citizens, who paid at the same time at the City Hall. showed to the satisfaction of the court that As this was not considered necessary, and such a place, even though properly handled, it was not desired by the white or the would increase the disorder in one of the Negro teachers, the attention of the school most respectable residential districts in the officials at that time was called to it, and city. the promise was made that it should never be repeated, and it was not. The Negro teachers in the schools come from the best Advocating the application of Y. M. C. A. element of their race, and it is probable methods to the Negroes of Washington, that not one of them desired to be placed in Thomas Nelson Page addressed a meeting. the position they were put yesterday by the Mr. Page said that proper development new superintendent." would bring to the surface a high poetic The school officials apologize and say: temperament which would raise the level "The white and the Negro teachers are of the entire colored race. placed on an entirely different footing with the School Board. Their pay is not Colored Masons, representing 150 lodges graded in the same way, and they have and 4,000 members, held a meeting of the been kept as separate from each other as Grand Lodge in Danville, Va. it was possible for them to be." 10 THE CRISIS

The Times-Democrat sums up the matter can, Asiatic, European, all combined. But in a serious editorial utterance: what may be expected in a future so dis­ "When, a short time ago, the prize pupils tant does not affect the problem we have of our public schools went to the Cleveland to deal with to-day." 'spelling bee,' and it was discovered that the competition was between white and Ne­ About thirty-five medical students from gro pupils, Mr. Easton was bitterly de­ Georgetown and George Washington Uni­ nounced for his action in taking the New versities went on strike recently against Orleans white children into this contest the lectures given by Dr. William White, with Negroes. He accepted the responsi­ superintendent of the Government Hospital bility, explaining that there was no time for the Insane at Washington, D. C, be­ for thought, made public apology for his cause of the presence at the last lecture mistake, and promised that no mixture of of about thirty Negro medical students races should ever again occur in any school from Howard University. Dr. White re­ function, lecture or any ceremony." fuses to give a separate course of lectures * * * * for whites. "Prof. Gwinn's defense seems to be that, Guy Fitzgerald, a Virginian, enrolled in being a stranger, knowing little of New the college of agriculture of the Univer­ Orleans sentiment, he was ignorant of how sity of Minnesota, is conducting a losing grossly he had violated our ideals and our fight against allowing Negro students to be­ practices. 'I paid no special attention to long to the Agricultural Society, a college the matter,' he says in his excuses, whereas organization. Fitzgerald refused to pose any Southerner would have paid special at­ in the society's group picture along with tention at once to a gathering of whites the Negroes whom the president would not and Negroes, and would have seen the mis­ bar out. Then he introduced a resolution take that had been made." permitting only white students to become members of the society. This was de­ Two cases of intermarriage have aroused feated.ART. the South: in Chattanooga Miss Grace Doty ran away to Cincinnati and married an William Stanley Braithwaite attended the octoroon. In Baltimore a couple were ar­ dinner of the Poetry Society of New York. rested and put in jail for getting married because the groom is suspected of Negro William E. Scott, the colored artist, has blood. The Maryland law reads: several pictures in the exhibition of the "It is a felony for a white person and a Society of Western Artists. Negro, or a white person and a person of Negro descent to the third generation, to Henry O. Tanner has two paintings in marry." The penalty is imprisonment for the special exhibit department of the Cor­ 18 months to 10 years in the penitentiary. coran Gallery of Art, Washington, D. C. One is "The Three Marys" and the other The presence of a little girl with one- "The Return of the Holy Women." thirtieth of Negro blood in a Maryland school has disrupted it and the case is under George W. Walker, the well-known co­ serious consideration. median, is dead. CRIME. Adverse action is recommended by the commissioners on House bill 30568, which Negro farm laborers are being driven provides for "jim crow" cars in the Dis­ out of Turner County, Ga., and all Negroes trict of Columbia. The bill was introduced have been warned to leave the town of by Representative Clark, of Florida, several Butler, Okla. weeks ago. Three Negroes were lynched in Shelby The bill was sent to the commissioners county, Ky. One was accused of throwing by Chairman Smith, of the House District kisses at white girls. committee, for an opinion. After carefully The colored man who was arrested in considering the matter the commissioners, New York on the charge of killing ser­ in a letter to Mr. Smith sent to the Capitol vants in the home of Dr. Cannon, 123d yesterday, said : Street, has been finally released. "The commissioners know of no local demand or sentiment in the District of Co­ In the Ohio lynching, the only lynching lumbia for any legislation of this character, that occurred in the North during 1910, one and do not believe that any such legislation of the mob leaders has been sentenced to is desirable. They recommend adverse twenty years in the penitentiary, and this action on the bill." one man is a black man. If no other of the Ohio lynchers are punished, it will ap­ The Rev. W. W. Landrum, one of the pear that Ohio picked the black man for most prominent white clergymen of the the scapegoat, and that suggests what is South, says : probably true, that the North, if it had the "I don't doubt that in the course of time blacks to deal with on as large a scale as —500 years, 1,000 years—the Negro may be in the South, would give them the worst absorbed. I believe in time that the race of it in the administration of the law.— in America will be a composite one—Afri­ Sioux City Tribune. OPINION

PEONAGE. and will put new heart into the colored people. "This confidence will be strength­ The decision of the Supreme Court ened by the action of the President in the against Alabama peonage has attracted case of the lumber and turpentine operator little attention in the press. A brief dis­ in Florida. It is not only likely that bad patch from Washington announced the labor legislation in the South will be court's view, and few papers gave it promi­ checked, but it becomes less likely that of­ nence. The New York Evening Post thinks fenders against the plain laws of humanity there will be general rejoicing, North and shall escape unpunished." South, at the result of the decision. The peonage law, it says, was a long step toward re-enslaving the Negro. PEACE. "Unlike the open attempts at enslavement The Rev. Samuel H. Bishop, who is Sec­ in peonage camps which were so vigorously retary of the American Church Institute, opposed in the Roosevelt Administration, organized by the Episcopal Church, wrote this was a legal attempt to meet the diffi­ to the New York Evening Post a letter culties caused by the instability of Negro apropos of Mr. Carnegie's gift of $10,000,- labor. On its face it made it a misde­ 000 to the cause of peace. Mr. Bishop is meanor to take advance pay for labor glad that the crusade should be furthered, and to fail to work out the advanced money. but he feels that the sentiment against war Practically by the aid of chain-gang sen­ is growing stronger and would soon con­ tences, it meant that if a workingman quer without Mr. Carnegie's millions, while bound himself to serve, but found the con­ there seems to him a greater cause that ditions of labor were insupportable, he could might have been advanced by such a gift. be reduced to involuntary servitude by the "Superlatives," he says, "are dangerous, indirect method of making his failure to but if there is any superlative of importance pay a debt a crime. which is safe, I am confident it is the super­ "The Supreme Court's decision will be lative of the Negro problem. Consider heartily welcomed by broad-minded South­ what it means—that a social group, nearly erners everywhere; for they realize that, 12,000,000 strong, with a strong racial dif­ vexing as the labor problem is, the solution ferentiation which has thus far prevented lies in other directions than involuntary that group's thorough assimilation into servitude. American life, has 2,500,000 children and "This Alabama decision means, of course, youth under twenty, of whom not more than far more than appears on the surface. It 45 per cent, have any opportunity for will not only check further legislation in training in the art and knowledge of life, that direction, but will probably result in and in the responsibilities and duties of upsetting similar statutes elsewhere. More citizenship. than that, it will put heart into the colored "Consider also that in our Northern cities people whose fears have been aroused by the workers of that group suffer from a the President's Southern appointments to wage discrimination of about 20 per cent.; the Supreme Court. It will be a gratify­ from a rent discrimination of about 20 per ing proof to them that, after all, there cent.; consider such a suggestion as that are courts in the land; and they need this recently made by the Governor of South assurance now that the attacks upon them Carolina, which every student of the Negro have taken the form not only of assaults problem knows is the expression of a upon their freedom, but upon their right tendency which has been with great difficulty to hold property. This is the meaning of prevented from being expressed in law; the Baltimore segregation plan; there is consider the action of the Baltimore Board segregation of the Negroes there now as in of Aldermen. I am not intimating at all every large city, but it is voluntary. that there is any probability of an insur­ "A decision has just come from the State rection—that is not my point—but the point of Washington's Supreme Court which will is clear that no propaganda for peace can give comfort to the Baltimore colored peo­ afford to ignore a situation which is per se ple. There it has been held that a real productive of the war spirit. estate company cannot decline to transfer "The Episcopal Church has undertaken a lot to a colored man if he has contracted to establish a great Negro university called to purchase it openly and fairly. These de-. the American Church Institute for Negroes. cisions merely uphold the fundamental It has in five States of the Union six principles of democracy." schools, with two more applying for rela­ The Chicago Record-Herald takes the tionship to it; 1,600 students, 80 instructors same view. It says the decision will be and teachers, more than twenty departments welcomed by humane people everywhere, of industrial and professional education. 12 THE CRISIS

Will not some wise Episcopalian, or any New York critic that he did, and that all wise citizen, see here an opportunity for New York critics are habitual evaders of going deeper even than Mr. Carnegie or the truth." Mr. Rockefeller has yet done?" COLORED PREACHERS. NEGRO MUSIC. Some discussion has arisen over the An ancient controversy that involves the standing of the Negro as a preacher. The Negro as a musician has been renewed in Literary Digest quotes several opinions of the New York Sun, the Boston Transcript this subject. The discussion began with and the Springfield Republican. When an article in the Southwestern Christian Dvorak wrote his "American Symphony," Advocate (colored), written by the Rev. did he or did he not in certain parts copy Robert E. Jones, who asserted that the the music of the American Negro? This race had produced no preacher of real is the question. It is not denied that he eminence. In other walks there have been was influenced by Negro melodies, but how colored men of much distinction, but in the far? pulpit, he claimed, they have not shone, in spite of their religious temperament. Mr. Philip Hale, of the Boston Tran­ script, wrote to the sons of Dvorak to "In spite of the fact that there are ap­ ask them to settle the question. The sons proximately 10,000 Negroes who are min­ replied: isters of the Gospel," he says, "we have "In America Negro airs, which abound no man among us who has made outstanding in melodic particularities, interested our and unquestioned success as a preacher. In father. He studied them and arranged the making this statement we are not unmind­ scale according to which they are formed. ful of the fact that here and there are But the passages of the symphony and of preachers who have local reputations and other works of this American period, which who are somewhat known in the nation, as some pretend have been taken from but there is no towering, masterful, per­ Negro airs, are absolutely our father's own suasive preacher of the Gospel. There is mental property; they were only influenced certainly no man among us who is to the by Negro melodies. nation what Talmage or Moody or Beecher "As in his Slav pieces he never used Slav was. Nor is there any man among us who songs, but being a Slav created what his is the undisputed Talmage or Moody or heart dictated, all the works of this Ameri­ Beecher of the race. can period, the symphony included, respond "True enough, we have the spiritual tem­ to Slav origin and anyone who has the least perament. Our preachers are particularly feeling will proclaim this fact. Who will apt in giving the Gospel narrative and ex­ not recognize the homesickness in the largo pounding the truth. There are men of of this symphony? The secondary phrase piety, and, in some instances, there are men of the first movement, the first theme of of scholarly attainments, but the preacher the scherzo, the beginning of the finale and has not yet arrived. We are not attempt­ perhaps also the melody of the largo which ing to assign a reason for this, we are sim­ give a certain impression of the groaning ply stating a fact." Negro song, are only influenced by this Mr. John Edward Bruce writes to the song and determined by change of land New York Sun, joining in the discussion and the influence of a foreign climate." and taking the opposite view. He gives a Another investigation led to the conclu­ list of distinguished Negro preachers: sion, in the mind of the Boston critic, that "The Rev. John C. Penington, born a the Negro airs influenced and "only slave, was a great preacher and highly slightly" but two or three passages. esteemed by all who knew him. He was a "Yet," adds Mr. Hale, with sarcasm, member of the Hartford Central Associa­ "some will undoubtedly continue to insist tion of Congregational Ministers, which that the symphony 'From the New World' consisted of about twenty of the leading is based for the most part on Negro ministers of that denomination in Connec­ themes." ticut. He was twice elected its president, Mr. W. J. Henderson, of the Sun, thinks in which capacity, as the record will show, that Mr. Hale has proved the case of his he presided over assemblies composed en­ adversaries and that Dvorak was very much tirely of whites. influenced by "the idiom of our Negro "At one of these meetings two young men music, which he thought was the only char­ from Kentucky presented themselves for acteristic musical thing in the United licenses to preach. The rules required that States," and that he said as much plainly the president examine the candidates on to New York critics. It is settled in Mr. experimental religion, church history and Henderson's mind, but he thinks the other theology. This Dr. Penington did accept­ side so unreasonable that they will probably ably, and the white candidates were both "continue to insist that Dr. Dvorak never licensed and their certificates signed by the made any study of Negro themes, that he black president. In 1841 he published a never asserted that upon them might be book, 'The History and Origin of the Col­ reared a distinctly American type of music, ored Race.' Penington was born in Mary­ that he made no endeavor to do any­ land in 1809. He was elected by the State thing of the kind, that he never told any of Connecticut in 1843 as a delegate to the OPINION 13 world's anti-slavery convention and to rep­ warranted in resisting arrest with deadly resent it in the world's peace convention vigor. Technicalities aside, the fact re­ held the same year in London. He ad­ mained apparent that the Negro was ini­ dressed the anti-slavery convention at con­ tially the victim of an illegal procedure. siderable length. Dr. Penington was much The warrant should never have been issued. in demand as a speaker during his stay in "At the thrilling juncture where Pink England and preached in many of the Franklin found himself, with the court of prominent churches. last resort heard from, facing the gallows, "Henry Highland Garnet, of New York, the National Association for the Advance­ is another Negro clergyman who may be ment of Colored People appealed to Presi­ said to have been pre-eminent as a preacher. dent Taft, who appealed in turn to the He was the first Negro Chaplain of the Governor of South Carolina, who on the National House of Representatives by spe­ eve of his retirement has now commuted cial invitation. President Arthur made Pink Franklin's sentence to life imprison­ him United States Minister to Liberia in ment. 1881. He died there after a residence of "Peonage in the South has been respon­ about one year, honored and respected by sible for so much mischief that, irrespec­ his race on both sides of the Atlantic. tive of race or color, there ought to be gen­ "Dr. Alexander Crummell, late pastor eral satisfaction at Pink Franklin's escape of St. Luke's Protestant Episcopal Church, from contributing with his life to the evil Washington, was graduated from Oxford record." University in England. He was president of Liberia College for some time, and was WAS HANNIBAL A NEGRO? a preacher of great force and power. His General Burt's article on the Negro sol­ books, 'The Greatness of Christ' and Af­ dier, reprinted elsewhere in this magazine, rica and America' are masterpieces of good aroused some discussion. Dr. G. Harrison English. The Rev. J. B. Reeve, of Phila­ wrote to the New York Evening Post delphia, is one of the ablest and most schol­ saying that he had no criticism to make arly Negro clergymen of the present day. of the heroism of the colored soldiers, but He is a fine Greek and Hebrew scholar he would would like to know on what and an eloquent and instructive preacher. authority Clitus, the Macedonian cavalry commander, and Hannibal and the Cartha­ "The Rev. John Chavis, of Wake county, ginians are classed as Negroes. N. C, had the remarkable distinction of being not only a great preacher, who "I do not think," adds Dr. Harrison, preached to white congregations only, up "that the Abyssinians are considered Ne­ to 1833, throughout Wake county, N. C, groes. I would like to know what authority but was the first Negro to open a classical the author has for the number of Negro school in the South for white youths. He soldiers he states served in the Revolu­ was proficient in Greek, Hebrew and tionary War." French. The accomplishments of such men - General Burt replied as follows: as I have mentioned entitle them, I think, "In the New York Herald was published to be called pre-eminent." during the St. Louis Exposition extracts from the diary of Baron von Clausen, a German army officer, who came to the A LATTER-DAY DRED SCOTT. country during the Revolutionary War and The Providence Journal thinks that Pink visited General Washington's camp at Franklin's case, with which the readers of White Plains, N. Y. Among other inter­ THE CRISIS are familiar, may not become esting things which this diary contained as famous as that of Dred Scott, but that was the statement that 'of the 20,000 sol­ he has certainly been an object of solici­ diers in this camp one-fourth of them are tude to courts, statesmen and people over Negroes, and the best-drilled and dis­ a wide area. ciplined regiment here is one from Rhode "So far as Pink himself is concerned," Island, three-fourths of which are com­ remarks the Journal, "interest in his cele­ posed of Negroes.' Again, in G. W. Wil­ brated case is probably satisfied by his es­ liams' admirable history of the Negro sol­ cape from the gallows. The offence for dier Dr. Harrison will find much valuable which his arrest was attempted was a viola­ data regarding the military services of the tion of an agricultural contract statute, black man in our war for independence. of a nature which, in an Alabama case, "Dr. Harrison asks for my authority for the Supreme Court of the United States stating that Clitus (Alexander the Great's has since decided to be unconstitutional. foster brother—Enc. Britannica) was a The Supreme Court of South Carolina had Negro. The proofs concerning the ethnic already declared this statute unconstitu­ origin of Clitus were obtained from Mr. tional. Daniel Murray, who for about thirty years "The Supreme Court of the United has been an assistant to the Librarian of States, appealed to for relief, failed to be Congress, and has collected more than convinced that the verdict essentially dis­ 25,000 biographies of people of African ori­ regarded the unconstitutionality of the stat­ gin, which is soon to be published. Among ute. The record afforded no sufficient these biographical sketches is that of Clitus, ground for doubting that what the jury Alexander's great cavalry leader, the Phil considered was whether Pink Franklin was Sheridan of his time. 14 THE CRISIS

"The doctor, in his letter, says: 'I do not A colored paper, the Cincinnati Union. think the Abyssinians are considered Ne­ says: groes.' That the Abyssinians are of the "Two Negroes were lynched this week in Negroid peoples there can be no doubt. Alabama for robbing a barn! Only a small They have all the outward physical charac­ news item appeared in regard to the mat­ teristics of those people, and Menelik, the ter, which shows how very common lynch­ Negus, had documentary evidence showing ing is, and also that the white press re­ his undoubted lineal descent from the Queen gards lynching on such trivial pretexts as of Sheba, who was an Ethiopian woman being too much a reflection upon their own 'black and comely,' as Solomon described race to advertise extensively." her. "I have not the time to go into any PROPERTY. extended discussion relative to the ethnic The Epworth Herald, organ of the Ep- origin of the Carthaginians. One thing worth League of the Methodist Episcopal about which there can be no doubt con­ Church, relates the story of a colored man cerning this redoubtable race is that they in Texas who went into a real estate deal­ arose in Africa. The city of Carthage er's office, paid ten thousand dollars for was built on the north coast of the Afri­ one piece of land, and before he left closed can continent facing the Mediterranean a bargain for another piece costing fifteen Sea, and the relics of its arts which shower! thousand. the destruction of the city showed distinct­ "There is nothing very remarkable about ive characteristics which were neither this, perhaps, from certain standpoints," Greek, Egyptian nor Roman. Some his­ continues the Epworth Herald, "but when torians have declared them to be of Phoe­ it is stated in this connection that thirty nician origin, but the better opinion now is years ago this same Negro went to Kansas that the Carthaginians and Numidians who without a dollar in hand and began doing moved to the coast, and, touching the 'sea odd jobs about town, and that to-day he is of civilization,' developed with that amaz­ worth at least fifty thousand dollars, the ing rapidity characteristic of all Negroid story is worth telling. It lays emphasis people wherever they have the opportunity upon what the Negro can do with himself to learn and develop." and for himself under certain circum­ A rather interesting point, it may be stances. Honesty, sobriety and a chance added, which has not been taken up is that will make the Negro a man of whom the there was a Russian Hannibal, a celebrated nation may well be proud. general and the grandfather of the poet "It is for this very thing that the Meth­ Puskin, who was a full-blooded Negro. odist Episcopal Church has contended right along. Let the Negro have education through a good system of schools, let him LYNCHING. be guided in the principles of the higher life by the Church, and then give him a The Sioux City Herald has an editorial chance. And the nation will rejoice in pointing out how little the laws of the the results." country protect black men. "The record of the year 1910," it says, "is tainted by the stories of mob rule and murder of black READING. people in the South. Mr. J. E. Boyd, colored State Superin­ "Eight Negroes lynched in Alabama, tendent of the Baptist Young People's eight in Arkansas, eight in Florida, ten in Union Missions in Texas, makes a plea Georgia, five in Mississippi, three in Mis­ in the Houston Post for good literature for souri, one in North Carolina, one in Okla­ the colored population. At present he says homa, one in South Carolina, two in Ten­ that the colored young people have little nessee and four in Texas. A national or nothing to read except cheap and trashy scandal, a race crime. books that must do them harm. He outlines "Besides these 52 black men, five whites a scheme for supplying the colored people were lynched, four of them in the South with good books : and one in Ohio. There were 75 lynchings "Missionary wagons should be placed in in the United States in 1909 and 65 in the various parts or districts of Texas and 1908. they should be supplied with good Christian "There has not been a lynching in Great and wholesome reading matter and placed Britain, with its 40,000,000 of people, in in the hands of a good, competent and in­ over 80 years. telligent missionary, and each should trav­ "The European people look upon us as erse his respective district year in and year the most lawless of all the civilized nations out, distributing same among our Negro of (he earth and the record proves it. homes, which are the foundations of our "The white men of the North fought for lives. the black men of the South and set them "This is what our State Baptist Young free from the old slavery. But the new People's Union convention of Texas is en­ hate that has grown up against the blacks deavoring to do, and right now we are and the new system of murdering them, making the struggle of our lives to put a since they are no longer valuable property, Baptist Young People's Union missionary who will free them from that?" wagon in each of the eighteen districts in OPINION 15

Texas, which are the most densely popu­ Postmaster-General of Canada, who has lated of the entire twenty-two associational arrived in the United States from England. districts. Each wagon is to be in the hands Lemieux has returned from the inaugura­ of a competent missionary, well supplied tion ceremonies of the United Common­ with good Christian and wholesome reading wealth of South Africa, which he attended matter that all our Negro homes be ele­ as the Canadian representative. vated instead of allowing them, many of "In Natal alone there arc 125,000 Asiatics them, to continue as they are." and only 100,000 whites," he said, "and it will be necessary soon to decide what political and business attitude is to be SOUTH AFRICA. maintained toward the imported laborers. That South Africa is facing a serious Other States must come out flatly and an­ problem in the question of how best to nounce whether they will follow the ex­ treat with its Asiatic and Negro popula­ ample of Cape Colony and give the Asiatic tion was asserted by Rudolphe Lemieux, and the Negro political status."

PINK FRANKLIN'S REPRIEVE

Last summer it was brought to the at­ ricultural contract" law which encourages tention of the Association that a petition peonage—that our success with the Gov­ for pardon, properly presented to the Gov­ ernor would be doubtful if Franklin's origi­ ernor of South Carolina, might be success­ nal lawyers were retained to present the ful in saving the life of Pink Franklin. appeal for pardon. They were therefore Thomas E. Miller, President of the State prevailed upon to relinquish the case to Colored College at Orangeburg, offered his this Association, and Claude E. Sawyer services in connection with circulating the of Aiken, was employed. Benjamin F. petition and seeing that it was properly pre­ Hagood, of the law firm of Mordecai, Gads­ sented to Governor Ansel. After the Su­ den & Hagood, of Charleston—the largest preme Court of the United States had law firm in the State of South Carolina— declined to try the case, and Franklin was also volunteered his services in pleading remanded to the penitentiary for resen­ Franklin's cause before the Governor. The tence to death, his colored attorneys, Adams State, of Columbia, S. C, has steadfastly and Moorer who had had charge of the supported Franklin, and published a number case from the beginning, made an appeal of editorials in his favor, as did also the for a new trial, on the ground of newly News and Courier, of Charleston. Mr. discovered evidence. The Association Wannamaker, the editor of the latter paper, caused their brief to be submitted to two was one of the jurors at Franklin's first prominent New York lawyers—one of them trial. an ex-Assistant District Attorney—and As soon as the relatives of Valentine, the since, in the judgment of these lawyers murdered man, learned that the Associa­ the brief did not show sufficient grounds tion was moving for Franklin's pardon, they for the granting of a new trial, the Asso­ circulated a petition to the Governor not to ciation decided to bend its energies to hav­ interfere with the execution; but a reprieve ing the case discontinued in the courts, and was first granted until January 31st, and to the presentation of an appeal for mercy on January 6th the Governor finally com­ to the Governor. muted the sentence of death to life im­ Mr. Oswald Garrison Villard, Acting prisonment. The Association will not cease Chairman of the Executive Committee, had its efforts, however, to secure Franklin's the case brought to the attention of Presi­ release from prison. dent Taft, who, by the courtesy of ex- The Association has received the follow United States Attorney-General Charles J. ing letter among others: Bonaparte was placed in possession of Mr. "I have just received your letter of the Bonaparte's brief prepared for the Supreme 6th inst. and am very much gratified to Court of the United States. The President learn that Pink Franklin's sentence has been felt strongly that Franklin should not hang, commuted. I agree with you in thinking and personally wrote to Governor Ansel, that the penalty of life imprisonment is bespeaking his good offices when the peti­ entirely too severe for his offence, and tion should be presented to him. Mr. that it would have accorded with justice Robert C. Ogden, whose interest the Asso­ for him to be freely pardoned; neverthe­ ciation also secured, wrote to the President less, since his life is saved, there is an of the University of South Carolina, who opportunity to secure later a further meas­ in turn wrote to Governor Ansel in Frank­ ure of clemency for him. I think your lin's behalf. Association has every reason to be gratified It was found, owing to the political agi­ at the result of its efforts in this case; and tation which had resulted in connection with I remain, as ever, the case—the original warrant of arrest "Yours most truly, having been issued under the so-called "ag­ (Signed) "CHARLES J. BONAPARTE." EDITORIAL

EDUCATION. years of age are in school. More­ over, the Negro schools being shorter HE amount of positive igno­ than the white schools do not average rance on the situation of the as much as five months a year. T colored people in America is simply appalling. Take, for instance, These are the official figures com­ the matter of the education of chil­ piled for public consumption by white dren. The Lawrence (Mass.) Amer­ Southern officials. The State super­ ican says with great complacence: visor of rural schools of South Caro­ "The education of the Negro in the lina says openly in his last report: South is now on a sound and safe "It has been my observation that the basis. Its scope is broad and sensible, Negro schools of South Carolina are training him both mentally and indus­ for the most part without supervision trially, not forgetting his moral eleva­ of any kind. Frequently the county tion as well. It is a task being well superintendent does not know where done, and the results should be effect­ they are located, and sometimes the ive in wearing down the edge of the district board cannot tell where the racial prejudice below the Mason and school is taught!" - Dixon line." If once we go behind the official ad­ A leading colored paper, the In­ missions the picture is even worse. dianapolis Freeman, also asserts that As we pointed out in the January there is no effort "to deny Negroes CRISIS, in one Alabama county out of education in America. It will be ad­ 10,758 Negro children only 1,000 were mitted that there are now and then in school. As to Louisiana, this is the inconveniences, perhaps owing to way V. P. Thomas dissects the school prejudice in localities, but not to such report: an extent as to deprive the Negro "The school term for white schools child of some education, if so de­ is over eight months long; the school sired." term for colored schools is less than These writers believe what they say. five months long. There are high They believe it because they want to schools for white children in every believe it, however, and not because parish, and no high schools for col­ they have made any effort to get at ored children in any parish at the the facts. Yet the facts are perfectly present time, except Southern Univer­ plain. The last published report of sity in New Orleans. The high schools the United States Commissioner of all run nine months. The average Education, 1909, gives these figures: monthly salary of the white female teacher is $50.80; that of the colored Colored children, 5-18 years female teacher $28.67. of age 3,964,398 "The white and colored populations Number of these daily at­ are very nearly equal, yet the white tending schools 1,035,747 teachers' salaries amount to $2,404,- Percentage 33.7% 062.54; the colored teachers' salaries Average length of school amount to $202,251.13. The value of term for colored and white all schoolhouses, sites and furniture children in the South, per for whites is $6,503,019.57; the value year 24 weeks of all schoolhouses, sites and furni­ This means that only one-third the ture for colored is $273,147.50. The Negro children 5-18 years of age are toal value of school property for col­ attending school and it is fair to as­ ored use is $266,281.40. Number of sume that less than half of those 5-14 wagonettes for whites only in use, EDITORIAL 17

210; average cost per month of operat­ both South Carolina and the United ing wagonettes, $7,272.37. In the States. sparsely settled country school dis­ His plea of self-defense in killing tricts the State furnishes wagonettes an armed and unannounced midnight for the transportation of white chil­ intruder into the very bedroom of dren to and from school. The value himself and his wife, after he himself of the wagonettes is $21,624.95, had been shot, would have absolutely and the cost of operating them freed any white man on earth from is $54,000.51. the slightest guilt or punishment. Yet "Average number of white children it could not free a colored man in transported per month per wagonette", South Carolina. It brought a sentence 7.2; average cost per month per child of murder in the first degree. transported, $2.19. Number of white Governor Ansell in commuting his children transported in wagonettes sentence to imprisonment for life did 4,088 for more than eight months at a brave thing. Why was it brave? $2.19 per month per child. Under Because it was just? No, it was un­ this way of encouraging white chil­ just. To punish this innocent man with dren to attend, the enrollment of white a terrible sentence—one almost worse children in the public schools is 184,- than death, were it not for the hope 955. Without any such encourage­ ahead—is a terribly unjust deed. Yet ment and under adverse circumstances Governor Ansell's act was brave be­ and with the certainty that there will cause of public opinion in South be less than a five months' term for Carolina; because the dominant pub­ colored schools, the enrollment of col­ lic opinion of that State demanded ored children in the public schools is this boy's blood; because Governor 78,862. Twice as many could enroll, Ansell took his political future in his but if they did they would have to hands when he defied this opinion. sit upon one another for want of ac­ Honor, then, to Governor Ansell and commodation." to strong papers like the Columbia In the teeth of such facts ignorant State; but what shall we say of the editors like those above laud the Ne­ civilization of a community which gro public schools, but leaders of edu­ makes moral heroism of the scantiest cation like President Edmund J. justice ? James of the University of Illinois say flatly and fearlessly: "In no other na­ VICTORY. tion claiming to be civilized is there HE colored people are getting at the present time so large a popu­ so used to defeat that they lation in such educational degradation T hardly recognize victory when as the American Negro!" it comes or know how to herald it. They are developing a stolid, sombre, PINK FRANKLIN. dogged silence and persistence which knows neither elation nor despair. HE commutation of the death Some day when great triumph comes sentence of Pink Franklin, of they will burst forth in long pent-up T South Carolina, to imprison­ gladness with a richness of emotion ment for life is the latest step in an that will astonish men. astounding American tragedy, but That day is not yet come, but there not, please God! the last. do come in these days of little things— Here is a colored boy, the son of of grudging gifts from the devil of a Southern white man, a boy with a hate and prejudice—indications of fair common school education, good- larger victory, the significance of tempered, pleasant to look upon and which we must not miss. Such were a regular worker. He is arrested un­ the four great court victories of last der a law the essential principle of month: which has since been declared uncon­ 1. The Supreme Court of Washing­ stitutional by the Supreme Courts of ton has told real estate speculators 18 THE CRISIS

1900

"The colored man that saves his money and buys a brick house will be universally respected by his white neighbors." FEBRUARY,1911 19

1910

"New and dangerous species of Negro criminal lately discovered in Baltimore. He will be segregated in order to avoid lynching.*' 20 THE CRISIS that they cannot break contract for to agree with the dominant race and sale of property because a man is yet preserve something of their self- black. respect. It is very difficult. Take, 2. The Supreme Court of the for instance, the letter of an honest United States has declared that a law colored man in the New Orleans which compels one man to work out Times-Democrat. He says: an alleged debt to another on pain of "Whatever may be the opinion of committing a felony establishes peon­ others concerning the drawing of the age and is unconstitutional. color line in the South, the thoughtful 3. The United States Circuit Court Negro has accepted it as a fixed prin­ of Appeals has decided that a reserva­ ciple, realizing that the race has abso­ tion in a deed precluding the sale of lutely nothing to fear or lose by social the property to colored persons at any separation. Social intermingling has future time is null and void. always meant social degradation to the 4. The decision of a New York less advanced element. It may set court that the damages awarded a the minds of many people at rest to wrongfully accused Pullman porter know that the Negro is willing and were too high because he was a Negro ready to meet the the most advanced and without feelings has been reversed thought of the South on its own by the Appellate Division of the Su­ ground." preme Court of New York. He then swallows segregation In every one of these victories here whole; he would accept separate recorded lies a sense of shame—to stores, separate physicians and law­ think that in the greatest republic of yers, separate schools, separate school the twentieth century it should be nec­ superintendents, separate street cars— essary for a court to say that the color all and complete, because, as he con­ of a man's skin was not excuse for cludes : "The Negro does not desire breaking solemn obligations ; that slav­ racial intermingling. All he wants is ery is illegal; that a decent human a square deal before the law." being is not a public nuisance and that Precisely. But the thing that this there is still some difference between black man would better ask himself a thief and a Pullman porter. good and hard is this: Is such separa­ Yet, facing the shame, let us thank tion physically and politically possible, God. At last the courts of the United and under it is there the slightest like States have touched bottom in the race lihood of the segregated getting "a problem and are turning toward jus­ square deal"? No. Such counsellors tice. After the Dred Scott decision, of surrender stand willing to sacri­ the emasculation of the Fourteenth fice the foundations of democracy for Amendment and the Waterloo at Be- peace. Why does the world ask rea there were those of us who had equality? Out of personal bravado come to definite decisions as to the and impudence? No, but for self-pro­ United States Supreme bench. Here tection. If you can separate people at last are glimmerings of a new by color, you can separate them by dawn. Let the light grow and let birth, by wealth, by ability and any us rejoice. accident. This once done and de­ mocracy is dead before Privilege. SEPARATION. Or turn to the other side: the white T IS a cruel mental strain to which South does not want Separation, but honest colored men are being put Subordination. They do not want sep­ I to-day, particularly in the South. arate Negro schools, but Negro schools They want to come to terms with under the control of white superinten­ their neighbors. They are being dence who hold the purse strings. urged to do this—urged by black lead­ They do not want separate cars, but ers and white and by strong public cars which Negroes may not enter opinion. The South sometimes is save as servants. They do not want represented as aggressively friendly. to stop social intermingling, but they They are seeking piteously, therefore, do want to prescribe the conditions. EDITORIAL 21

In other words, the separation of the Negroes and delivered itself of the races which would involve polit­ this inimitable bit of reflection: This ical, economic and social independence is a hard blow for you black folk— in the South would be as hateful to you'll get no more money advanced them as social intermingling. Every to you as farmhands and you'll prob­ man, then, that bows to the dogma of ably starve. On the other hand, this race separation must accept subordi­ decision is a blessing for us landlords. nation and humiliation along with the All of which leads us to ask: Is the destruction of the best ideals of de­ dominant, implacable portion of the mocracy. white South, which speaks so loudly Those who persist in opposition to and incessantly on this race problem it need not be scared by bugbears of and with such perfect and breathless possible intermarriage. In a true de­ assurance—is it joking on this vast mocracy and there alone are sexual problem, or is it talking for effect? relations regulated by giving to all the And this again, as we said in the right to choose their consorts. Only beginning, makes us wild for the last in an oligarchy like Louisiana is race copy of Life, Puck or Judge. intermingling so endless that they can­ not enforce their own race segregation RAMPANT DEMOCRACY. laws. HERE is an artist in New York SOUTHERN PAPERS. who rose from the humblest HERE are reasons why certain T circumstances and now lives white Southern papers should in a suburb of the city. In his rise T be classed with Life when he has evidently learned the essen­ they speak on the race problem. Life tials of democracy, for his wife in an is not as funny as it used to be, and interview says that they want separate these papers are a good deal funnier. Negro schools in that suburb. They This brings the two types into some­ need to have them, but a very foolish thing like competition at times. Take, law interfered, she laments: "We got for instance, the Charleston News and along here very well with our sep­ Courier. On most matters it is a arate Negro school. At the same sane and able newspaper, but let it time the Catholic Church maintained approach the Negro problem and di­ •a parochial school, to which most of rectly it begins to strut and darken the Italian children went, so that pub­ in a way that would surely excite a lic schools had practically no problem smile did it not touch so vast a trag­ to solve at all as to the commingling edy. When the late Alabama peon­ of children of different races." age cases reached the Supreme Court Exquisite! Add to this the de­ the News and Courier lifted a porten­ mand for separate Asiatic schools in tously warning finger. Look out, it California and we have a splendid shouted in calmly dignified tones, look start; we have but to demand, then, out! Do not interfere with the di­ separate public schools for the rich vinely established economic harmony and cultured. Why should Reginald of the rural South. The Negro must De Courcey sit in school with Skinny be made to work. Our methods may Flynn and Isaac Baumgarten? Per­ lack delicacy and ease, but—and the ish the thought! Then, too, we must editor spread his hands—what is pe­ in time distinguish between the Rich onage between friends? We are sure, and the New Rich, the Real Thing he continued, that the Supreme Court and the Bounder. For instance, why will hesitate long before disturbing should a Kentucky drummer presume laws on which Southern prosperity to school his children with the lineal depends. descendant of a patroon—but, notic­ ing a deep red flush on the cheek of The Supreme Court calmly over­ the artist's wife, we forbear to push threw the law. The News and Cour­ this point. We merely pause to ask: ier did not wink an eye or turn an What is democracy anyhow? eyelash. It simply revolved toward January 6, 1811 Charles Sumner January 6, 1911 By Justice WENDELL PHILLIPS STAFFORD, of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia

I will send him to my dark-browed race, See how the rich his web still draws On whom the world hath sinned; Around and round the poor: And he shall be as a hiding place, He sits and spins his spider laws And a covert from the wind, To make his capture sure.

As streams of water for the flock, See how the man I gave the light Amidst the burning sand, Leaves man in dark to dwell, The shadow of a mighty rock And makes Religion, angel bright, Over a weary land. Procuress unto hell.

Think you I have no reins for Wrong, So spake the Lord Cod on this day No iron curb for a check, A hundred years agone, When the hand of him I have made so While the maids to the fainting mother say, strong See, thou hast borne a son! Is on his brother's neck?

And now again in the latter year Think you the word I made my vow The Lord God" speaks to-day : Sleeps in my prophet's grave, Gird up your loins like men to hear Or that my arm is shortened now And answer what I say: So that I cannot save?

Leave me the dead, they are my own: Now once again I swear Yours are the sick that die, He only shall gain who gives; I cannot hear your priests intone The soul that hateth by hate shall die, For the noise of your poor that cry. By love the spirit lives.

How is it that the weak complain, And he who will take the curse And my children suffer harm? And carry the griefs of men, The sacrifice was naught: in vain He shall be My Son, my Anointed One, The Lord made bare His arm. The Christ that should come again !

You have forgotten the camps that reached Till man to man by love is bound From rising to setting suns; As man from man by law is free, You have forgotten the truth I preached Your bells swing round with a hateful sound, By the lips of a million guns. Your censers are a stench to me!

The thousands who died in the prison pen, God of our fathers, be with us And the hundred thousands slain ; As Thou wert with our sires, Must I write it again, as I wrote it then, And make our midnight glorious To make the lesson plain? With freedom's beaconing fires; See how along the dizzy steep Show us along our cloud-wrapt way Go the weak lambs unled; Some gleam of Thy garment's hem; See how the thin and hungry sheep And do for us in our darkening day Look up and are not fed. As Thou hast done for them! THE NEGRO AS A SOLDIER By Brigadier-General ANDREW S. BURT. U. S. A. (Retired)

(Extracts from a lecture delivered at Boston before word came to the colonel that half on December 12, 1910.) of his men who had volunteered to nurse We have in our regular army four regi­ their white comrades had been taken down ments of colored soldiers, the Ninth and with yellow fever. A number of them had Tenth Cavalry and the Twenty-fourth and died of that terrible disease, and thirty Twenty-fifth Infantry. The two cavalry more nurses were wanted to take their regiments have fine records in campaigns places. Again the colonel called out his on our Western frontier, in the old days black soldiers in line. He told them what of Indian warfare. These troopers also had happened, and again he commanded have splendid records made in Cuba and "Volunteers, three paces to the front. the Philippines. To-day there are no March." And again every man of that finer horsemen who carry sabres and car­ line stepped to the front. bines than the Negro soldiers. Indeed, it I was captain of an infantry company is whispered abroad that the Tenth Regi­ in the Civil War. That ought to make me ment arrived on the field of Santiago in a good judge of a marching column, and I the nick of time to save a much heralded say I never saw better marchers than my cavalry command from being wiped out Twenty-fifth United States Infantry Negro or otherwise rough-ridden by the Spanish soldiers. I dwell on this matter, for on forces. That kindly help by the Negro the legs of his men many a general has troopers has not, to my knowledge, been depended for a victorious campaign. bruited about with any very loud acclaim. Gratitude is a fickle jade. "Where self The Twenty-fifth Regimental headquar­ the wavering balance shakes 'tis rarely ters, four companies, and the band were right adjusted," says Bobby Burns. stationed for more than ten years at Fort Missoula, Mont., near the city of that name. The Twenty-fourth Infantry has likewise One day I asked the Democratic Mayor of made an enviable record in Indian war­ that city how my men behaved in his baili­ fare in Cuba and in the Philippines, not wick. He replied: only for its fighting, but as well for its "Why, colonel, there isn't any class of law-abiding conduct wherever it has served citizens here more orderly and peaceful. in this country and in foreign lands. In The Police Court records will prove my addition, this Negro regiment has the priv­ assertion." ilege of painting on her battle flag, in let­ When the regiment was ordered to the ters of gold, a record for a deed of mag­ front in '98, the ministers of every denomi­ nificent moral courage and great-hearted nation in Missoula joined in an open let­ humanity. In Cuba, after the battle of ter commending the men for their good Santiago, the yellow fever broke out among behavior. our white troops. Quarantine hospital camps were established for patients THE TWENTY-FIFTH'S RECORD. stricken down with the dread disease. The Twenty-fifth Infantry has made a Some weeks had elapsed when the colonel record for fighting at El Caney, in Cuba, commanding the Twenty-fourth Regiment at Mt. Aryat, O'Donell, and in numerous received an order to detail sixty men from skirmishes in the Philippines. Speaking his command to replace the regular Hospi­ of the Negro soldier generally, I can find tal Corps nurses who had been attacked nowhere in the histories of the Revolu­ by yellow fever, and a number of whom tionary War, the Indian Wars, Spanish- had died of this sickness. American Wars, or in the Philippines, a single instance where a Negro regiment • BRAVED YELLOW FEVER. showed the white feather or refused to The colonel, recognizing the peculiar charge the enemy when called on to do so. work to be performed by his men who You will recall Gen. Grant's testimony would go to the yellow fever camps, before the Congressional committee on the ordered out his regiment in line, and said conduct of the war of the rebellion. He to them: said in part: "If the black troops had \ "Soldiers of the Twenty-fourth, I want been properly supported by the white troops sixty volunteers to help nurse your white at the springing of the mines at Petersburg, comrades who are suffering with yellow that day we would have gone into Rich­ fever." mond." He commanded: "Volunteers, three paces The Negro soldiers were the only ones to the front. March." to charge into and out of that hell-hole. Every man of that line stepped to the Just keep that in your minds. front! Bancroft says of Bunker Hill: "Nor But, wait! Mark well the sequel to such should history forget that as in the army Christian heroism. It was only a short time at Cambridge, so also in this gallant band, 24 THE CRISIS

free Negroes of the colony had their repre­ A TALE OF HEROISM. sentatives." You all, no doubt, are familiar Let me relate to you one instance in this with the names of Peter Salem and Salem war, equal in sublimity to the martial Poor, and their gallant records. deeds of any age. It is worthy of Homer, The following account is taken from for nothing at the siege of Troy surpasses Arnold's history of the Battle of Rhode it in valor. Island: "At last the foot columns of the After the black troops had made a third enemy massed and swept down the slopes unsuccessful assault to carry the heights of Anthony's Hill, with the impetuosity of of Port Hudson, and had left hundreds of a whirlwind, but they were received by the their dead and dying comrades under the American troops with the courage and calm­ very guns of the enemy, Gen. Payne, a ness of veterans. The loss on both sides Union' officer, fell, seriously wounded, was fearful. It was in repelling these about three hundred yards in front of the furious onsets that the newly raised black Union entrenchments. With great exer­ regiment, under Col. Greene, distinguished tion he had managed to crawl to a point itself by deeds of desperate valor." behind rock and bushes which concealed Let me call your attention to a trait of his body from the view of the Confederate the Negro soldier: his devotion and loyalty rifles in the pits on the slope of the hill. to his leader. On May 14, 1780, Col. How to get him back in the Union lines Greene, the gallant leader of this regiment, was the problem confronting the Union was surprised and murdered at Point officers. To leave him there much longer Bridges, New York. He had a very small without surgical aid was almost certain bodyguard with him at the time, composed death. To send a rescuing party under of his faithful black soldiers. These men orders meant almost certain death to every could have fled from an overwhelming man in it, as the ground over which they force and saved their lives, but surround­ would be compelled to pass was swept by ing their colonel they defended him gal­ a regiment of guns. lantly and he was not killed until the last In this extremity the matter was put be­ man was cut to pieces. fore the Negro troops, and two volunteers were called for to make the attempt to IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. get the general. Instantly two men stepped Baron von Clausen, a German army forward and started on a run for the officer, who visited this country during the officer, who lay insensible from fatigue and Revolutionary War, said, among other loss of blood. One of them fell shot to things, in describing his visit to Gen. Wash­ pieces after having gone a few paces. The ington's camp, that of the 20,000 soldiers other fell before he had covered half the there, 5,000 were Negroes, and that the distance. best-drilled and disciplined regiment was The fate of these two men was met by Col. Greene's Rhode Island regiment, three- two others who volunteered without hesi­ fourths of which was composed of Negroes. tation. Two more, undeterred by the fate Time will not permit me to dwell in de­ of their comrades, which they had wit­ tail upon the Negro's military service in nessed with thousands of others on both the War of 1812. Commodore Perry on sides of the lines, stepped forward and Lake Erie, and Gen. Jackson at New Orleans went to death, and this appalling sacri­ have testified in signed communications to fice of life was kept up until the general's the War and Navy Departments of their body was finally reached and brought back unflinching courage. Jackson's victory at into the lines, while a thousand guns were New Orleans, which carried him to fame thundering and bullets were singing their and the White House, he owed largely to death song, carrying eighteen of the the desperate valor of the black regiments bravest men who ever lived into the final under him. I wonder if you grasp the muster out. significance of all that? Why, look at it! So profoundly impressed was Gen. Lee Jackson, the great apostle of democracy, was boosted up the ladder of fame by the with the invincible military qualities of faithful, patriotic, fighting black man. Does the Negro soldiers that in a letter which he not that seem to be the limit of the irony wrote to Jefferson Davis, urging the pas­ of fate? sage of a bill authorizing their enlistment, then under debate in the Confederate Con­ In the Civil War 187,000 Negroes were gress, he said: enlisted. They participated in 213 battles "If I can get these men, there is no tell­ and engagements, and never permitted the ing where this campaign will end." Union colors to be dishonored by cowardice or treachery. Their brilliant achievements NEGRO SOLDIERS OF HISTORY. at Forts Wagner and Olustee, Fort Hudson, As far back as the days of Alexander and Milliken's Bend, made them welcome the Great we find black men exerting high into the flower of the Union army—the military command. Clitus, a black soldier, army of the Potomac in the closing led Alexander's cavalry and saved the day months of those bloody conflicts in front on more than one occasion by his forced of Richmond and Petersburg. In the bat­ marches and genius for command. Rome tles of Wilson's Wharf, Deep Bottom, was made to tremble at the dreaded name Chapeirs Farm, and Hatchers Run, they of the great Carthaginian captain. Mene- won for themselves immortal glory! lik's army, led entirely by black men on THE NEGRO AS A SOLDIER 23 the plains of Addis-Abeba, annihilated an The story of Diaz's organization of a Italian army of 30,000 men, taking 1,000 black regiment, officered entirely by men prisoners of war. Cetewayo, the indomi­ of his own race, his brilliant campaigns table Zulu chief, measured arms with the against the Dutch, make one of the im­ ablest English commanders, and although portant chapters in the history of the west­ his military resources were antiquated, he ern hemisphere, for this man emancipated was never conquered. In Brazil, a full- his country from the hard hand of a stub­ blooded Negro, Henry Diaz, wrested his born, masterful race, and his countrymen country from the iron grip of the Dutch. have deservedly placed him in the class Maceo in Cuba, David Thomas Dumas in with Bolivar, Washington, and L'Ouver- France, division general under the First ture, the great liberators and founders of Napoleon, and Gen. Alfred Dodds, to-day states in the western world. the idol of the French army, refute the In conclusion, I take pride in naming to charge that Negroes lack military capacity you the greatest soldier, white or black, in to lead. ancient or modern wars—the Negro Han­ CAPABLE NEGRO OFFICERS. nibal. Field Marshal Von Moltke, of the In our own country much of the des­ German army, the eminent military critic, perate, fighting at Port Hudson was done says: "Hannibal is the greatest military by those Negro soldiers, under the leader­ genius in history." I will not detain you ship of Negro officers in those regiments by going into details of how Hannibal recruited in Louisiana, which became pop­ landed his little army of 37,000 Cartha­ ularly known as the Corps D'Afrique. In ginians in the heart of the Roman Empire the Cuban campaign, many of the com­ and battled successfully for seventeen long panies of Negro soldiers were led by Negro years with the veteran legions of Rome. non-commissioned officers, and there is no I will sum it all up in these words: doubt that, among the 300 Negro officers "When Hannibal flashed his sword from of volunteers commissioned during the its scabbard, the boundaries of the broad war with Spain, there were men who would empire of Rome oscillated on the map. He have measured up well in an emergency. was the Archangel of War."

Courtesy of the Literary Digest.

JAOA CANDIDO (x) THE TOUSSAINT L'OUVERTURE OF THE BRAZILIAN NAVY. In the mutiny of the Brazilian navy against the unfair treatment of the government, Joao Candido, a black man, was chosen leader. The mutineers gained the desired concessions, but a number of them, including Candido, have since mysteriously died. A Black Statesman of the Last Century By Dr. FRANCES HOGGAN, of London, England

Moshesh, "the Conqueror," is a very manly, has been called "The wisest letter striking figure among the black rulers of ever written in South Africa." South Africa. He might be an early Thaba Bosigo, Roman gathering in adherents from neigh­ Midnight, 20th December, 1852. boring tribes. Like many another black Your Excellency, man of marked personality, he has been This day you have fought against our maligned, accused of treachery and crimes people and taken much cattle. As the ob­ he never committed, but more fortunately ject for which you have come is to obtain than some, he is not altogether misrepre­ cattle for the Boers, I beg you will be sented, and he had some friends who have satisfied with what you have taken. I done justice to his force of character and entreat peace from you. You have shown intellect. your power. You have chastised. Let it He lived in the early half of the nine­ be enough, I pray you; and let me no teenth century, dying in 1869, and was longer be considered as an enemy to the chief of the Basutos. Pressed on* all sides, Queen. I will try all I can to keep my encroached upon by Boer and Briton people in order for the future. alike, threatened with extermination by the mighty Zulu host, Moshesh displayed, Your humble servant, on a small theatre, it is true, the most MOSHESH. remarkable diplomatic aptitude and skill. General Cathcart, feeling himself some­ Like Cavour, many of whose qualities he what cornered, thereupon made peace. possessed in no small degree, he pushed This may serve as a specimen of Moshesh's forward with the single-minded aim of relations with the English. With the Boers safeguarding the rights and liberties of his subsequently he was more unbending, and people. Like Cavour also, he knew the value of compromise, and whenever he be­ in return for the slight consideration ac­ came convinced that downright justice had corded to many of his well-founded claims, no chance of triumphing he turned his he inflicted on them a protracted retalia­ shrewd, subtle intellect toward securing tory border warfare, in the course of the attainable maximum of justice and which numerous successful raids on their fair dealing which the circumstances of cattle took place. When, however, the the period rendered possible. With a Boers were roused into energetic action, clearsightedness one could not have ex­ and their tactics and military skill threat­ pected in an unlearned black chief, he early ened to overwhelm him and his people, realized that the hope of his country lay diplomacy again came to his aid, and in cultivating friendly relations with the Moshesh obtained from the English, in English, and from this position no ill- answer to his urgent entreaty, the favor treatment, double-dealing or injustice of having a Protectorate proclaimed over could turn him.* the whole of the Basuto territory in 1868. With the Zulus and the Matabele Mos­ Just as his clear mental vision enabled hesh showed himself both warlike and as­ Moshesh as a young man to select for tute. After repulsing Moselikatze and his his stronghold Thaba Bosigo, a flat horde from Thaba Bosigo, he is said to shaped and naturally fortified mountain have sent them a present of oxen for food. which a few could hold against an army, They thereupon declared that they would and from which he was never dislodged never fight him again, and they never did; either by Zulus, Boers or English, so he but numbers of the Matabele came in after­ saw with prophetic eye the Basuto, shorn wards to live under his rule. This may of much that rightfully belonged to them, be a legendary story, and so also may be yet prosperous, semi-independent and the well-known witty reply to those who strong under the protecting care of the accused Moshesh of too great leniency in Great White Queen. Therefore, at a time his dealings with some of his people whom when the fortune of war was wavering want had driven into cannibalism. "I have between him and the English under Gen­ always been taught to respect the graves eral Cathcart, and when he had even of my ancestors." These stories have a gained certain advantages against them, just flavor of the man about them, whether his­ when a savage chief would have exulted in torically true or not. Moshesh is one the possibility of massacre or at any rate, of round whom legend quickly gathers, as it temporary bloodshed, Moshesh, who had does round so many other popular heroes. learned the hard lesson of self-conquest, A story told me by the wife of one of chose that moment to send an envoy suing his missionaries is characteristic of the for peace, when indeed it could not well man in private life. I give the story as be refused. His letter, simple, direct and I heard it, without any attempt at explana-

*See for particulars of Colonel Warren's op- t This letter is said to be an exact translation pressive and unfair dealings with Moshesh, of Moshesh's own words, dictated to his son "Basutoland Records," and Orpen's "Reminis­ Nehemia, who could write English, though his cences of Life in South Africa, from 1846." father could not. A BLACK STATESMAN 27 tion. A young woman, one of Moshesh's administration and system. The Basuto many wives, was out one day cultivating are a monument of his genius. Recruited her land, when a great light shone round from many and various tribes, with a her. She was amazed and frightened, and strong Zulu element pervading it, the Ba­ sought counsel of a Christian friend, ask­ suto nation as we know it to-day in .the ing her what she thought the light could Protectorate of that name, inhabits a beau­ have been. This friend said she did not tiful mountainous country about the size of know, that perhaps God had let his light Switzerland, intersected by fruitful valleys, shine on her to lead her to himself, and and affording fine grazing grounds to large that she advised her to go and tell the herds of cattle, and to the strong, hardy Chief. At first the young woman hesi­ Basuto ponies which the country breeds. tated, fearing to disturb the Chief with The paramount chief, Letsie, is a slave her small affairs, but eventually she did to the strong liquor which unprincipled tell him. "My child," said he, "go on white men have smuggled into the country, Sundays to the Mission church; lis:en at­ contrary to government regulations. He tentively, and come always and tell me is not devoid of good qualities, but he is what is said." This she did obediently for weak, as those under the slavery of drink- about a year. Then one day Moshesh always are. As an illustration of the called her to him, and said he was going sturdiness which may be found in Basuto- to send her home to her father (his way land to-day, 1 may relate that, on a visit of releasing her from her union with him) paid a few months ago to Maseru, the ad­ and that, if her father consented, she ministrative capital, I saw the female pris­ might join the Christian church. This, oners, in for murder, infanticide and theft, after some time, she did. who are marched daily across the town, from one end to the other and back to the For a polygamous chief this treatment Hospital (where they do the washing and of the young wife, as related, is singularly rough work), by the native wardress, Leah, gentle and wise. Other testimony points who controls them easily without the help also to kindly domestic relations. Moshesh of any weapon. The male prisoners were was one of Nature's gentlemen, dignified, in the charge of fully armed warders. considerate, courteous, hardy as to personal habits, alert and possessed in an unusual The career of Moshesh is instructive as degree, of good judgment, discretion and showing what may be the outcome of such wisdom. The marvel is that he had such training as native chiefs undergo in tribal an intuitive knowledge of how to deal with life, under the guidance of counselors and both savage and civilized foes and to make older men of the tribe—a practical educa­ the best of the situation in which he found tion of considerable value, which it is cus­ himself. What Germans call mother wit tomary to overlook, but which is in many was one of his distinguishing characteris­ cases fruitful of results. Education as tics, and to this must be added charm of we understand it Moshesh never had, and manner and an uncommon faculty for con­ his outlook on life was bounded by the ciliation and gaining his ends by peaceful necessities of his people, as is the case means. Taken altogether, Moshesh shows with Khama at the present day. Moshesh's us native life and tribal rule at its best, life, however, is illustrative of the great and he is a most picturesque representa­ world-wide fact that, whereas talent and tive of a regime, too rapidly perhaps pass­ mediocrity require careful cultivation and ing away, which was not devoid of suita­ good educational methods, genius bursts bility to its environment in the hands of forth irrespective of methods or special a capable man. Moshesh is but one of training, and dazzles the world by its many great chiefs whom Africa has pro­ brightness and force. duced. What distinguishes him from all the rest is mainly the diplomatic turn of As a result of the great work of Mos­ mind which in him was so conspicuous a hesh we have to-day Basutoland, an Eng­ feature as to call for special mention and lish Crown colony of South Africa, almost comment. entirely self-governing, with nearly 300,000 Moshesh was the founder of the Basuto inhabitants, with annual exports of grain nationality, compact, progressive, patriotic, cattle and wool amounting to $700,000 sure to persist and survive changes of year.

N. A. A. G. P. MEETINGS The Association will hold its first Phila­ delphia meeting on February 22 at the Race The third annual conference will be held Street Meeting House of the Religious So­ in Boston in the middle of April. The ciety of Friends. Justice Wendell Phillips subject for discussion will be the violation Stafford, of the Supreme Court of the Dis­ of property and labor rights, with special trict of Columbia, will preside. John E. reference to the Baltimore segregation law. Milholland, Rev. R. C. Ransom, Oswald The Hon. Charles J. Bonaparte has been Garrison Villard and W. E. B. Du Bois will invited to be the chief speaker. be the speakers. TALKS ABOUT WOMEN NUMBER THREE By Mrs. JOHN E. MILHOLLAND

Much has been written and said about appreciative knowledge of conditions con­ the great movement of women's clubs fronting the colored people." all over America—East, West, North and The National Association of Colored South. This has perhaps been mostly Women has many departments, comprising talked of here in our home city where one all sorts and variety of club work. Its is familiar with hundreds of these splendid branches are to be found in many of the working bodies—all doing interesting things large cities in the West. Federations of —but organized and run mostly for and these clubs comprising in some instances by women interested in progress for as many as forty-five clubs in one State women of their own class and color. have been formed, all doing active and use­ Therefore, it is with the greatest satisfac­ ful work. The Virginia president reports tion as well as surprise to find that the as follows: colored women also have their own large "We have connected with the State Fed­ organizations established all over this coun­ eration of Colored Women of Virginia, try, each doing a work quite on a plane clubs whose members are actively engaged with anything yet attempted by other Amer­ in home, school, church, village improve­ ican women. In Number 14 of the Atlanta ment, rescue work, and social settlements, University Publications, there is a most and they are doing good work. These clubs thorough and graphic account of these had been organized and working long be­ clubs, revealing a spirit of progress and fore the State Federation was organized, so organization most remarkable considering that explains how we can do so much work the drawbacks these colored women have in so short a time. encountered and the comparatively short "At our Second Annual Meeting, held in time in which they have had not alone Richmond, June 17 and 18, 1909, forty- opportunity, but even the privilege of work­ seven clubs, representing 1,200 women, were ing for the development and culture of reported." their own sex. In referring to the Mississippi organiza­ tion, the president of the Vicksburg club In referring to that quite remarkable writes : organization, "The National Association of "The women of Vicksburg, after several Colored Women," Mrs. Josephine S. Yates, attempts, succeeded in 1905 in effecting a the Honorary President, writes as follows: permanent organization. These clubwomen "An inquiry into existing organizations were banded together to do charity work, among our women reveals the fact that but for a long time could not decide what most of these are auxiliary societies work was most necessary. They finally con- founded and controlled by men, or by the cluded that some provision for caring for combined efforts of men and women; also, the old folks and orphans should be made. that usually they are secret orders, or con­ This work was immediately undertaken by nected with various church denominations; them. They began at once to solicit funds and. furthermore, that in their respective from the people of this immediate vicinity fields much work of high order has been for the purpose. They had to overcome the accomplished. difficulties common to all incipient work. "There is, however, one notable exception Many felt that nothing would ever come of to the rule stated in the previous paragraph the movement and refrained from taking a relative to organizations of women, and this part. is to be found in the 'National Association "Notwithstanding this, they selected a of Colored Women,' an organization suitable lot about a mile from Vicksburg, founded and controlled entirely by women." containing a large antebellum residence, This Colored Women's Association has and contracted to buy the same for $1,200. held its conventions in the various cities of "They have now paid for the place. They the South and West with much success. have bought also two smaller lots in the That these meetings were well thought of same locality, and are now collecting funds and their business methods approved is to repair the Home, after which they intend shown by the following editorial from the to open it for the reception of the aged Daily News, of Chicago, whose editor says: poor. "Of all the conventions that have met in "They have no permanent source of sup­ the country this summer there is none that port. Their collections have been made has taken hold of the business in hand with solely in this community of Vicksburg, more good sense and judgment than the Miss." National Association of Colored Women, And so the report goes on to relate most now assembled in this city. The subjects interestingly the success which has crowned brought up. the manner of their treatment the efforts of these pioneers of the colored and the decisions reached exhibit wide and women's organizations all over America. THE BURDEN

If blood be the price of liberty, lit a cigarette. I said to him, 'Please If blood be the price of liberty, do not smoke in here; it is bad enough as it is.' He said nothing, but he did not If blood be the price of liberty, smoke." Lord God, we have paid in full. And so the letter continues. The cars are swept only when the passengers are in them; the dust thus flying into eyes and COLORED MEN LYNCHED WITHOUT throat; and the letter ends, "I think the TRIAL. tuberculosis society needs to direct its at­ tention to the spread of consumption among 1885 78 1898 102 Negroes through their enforced use of 1886 71 1899 84 cars allowed to remain in a vile condition. 1887 80 1900 107 I know these cars transmit disease. Won't 1888 95 1901 107 the Association for the Advancement of 1889 95 1902 86 Colored People make a war-cry on this 1890 90 1903 86 matter? The health of the whole com­ 1891 121 1904 83 munity is involved in it." 1892 155 1905* 60 1893 154 1906* 60 1894 134 1907* 60 The Reverend H. H. Proctor, of At­ 1895 112 1908* 80 lanta, is one of the most prominent colored 1896 80 1909 73 ministers of the South. Not long ago he 1897 122 1910 65 arranged to take a trip to the Holy Land with a party of white clergymen. When Total 2,440 he applied for his ticket, the Boston book­ *Estimated. ing agent, seeing that he was colored, re­ fused to sell to him. There would be Southern ministers in the party he said. A great deal is made of the fact that These spiritual leaders could not journey Negroes are peculiarly susceptible to tuber­ with a colored man through the country culosis, but little is done to prevent the of the Christ. spread of the disease; instead it is blithely propagated by the villainous jim-crow car. A colored woman, familiar with many cities When we begin to harbor race prejudice of the North and of Europe, writes thus of we cannot tell where it will end or how her recent experience in traveling in the deeply we shall injure the opportunities South: of others. A colored girl in a city of a border State, wishing to study art,- was "Some of the cars have been filthy. I admitted to a class of white students on never permit Mary (her daughter) to sit the condition that she would allow a until I have cleaned the seat; we have used screen to be placed around her seat. Her newspapers, wash-rags, even our handker­ presence might then at least be ignored. chiefs, and then have thrown them away, But more recently in another State, Ten­ they have been so black. nessee, a brilliant music student was de­ "Leaving Atlanta for Rome the other nied the right, even when in a class alone, evening, the car was stifling with the odor to study at her profession. Having been of decayed fruit. Two cuspidors filled received by a German musician as a pupil, with apple cores and banana peel and the she was told after returning from a vaca­ news agent's fruit-stand helped things tion that she might no longer come to his along. The train had been two and a half studio. "I regret it deeply," he said, hours late, the seats were particularly filthy, "but the prejudice among my other pupils and I was 'afire.' I asked the conductor is such that I endanger my means of liveli­ if there was no one to throw the garbage hood by receiving you." out, and he answered that there was no Could anything have been more patheti­ one. He was not impolite, but seemed as­ cally absurd than the sight of the grand tonished at my nerve. I had a terrible opera at Atlanta last winter, to which the cough; Mary had one also. I could hardly most musical part of the population, the gasp. I opened the window over one cuspi­ Negroes, were denied admittance? dor and pinned newspapers up to protect Mary and myself from the draught. I was really afraid to breathe the fetid air. In these days when the world is full of important and interesting happenings, when "The white news agent opened his win­ democracy struggles for new life in Portu­ dow shortly after this. Two friends of gal and Mexico, when England faces a his, one a cripple, came, and the cripple revolution, it is a matter for amazement 30 THE CRISIS

that the daily newspapers of a city like He rudely turned away, and being reproved New York can perpetrate things like this: by the teacher, he declared that he would not dance with a "nigger." The matter came to the principal, who talked long CHAS. SUMNER'S CENTENNIAL and seriously to the lad. and ended by —N. Y. Times, Jan. 7, 1911. assuring him if he could not treat with courtesy every girl in the dancing school he must discontinue that class. The boy for a time stayed away, but finally decided COMPELLED TO DANCE that he was in the wrong, and returned to the class and to his duty as it had been WITH NEGRO, SHE SAYS shown him. Shortly after this his mother visited the —N. Y. Times, Jan. 17, 1911. school and. wishing to show how he had conquered himself, the boy at once, in A young schoolgirl, full of a foolish her presence, went up to the colored girl self-consciousness, finds herself in front and asked her to dance with him. The of a colored boy and obliged to take a effect on his mother was far from what few steps with him in a general dance. he had expected! She carried her indig­ She shows herself as a little girl not yet nant protests to the principal, declaring trained to be polite to everyone whether that she would remove her son from the considered by her a superior or an infe­ school if he ever were asked to do such rior; and. behold, some of our august dis­ a degrading thing again. The principal's tributors of news make her a prominent reply was quiet but determined. He in­ feature and give a column on their first sisted that any boy who remained in his page to her ill-breeding. Could anything school and under his influence must treat show more clearly that, as Bernard Shaw with courtesy all those about him, and has said, we are still "a ration of vil­ lagers ?" that if the mother did not wish her son to comply with this rule, he must leave. Good sense prevailed; the mother acqui­ The story reminds us of another that was esced, and the lad stayed on. He learned related of a private school in Massachu­ to be the gentleman whom Stevenson has setts. This school had pupils from all over described, the man who. whether with in­ the country, and sometimes colored chil­ ferior or superior, contrives to place him­ dren were among them. One time, in the self in the background and to bring out dancing class, a Southern pupil, a boy, all that is best in another. found himself in front of a colored girl. M. W. O.

WHAT TO READ

PERIODICALS The Martyrdom of the Russian Jew. Her­ John Brown After Fifty Years. VV. D. man Rosenthal. Outlook, January 21. Howells. The North American Review, January. The Story of Wendell Phillips. C. E. Rus­ BOOKS. sell. Success, November, December, Maude. Aylmer—Life of Tolstoy. Dodd. January. February. Jones, P. V.—Social Justice. Cochrane. Daughters of Herod. Mary Boyle O'Reilly. New England Magazine, December Abbott, Lyman—Spirit of Democracy. Houghton. A Visit to Tolstoy. Jane Addams. Mc- Clure's, January. Cory, Geo. E.—Rise of South Africa. Longmans. How to Establish a Happy Relation Be­ tween the Rulers and the Ruled in India. Dennett, R. E.—Nigerian Studies. Mac- K. C. Kunjilal. The Calcutta Review, millan. October. Treves, Sir Frederick—Uganda for a Holi­ Position of Indians in British Indian Ad­ day. Smith, Elder & Co., London. ministration. By an Uncovenanted. The Bruce, Philip A.—The Institutional His­ Calcutta Review, October. tory of Virginia in the 17th Century. The New Apprenticeship. Geo. A. Ste­ Putnam's. phens. The Journal of Political Eco­ Weatherford. W. D.—Negro Life in the nomics, January. South. Y. M C. A. In only five Southern cities have colored people any public library facilities. Louisville, Ky., has a flourishing colored branch library, and this is a picture of the Reading Room. 32 THE CRISIS ADVERTISER BOOKS When our readers wish to know where to buy The Souls of the best books on race and other human problems they should consult this list: Black Folk The Curse of Race Prejudice By, W. E. BURGHARDT DU BOIS JAMES F. MORTON, JR., A.M., Author and Publisher Forceful, rational, comprehensive. An arsenal "It is one of the noteworthy of facts and unanswerable arguments. Invaluable for propaganda. Read the chapter on "The Bug­ books, not "merely of a year, but of bear of Social Equality," which is a veritable eye- the epoch. Its every page is filled opener. Thousands already sold. Agents wanted with vigor, spontaneity and spirit­ everywhere. uality.''—Boston Transcript. PRICE 25 CENTS Address the Author at 244 West 143d Street, New York, N. Y. "A stripping bare of the moral and mental anatomy of the African in America so as to reveal the naked soul in its primitive simplicity, Atlanta University seared and scarred by ages of suf­ fering."—New York Age. Studies of the Eighth Edition Negro Problems With Frontispiece Portrait of the Author. $1.20 Net 13 Monographs. Sold Separately. May be ordered through any book store or direct from the publishers Address:

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'Phone 2870-J Harlem. DENTIST W. A. PARKER Office Hours: Bellevue Dental Clinic ACCIDENT INSURANCE 9-12 a. m. Mondays from 2-9 p. m. 19 WEST 132D STREET 2 to 5 p. m. Agent Continental Casualty Company Accident and Health SUNDAYS BY APPOINTMENT Largest Insurance Company in the World WOMEN'S and CHILDREN'S WORK A SPECIALTY Mention THE CRISIS. Cosmopolitan Automobile School The aim of the School will be to give its students a sufficient knowl­ edge of the theory and practice of Automobile and Automobiling to en­ able them to meet the emergencies that constantly arise to make those who complete the course competent to run machines, take them apart and assemble them properly, and to make such repairs as may be neces­ sary and possible on the road. TUITION—Six weeks' course, in­ cluding Shop and Road Work, $25; installments if you wish, payable $5 on enrollment and $20 by the com­ pletion of the fourth week. SHOP WORK—Consists of nam­ ing all the parts of the automobile, taking the engine and the rest of the automobile apart and putting them together again properly, and making such repairs as may be necessary and possible. ROAD WORK—When the shop work is complete the student takes up the operating and handling of cars on the road until he is com­ petent. If there is any special informa­ tion which you desire respecting the course or opportunities in the automobile business we shall be glad to hear from you. COSMOPOLITAN AUTO CO. of New York Telephone 803 Columbus School: Hotel Maceo, 213 West 53d St. LEE A. POLLARD, Mgr.

The Firm for the Negro Farmers and Shippers to Deal With Try Us Before Shipping Elsewhere. FRUITS AND VEGETABLES OYSTERS AND GAME POULTRY AND EGGS COTTMAN & COTTMAN WHOLESALE COMMISSION MERCHANTS. 107 Pine Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Reference : The People's Savings Bank Bell Phone Connection: Lombard 4035

NYANZA DRUG CO. NYANZA PHARMACY (Incorporated.) is the only colored Drug Store in New York City, and the purpose of the Corporation is to establish chains of 35 W. 135th ST., NEW YORK CITY stores, carrying Drugs and everything incidental to the Drug business. It is really the indisputable duty of CAPITAL STOCK, $15,000 every self-respecting member of the race to give it his Shares $6.00 support. Write for information. The best paying investment ever offered our people. AGENTS WANTED EVERYWHERE

SOLOMON GARRETT Tonsorial Artist

782 Fulton Street, near Adelphi Street

BROOKLYN, N. Y.

All Kinds of Workmanship Cigars and Tobacco for Sale Daily and Weekly Papers and Magazines

Brooklyn Agents for THE CRISIS

Mention THE CRISIS. Desirable Apartments

FOR DESIRABLE COLORED TENANTS

MANHATTAN TWO FINE MODERN HOUSES 41 and 45 WEST 138th STREET (bet. Lenox and Fifth Aves.) New law; 4 and 5 rooms and bath; steam heat; hot water. Rents, $19 to $28.

116 WEST 135th STREET

4 rooms and bath; hot water. Rents, $18 and $19.

158 WEST 133d STREET (bet. Lenox and Seventh Aves.) Private house, 10 rooms and bath. $65 per month.

BRONX

998 BROOK AVENUE (near 164th St.) 4 and 5 large, light rooms and bath; steam heat and hot water. Rents only $16 and $17. NOTE.—A new steam plant has just been placed in this house, thus assuring good heat.

Fine One and Two-Family Houses at Reasonable Rents in Desirable Sections of City or Suburbs.

Lowest Rents in New York. Apply to Janitors on Premises or to Philip A. Pay ton, Jr., Company New York's Pioneer Negro Real Estate Agents

Sn^upHARLEM 67 West 134th St., New York City

Mention THE CRISIS.